Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

Renal Handling of Phosphate and Sulfate

J. Biber, H. Murer, N. Mohebbi, C.A. Wagner

10.1002/cphy.c120031

Source: Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2014

Published online: March 2014

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

In the kidney, both anions, phosphate and sulfate, are almost freely filtered and afterwards reclaimed (reabsorbed) to a large extent from tubular fluid along the proximal tubules. Under normal dietary conditions, fractional excretion of these anions is approximately 10%. Reabsorption of both anions occurs along the proximal tubules by active, saturable, and regulated transepithelial processes. Most of the transporters involved in renal handling of phosphate and sulfate have been identified and their transport functions as well as their cellular localizations have been described in detail. The role of these transporters in the renal handling of phosphate and sulfate has been investigated by the use of several mice knock out models and also by analysis of several inherited human diseases. Numerous hormonal and nonhormonal factors, have been described that alter renal excretion of phosphate or sulfate by mechanisms that alter the abundance of known phosphate/sulfate transporters and consequently renal excretion. These mechanisms contribute to the homeostasis of the extracellular concentrations of phosphate and sulfate. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:771‐792, 2014.

Comprehensive Physiology offers downloadable PowerPoint presentations of figures for non-profit, educational use, provided the content is not modified and full credit is given to the author and publication.

Download a PowerPoint presentation of all images


Figure 1. Figure 1. Model of a proximal tubule cell depicting transport pathways of phosphate across the luminal and basolateral membrane. On the luminal brush border membrane, at least three transporters exist that can mediate sodium‐dependent phosphate transport. The Na+‐dependent uptake of phosphate from primary urine is mediated by NaPi‐lla, NaPi‐llc, and PiT‐2. The relative contribution of these three phosphate transporters may differ among different species. These transporters are energized by the membrane potential and Na+ gradient generated by basolateral Na+/K+‐ATPases. Phosphate exits proximal tubular cells across the basolateral membrane by a yet unknown transport pathway.
Figure 2. Figure 2. Model of a proximal tubule cell (early proximal tubule) depicting transport pathways of sulfate across the luminal and basolateral membrane. On the luminal brush border membrane, at least two transporters exist that can mediate sulfate transport. The Na+‐dependent uptake of sulfate from primary urine is mediated by the NaSi sulfate transporter. This transporter is energized by the membrane potential and Na+ gradient generated by basolateral Na+,K+‐ATPases. Sulfate may also be excreted into primary urine by an anion exchanger, most likely CFEX, that transports sulfate in exchange for oxalate, chloride or bicarbonate. This transport pathway is also linked to Na+‐H+‐exchange mediated mostly by NHE3. Sulfate exits proximal tubular cells across the basolateral membrane in exchange for extracellular anions through the SAT1 anion exchanger. Intracellular bicarbonate is excreted into the basolateral space by the NBCe1 electrogenic Na+‐HCO3 − cotransporter. Also this transport process is linked to the NHE3 transporter and carbonic anhydrases generating bicarbonate.


Figure 1. Model of a proximal tubule cell depicting transport pathways of phosphate across the luminal and basolateral membrane. On the luminal brush border membrane, at least three transporters exist that can mediate sodium‐dependent phosphate transport. The Na+‐dependent uptake of phosphate from primary urine is mediated by NaPi‐lla, NaPi‐llc, and PiT‐2. The relative contribution of these three phosphate transporters may differ among different species. These transporters are energized by the membrane potential and Na+ gradient generated by basolateral Na+/K+‐ATPases. Phosphate exits proximal tubular cells across the basolateral membrane by a yet unknown transport pathway.


Figure 2. Model of a proximal tubule cell (early proximal tubule) depicting transport pathways of sulfate across the luminal and basolateral membrane. On the luminal brush border membrane, at least two transporters exist that can mediate sulfate transport. The Na+‐dependent uptake of sulfate from primary urine is mediated by the NaSi sulfate transporter. This transporter is energized by the membrane potential and Na+ gradient generated by basolateral Na+,K+‐ATPases. Sulfate may also be excreted into primary urine by an anion exchanger, most likely CFEX, that transports sulfate in exchange for oxalate, chloride or bicarbonate. This transport pathway is also linked to Na+‐H+‐exchange mediated mostly by NHE3. Sulfate exits proximal tubular cells across the basolateral membrane in exchange for extracellular anions through the SAT1 anion exchanger. Intracellular bicarbonate is excreted into the basolateral space by the NBCe1 electrogenic Na+‐HCO3 − cotransporter. Also this transport process is linked to the NHE3 transporter and carbonic anhydrases generating bicarbonate.
References
 1. Abbraham MI , Woods R , Breedlove DK , Kempson SA . Renal adaptation to low‐phosphate diet in diabetic rats. Am J Physiol 262: F731‐F736, 1992.
 2. ADHR Consortium. Autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with mutations in FGF23. Nat Genet 26: 345‐348, 2000.
 3. Akiba T , Rocco VK , Warnock DG . Parallel adaptation of the rabbit renal cortical sodium/proton antiporter and sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. J Clin Invest 80: 308‐315, 1987.
 4. Alcalde AI , Sarasa M , Raldua D , Aramayona J , Morales R , Biber J , Murer H , Levi M , Sorribas V . Role of thyroid hormone in regulation of renal phosphate transport in young and aged rats. Endocrinology 140: 1544‐1551, 1999.
 5. Alper SL , Sharma AK . The SLC26 gene family of anion transporters and channels. Mol Aspects Med 34: 494‐515, 2013.
 6. Alpern RJ. Cell mechanisms of proximal tubule acidification. Physiol Rev 70: 79‐114, 1990.
 7. Amanzadeh J , Reilly RF . Hypophosphatemia: An evidence based approach to its clinical consequences and management. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2: 136‐148, 2006.
 8. Amatschek S , Haller M , Oberbauer, R . Renal phosphate handling in human‐what can we learn from hereditary hypophosphatemias? Eur J Clin Invest 40: 552‐560, 2010.
 9. Ambühl PM , Zajicek HK , Wang H , Puttaparthi K , Levi M . Regulation of renal phosphate transport by acute and chronic metabolic acidosis in the rat. Kidney Int 53: 1288‐98, 1988.
 10. Amiel C , Kuntziger H , Richet G . Micropunture study of handling of phosphate by proximal and distal nephron in normal and parathyroidectomized rat. Evidence for distal reabsorption. Pflügers Arch 317: 93‐109, 1973.
 11. Amstutz M , Mohrmann M , Gmaj P , Murer H . Effect of pH on phosphate transport in rat renal brush border membrane vesicles. Am J Physiol 248: F705‐F710, 1985.
 12. Bacic D , Capuano P , Baum M , Zhang J , Stange G , Biber J , Kaissling B , Moe OW , Wagner CA , Murer H . Activation of dopamine D1‐like receptors induces acute internalization of the renal Na/phosphate cotransporter NaPi‐lla in mouse kidney and OK‐cells. Am J Physiol 288: F740‐F747, 2005.
 13. Bacic D , Hernando N , Traebert M , Lederer E , Völkl H , Biber J , Kaissling B , Murer H . Regulation of the renal type lla Na/Pi cotransporter by cGMP. Pflügers Arch 443: 306‐313, 2001.
 14. Bai XY , Miao D , Goltzman D , Karapalis AC . The autosomal domiant hypophosphatemic rickets R176Q mutation in fibroblast growth factor 23 resists proteolytic cleavage and enhances in vivo biological potency. J Biol Chem 278: 9843‐9849, 2003.
 15. Bailly C , Roinel N , Amiel C . PTH‐like glucagon stimulation of Ca and Mg reabsorption in Henle's loop of the rat. Am J Physiol 246: F205‐F212, 1984.
 16. Bakhtian S , Kimura RE , Galinsky RE . Age‐related changes in homeostasis of inorganic sulfate in male F‐344 rats. Mech Ageing Dev 66: 257‐267, 1993.
 17. Bastlein C , Burckhardt G . Sensitivity of rat renal luminal and contraluminal sulfate transport to DIDS. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 250: F226‐F234, 1986.
 18. Baum M , Schiavi S , Dwarakanath V , Quigley R . Effect of fibroblast growth factor‐23 on phosphate transport in proximal tubules. Kidney Int 68: 1148‐1153, 2005.
 19. Beach RE , Schwab SJ , Brazy PC , Dennis VW . Norepinephrin increases Na‐K‐ATPase and solute transport in rabbit proximal tubules. Am J Physiol 252: F215‐F220, 1987.
 20. Beck L , Karapalis AC , Amizuka N , Hewson AS , Ozawa H , Tennenhouse HS . Targeted inactivation of Npt2 in mice leads to severe renal phosphate wasting, hypercalciuria, and skeletal abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 5372‐5377, 1998.
 21. Beck L , Markovich D . The mouse Na(+)‐sulfate cotransporter gene Nas1. Cloning, tissue distribution, gene structure, chromosomal assignment, and transcriptional regulation by vitamin D. J Biol Chem 275: 11880‐11890, 2000.
 22. Beck L , Silve C . Molecular aspects of renal tubular handling and regulation of inorganic sulfate. Kidney Int 59: 835‐845, 2001.
 23. Becker EL , Heineman HO , Igarashi K , Hodler JE , Gershberg H . Renal mechanisms for the excretion of inorganic sulfate in man. J Clin Invest 39: 1909‐1913, 1960.
 24. Beers KW , Thompson MA , Chini EN , Dousa TP . Beta estradiol inhibits Na‐Pi cotransport across renal brush border membranes from ovarectomized rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 221: 442‐445, 1996.
 25. Benincosa LJ , Morris ME . Inhibition of sulfate transport in rat kidney membrane vesicle preparations by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 21: 750‐752, 1993a.
 26. Benincosa LJ , Morris ME . Tiaprofenic acid inhibits the renal reabsorption of sulfate in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 49: 503‐508, 1993b.
 27. Benincosa LJ , Sagawa K , Morris ME . Renal adaptation to altered dietary sulfate in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272: 248‐255, 1995.
 28. Bergeron MJ , Clemencon B , Hediger MA , Markovich D . SLC13 family of Na‐coupled di‐ and tri‐carboxylate/sulfate transporters. Mol Aspects Med 34: 299‐312, 2013.
 29. Bergwitz C , Jüppner H . Phosphate sensing. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 18: 132‐144, 2011.
 30. Bergwitz C , Roslin NM , Tieder M , Loredo‐Osti JC , Bastepe M , Abu‐Zahra H , Frappier D , Burkett K , Carpenter TO , Anderson D , Garabedian M , Sermet I , Fujiwara TM , Morgan K , Tenenhouse HS , Juppner H . SLC34A3 mutations in patients with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalcuria predict a key role for the sodium‐phosphate cotransporter NaPi‐llc in maintaining phosphate homeostasis. Am J Hum Genet 78: 179‐192, 2005.
 31. Berndt T , Bielesz B , Craig TA , Tebben PJ , Bacic D , Wagner CA , O'Brien S , Schiavi S , Biber J , Murer H , Kumar R . Secreted frizzled‐related protein‐4 reduces sodium‐phosphate co‐transporter abundance and activity in proximal tubule cells. Pflügers Arch 451: 579‐587, 2006.
 32. Berndt T , Craig TA , Bowe AE , Vassiliadis J , Reczek D , Finnegan R , Jan De Beur SM , Schiavi SC , Kumar R . Secreted frizzles‐related protein 4 is a potent tumor‐derived phosphaturic agent. J Clin Invest 112: 785‐794, 2003.
 33. Berndt T , Kumar R . Phosphatonins and the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. Annu Rev Physiol 69: 341‐359, 2007.
 34. Berndt T , Thomas LF , Craig TA , Sommer S , Li X , Bergstralh EJ , Kumar R . Evidence for a signaling axis by which intestinal phosphate rapidly modulates renal phosphate reabsorption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 11085‐11090, 2007.
 35. Berndt TJ , Knox FG . Proximal tubule site of inhibition of phosphate reabsorption by calcitonin. Am J Physiol 246: F927‐F930, 1984.
 36. Berndt TJ , Knox FG . Renal regulation of phosphate excretion. The Kidney: Physiology and Pathphysiology. New York: Raven Press, 1992, pp. 2511‐2532.
 37. Beutner EH , Munson PL . Time course of urinary excretion of inorganic phosphate by rats after parathyroidectomy and after injection of parathyroid extracts. Endocrinology 66: 610‐616, 1960.
 38. Bevington A , Kemp GJ , Graham R , Russell G . Phosphate‐sensitive enzymes: A possible molecular basis for cellular disorders of phosphate metabolism. Clin Chem Enzyme Comms 4: 235‐257, 1992.
 39. Bielesz B , Bacic D , Honegger K , Biber J , Murer H , Wagner CA . Unchanged expression of the sodium‐dependent phosphate cotransporter NaPi‐lla despite diurnal changes in renal phosphate excretion. Pflügers Arch 452: 683‐689, 2006.
 40. Bissig M , Hagenbuch B , Stieger B , Koller T , Meier PJ . Functional expression cloning of the canalicular sulfate transport system of rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 269: 3017‐3021, 1994.
 41. Bolt MJ , Liu W , Qiao G , Kong J , Zheng W , Krausz T , Cs‐Szabo G , Sitrin MD , Li YC . Critical role of vitamin D in sulfate homeostasis: Regulation of the sodium‐sulfate cotransporter by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287: E744‐E749, 2004.
 42. Boross M , Kinsella J , Cheng L , Sacktor B . Glucocorticoids and metabolic acidosis‐induced renal transports of inorganic phosphate, calcium and NH4. Am J Physiol 250: F827‐F833, 1986.
 43. Brazy PC , Gullans SR , Mandel LJ , Dennis VW . Metabolic requirement for inorganic phosphate by the rabbit proximal tubule: Evidence for a Crabtree effect. J Clin Invest 70: 53‐62, 1982.
 44. Brazy PC , Mandel LJ , Gullans SR , Soltoff SP . Interactions between phosphate and oxidative metabolism in proximal tubules. Am J Physiol 247: F575‐F581, 1984.
 45. Brazy PC , Mandel LJ . Does availability of inorganic phosphate regulate cellular oxidative metabolism ? News Physiol Sci 1: 100‐103, 1986.
 46. Brazy, PC , Dennis VW . Sulfate transport in rabbit proximal convoluted tubules: Presence of anion exchange. Am J Physiol 241: F300‐F307, 1981.
 47. Breusegem SY , Takahashi H , Giral‐Arnal H , Wang X , Jiang T , Verlander JW , Wilson P , Miyazaki‐Anzai S , Sutherland E , Caldas Y , Blaine JT , Segawa H , Miyamoto KI , Barry NP , Levi M . Differential regulation of the renal sodium‐phosphate cotransporters NaPi‐lla, NaPi‐llc, and PiT‐2 in dietary potassium deficiency. Am J Physiol 297: F350‐F361, 2009.
 48. Burnett S , Gunawardene S , Bringhurst F , Jüppner H , Lee H , Finkelstein J . Regulation of C‐terminal and intact FGF23 by dietary phosphate in men and women. J Bone Miner Res 21: 1187‐1196, 2006.
 49. Busch AE , Schuster A , Waldegger S , Wagner CA , Zempel G , Broer S , Biber J , Murer H , Lang F . Expression of a renal type l sodium/phosphate transporter (NaPi‐1) induces a conductance in Xenopus oocytes permeable for organic and inorganic anions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83: 5347‐5351, 1996.
 50. Busch AE , Waldegger S , Herzer T , Biber J , Markovich D , Murer H , Lang F . Electrogenic cotransport of Na+ and sulfate in Xenopus oocytes expressing the cloned Na+SO4(2‐) transport protein NaSi‐1. J Biol Chem 269: 12407‐12409, 1994.
 51. Capuano P , Bacic D , Roos M , Gisler SM , Stange G , Biber J , Kaissling B , Weinman EJ , Shenolikar S , Wagner CA , Murer H . Defective coupling of apical PTH receptors to phospholipase C prevents internalization of the Na‐phosphate cotransporter NaPi‐lla in NHERF1 deficient mice. Am J Physiol 292: C927‐C934, 2007.
 52. Capuano P , Bacic D , Stange G , Hernando N , Kaissling B , Pal R , Kocher O , Biber J , Wagner CA , Murer H . Expression and regulation of the renal Na/phosphate cotransporter NaPi‐lla in a mouse model deficient for the PDZ protein PDZK1. Pflügers Arch 449: 392‐402, 2005.
 53. Capuano P , Radanovic T , Wagner CA , Bacic D , Kato S , Uchiyama Y , St‐Arnoud R , Murer H , Biber J . Intestinal and renal adaptation to a low‐Pi diet of type II Na‐Pi cotransporters in Vitamin D receptor‐ and 1α‐OHase‐deficient mice. Am J Physiol 288: C429‐C434, 2005.
 54. Carney S , Thompson L . Acute effect of calcitonin on rat renal electrolyte transport. Am J Physiol 240: F12‐F16, 1981.
 55. Carpenter TO , Ellis BK , Insogna KL , Philbrick WM , Sterpka J , Shimkets R . Fibroblast growth factor 7: An inhibitor of phosphate transport derived from oncogenic osteomalacia‐causing tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 1012‐1020, 2005.
 56. Caverzasio J , Montessuit C , Bonjour JP . Stimulatory effect of insulin‐like growth factor 1 on renal Pi transport and 1,25‐dihydroxy‐vitamin D3. Endocrinology 127: 453‐459, 1990.
 57. Chabardes D , Gagnan‐Brunette M , Imbert‐Teboul M , Gontcharevskaia O , Montegut M , Clique A , Morel F . Adenylate cyclase responsiveness to hormones in various portions of the human nephron. J Clin Invest 65: 439‐448, 1980.
 58. Chambrey R , Paillard M , Podevin RA . Enzymatic and functional evidence for adaptation of the vacuolar H(+)‐ATPase in proximal tubule apical membranes from rats with chronic metabolic acidosis. J Biol Chem 269: 3243‐3250, 1994.
 59. Chan JC. Urinary sulfate excretion in children with classic renal tubular acidosis. Nutr Metab 22: 257‐61, 1978.
 60. Cheng L , Dersch C , Kraus E , Spector D , Sacktor B . Renal adaptation to phosphate load in the acutely thyroparathyroidectomized rat: Rapid alteration in brush border membrane phosphate transport. Am J Physiol 246: F488‐F494, 1984.
 61. Cheng L , Liang CT , Sacktor B . Phosphate uptake by renal membrane vesicles of rabbits adapted to high and low phosphorous diets. Am J Physiol 245: F175‐F180, 1983.
 62. Cole DE , Scriver CR . Age‐dependent serum sulfate levels in children and adolescents. Clin Chim Acta 107: 135‐139, 1980.
 63. Cunningham R , Biswas R , Brazy M , Steplock D , Shenolikar S , Weinman EJ . Signaling pathways utilized by PTH and dopamine to inhibit phosphate transport in mouse renal proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol 296: F355‐F361, 2009.
 64. Cunningham R , Biswas R , Steplock D , Shenolikar S , Weinman E . Role of NHERF and scaffolding proteins in proximal tubule transport. Urol Res 38: 257‐262, 2010.
 65. Custer M , Meier F , Schlatter E , Greger R , Garcia‐Perez A , Biber J , Murer H . Localization of NaPi‐1, a NaPi‐cotransporter in rabbit kidney proximal tubules. Pflügers Arch 424:203‐209, 1993.
 66. Custer M , Murer H , Biber J . Nephron localization of Na/SO4‐cotransport‐related mRNA and protein. Pflugers Arch 429: 165‐168, 1994.
 67. Darling IM , Mammarella ML , Chen Q , Morris ME . Salicylate inhibits the renal transport of inorganic sulfate in rat membrane vesicle preparations. Drug Metab Dispos 22: 318‐323, 1994.
 68. David C , Ullrich KJ . Substrate specificity of the luminal Na‐dependent sulphate transport system in the proximal renal tubule as compared to the contraluminal sulphate exchange system. Pflügers Arch 421: 455‐465, 1992.
 69. Davidoff M , Caffier H , Schiebler TH . Steroid hormone binding receptors in the rat kidney. Histochemistry 69: 39‐48, 1988.
 70. Dawson PA , Beck L , Markovich D . Hyposulfatemia, growth retardation, reduced fertility, and seizures in mice lacking a functional NaSi‐1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 13704‐13709, 2003.
 71. Dawson PA , Choyce A , Chuang C , Whitelock J , Markovich D , Leggatt GR . Enhanced tumor growth in the NaS1 sulfate transporter null mouse. Cancer Sci 101: 369‐373, 2010.
 72. Dawson PA , Gardiner B , Grimmond S , Markovich D . Transcriptional profile reveals altered hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism in hyposulfatemic NaS1 null mice. Physiol Genomics 26: 116‐124, 2006.
 73. Dawson PA , Gardiner B , Lee S , Grimmond S , Markovich D . Kidney transcriptome reveals altered steroid homeostasis in NaS1 sulfate transporter null mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 112: 55‐62, 2008.
 74. Dawson PA , Huxley S , Gardiner B , Tran T , McAuley JL , Grimmond S , McGuckin MA , Markovich D . Reduced mucin sulfonation and impaired intestinal barrier function in the hyposulfataemic NaS1 null mouse. Gut 58: 910‐919, 2009.
 75. Dawson PA , Markovich D . Transcriptional regulation of the sodium‐sulfate cotransporter NaS(i)‐1 gene. Cell Biochem Biophys 36: 175‐182, 2002.
 76. Dawson PA , Russell CS , Lee S , McLeay SC , van Dongen JM , Cowley DM , Clarke LA , Markovich D . Urolithiasis and hepatotoxicity are linked to the anion transporter Sat1 in mice. J Clin Invest 120: 706‐712, 2010.
 77. Dawson PA , Steane SE , Markovich D . Behavioural abnormalities of the hyposulphataemic Nasi1 knock‐out mouse. Behav Brain Res 154: 457‐463, 2004.
 78. Dawson PA , Steane SE , Markovich D . Impaired memory and olfactory performance in NaSi‐1 sulphate transporter deficient mice. Behav Brain Res 159: 15‐20, 2005.
 79. Debska‐Slizien A , Ho P , Drangiova R , Baines AD . Endogenous renal dopamine production regulates phosphate excretion. Am J Physiol 266: F858‐F867, 1994.
 80. DeFronzo RA , Cooke CR , Andres R , Faloona R , Davis PJ . The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. J Clin Invest 55: 845‐855, 1975.
 81. Dehghan A , Köttgen A , Yang Q , Hwang SJ , Kao WL , Rivadeneira F , Boerwinkle E , Levy D , Hofman A , Astor BC , Benjamin EJ , van Duijn CM , Witteman JC , Coresh J , Fox CS . Association of three genetic loci with uric acid concentration and risk of gout: A genome‐wide association study. Lancet 372: 1953‐1961, 2008.
 82. Dennis VW , Brazy PC . Divalent anion transport in isolated renal tubules. Kidney Int 22: 498‐506, 1982.
 83. Dennis VW , Woodhall PB , Robinson RR . Characteristics of phosphate transport in isolated proximal tubules. Am J Physiol 231: 979‐985, 1976.
 84. Dennis VW. Phosphate homeostasis. Comprehensive Physiology 1785‐1815, 2011.
 85. DeToledo FGS , Thompson MA , Bolliger C , Tyce GM , Dousa TP . L‐glutamyl‐L‐DOPA inhibits Na‐phosphate cotransport across renal brush border membranes and increases renal excretion of phosphate. Kidney Int 55: 1832‐1842, 1999.
 86. Dobbie H , Unwin RJ , Faria NJR , Shirley DG . Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein causes phosphaturia in rats by inhibiting tubular phosphate reabsorption. Nephrol Dial Tranplant 23: 730‐733, 2008.
 87. Dobrinskikh E , Giral H , Caldas YA , Levi M , Doctor RB . Shank2 redistributes with NaPiIIa during regulated endocytosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 299: C1324‐C1334, 2010.
 88. Dorwart MR , Shcheynikov N , Yang D , Muallem S . The solute carrier 26 family of proteins in epithelial ion transport. Physiology 23: 104‐114, 2008.
 89. Dusso AS , Brown AJ , Slatopolsky E . Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289: F8‐F28, 2005.
 90. Faroqui S , Levi M , Soleimani M , Amlal H . Estrogen downregulates the proximal tubule type lla sodium phosphate cotransporter causing phosphate wasting and hypophosphatemia. Kidney Int 73: 1141‐1150, 2008.
 91. Farrow EG , Davis SI , Summers LJ , White KE . Initial FGF23 mediated signalling occurs in the distal convoluted tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 955‐960, 2009.
 92. Farrow EG , White KE . Recent advances in renal phosphate handling. Nat Rev Nephrol 6: 207‐217, 2010.
 93. Feng JQ , Ye L , Schiavi S . Do osteocytes contribute to phosphate homeostasis? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 18: 285‐291, 2009.
 94. Fernandes I , Hampson G , Cahours X , Morin P , Coureau C , Couette S , Prie D , Biber J , Murer H , Friedlander G , Silve C . Abnormal sulfate metabolism in vitamin D‐deficient rats. J Clin Invest 100: 2196‐2203, 1997.
 95. Fernandes I , Laouari D , Tutt P , Hampson G , Friedlander G , Silve C . Sulfate homeostasis, NaSi‐1 cotransporter, and SAT‐1 exchanger expression in chronic renal failure in rats. Kidney Int 59: 210‐221, 2001.
 96. Ferrari S , Bonjour JP , Rizzoli R . Fibroblast growth factor‐23 relationship to dietary phosphate and renal phosphate handling in healthy young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 1519‐1524, 2005.
 97. Fischer JA , Blum JW , Binswanger U . Acute parathyroid hormone response to epinephrine in vivo. J Clin Invest 52: 2434‐2440, 1973.
 98. Florin T , Neale G , Gibson GR , Christl SU , Cummings JH . Metabolism of dietary sulphate: Absorption and excretion in humans. Gut 32: 766‐773, 1991.
 99. Forster IC , Hernando N , Biber J , Murer H . Phosphate transport kinetics and structure‐function relationships of SLC34 and SLC20 proteins. Curr Top Membr 70: 313‐355, 2012.
 100. Forster IC , Hernando N , Biber J , Murer H . Phosphate transporters of the SLC20 and SLC34 families. Mol Aspects Med 34: 386‐395, 2013.
 101. Forster IC , Kohler K , Biber J , Murer H . Forging the link between structure and function of electrogenic cotransporters: The renal type lla Na/Pi cotransporter as a case study. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 80: 69‐108, 2002.
 102. Freeman D , Bartlett S , Radda G , Ross B . Energetics of sodium transport in the kidney saturation transfer 31P‐NMR. Biochim Biophys Acta 762: 325‐336, 1983.
 103. Freeman RM , Richards CJ . Studies on sulfate in end‐stage renal disease. Kidney Int 15: 167‐75, 1979.
 104. Freiberg JM , Kinsella J , Sacktor B . Glucocorticoids increase the Na‐H exchange and decrease the Na gradient‐dependent phosphate uptake systems in renal brush‐border membrane vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79: 4932‐4936, 1982.
 105. Frick A , Durasin I , Neuweg M . Phosphaturic response of hydrocortisone in the presence and the absence of parathyroid hormone. Pflugers Arch 392: 99‐195, 1981.
 106. Frick A , Durasin I . Regulation of the renal transport of inorganic sulfate: Effects of metabolic changes in arterial blood pH. Pflugers Arch 407: 541‐546, 1986.
 107. Friedlander G. Autocrine/paracrine control of renal phosphate transport. Kidney Int 65: S18‐S23, 1998.
 108. Gattineni J , Bates C , Twombley K , Dwarakanath V , Robinson ML , Goetz R , Mohammadi M , Baum M . FGF23 decreases renal NaPi‐2a and NaPi‐2c expression and induces hypophosphatemia in vivo predominantly via FGF receptor 1. Am J Physiol 297: F282‐F291, 2009.
 109. Gensure RC , Gardella TJ , Jüppner H . Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone‐related peptide, and their receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328: 666‐678, 2005.
 110. Giral H , Caldas Y , Sutherland E , Wilson P , Breusegem S , Barry N , Blaine J , Jiang T , Wang XX , Levi M . Regulation of rat intestinal Na‐dependent phosphate transporters by dietary phosphate. Am J Physiol 297: F1466‐F1475, 2009.
 111. Giral H , Lanzano L , Caldas Y , Blaine J , Verlander JW , Lei T , Gratton E , Levi M . Role of PDZ domain containing 1 (PDZK1) in apical membrane expression of renal Na‐coupled phosphate (NaPi) transporters. J Biol Chem 286: 15032‐15042. 2011.
 112. Gisler SM , Kittanakom S , Fuster D , Wong V , Bertic M,Radanovic T , Hall RA , Murer H , Biber J , Markovich D , Moe OW , Stagljr I . Monitoring protein‐protein interactions between the mammalian renal epithelial integral membrane proteins and their PDZ interacting partners using the type ll split ubiquitin membrane yeast two‐hybrid system. Mol Cell Proteomics 7: 1326‐1377, 2008.
 113. Glahn RP , Onsgard MJ , Tyce GM , Chinnow SL , Knox FG , Dousa TP . Autocrine/paracrine regulation of renal Na‐phosphate cotransport by dopamine. Am J Physiol 264: F618‐F622, 1993.
 114. Gloor HJ , Bonjour JP , Caverzasio J , Fleisch H . Resistance to the phosphaturic and calcemic actions of parathyroid hormone during phosphate depletion. J Clin Invest 63: 371‐377, 1979.
 115. Goudsmit A Jr , Power MH , Bollman JL . The excretion of sulfates by the dog. Am J Physiol 125: 506, 1939.
 116. Greer FR , McCormick A , Loker J . Increased urinary excretion of inorganic sulfate in premature infants fed bovine milk protein. J Pediatr 109: 692‐697, 1986.
 117. Greger RF , Lang FC , Knox G , Lechene CP . Absence of significant secretory flux of phosphate in the proximal convoluted tubule. Am J Physiol 232: F235‐F238, 1977.
 118. Grinstein S , Turner RJ , Silverman M , Rothstein A . Inorganic anion transport in kidney and intestinal brush border and basolateral membranes. Am J Physiol 238: F452‐F460, 1980.
 119. Gullans SR , Brazy PC , Mandel LJ , Dennis VW . Stimulation of phosphate transport in the proximal tubule by metabolic substrates. Am J Physiol 247: F582‐F587, 1984.
 120. Guntupalli J , Eby B , Lau K . Mechanism for the phosphaturia of NH4Cl: Dependence on acidemia but not on diet PO4 or PTH. Am J Physiol 242: F552‐F560, 1982.
 121. Hagenbuch B , Murer H . Phosphate transport across basolateral membrane from rat kidney cortex: Sodium‐dependence? Pflügers Arch 407: S149‐S155, 1986.
 122. Hagenbuch B , Stange G , Murer H . Transport of sulphate in rat jejunal and rat proximal tubular basolateral membrane vesicles. Pflügers Arch 405: 202‐208, 1985.
 123. Hamadeh MJ , Hoffer LJ . Use of sulfate production as a measure of short‐term sulfur amino acid catabolism in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280: E857‐E866, 2001.
 124. Hammerman MR , Karl IE , Hruska KA . Regulation of canine renal vesicle Pi transport by growth hormone and parathyroid hormone. Biochim Biophys Acta 603: 322‐335, 1980.
 125. Hammerman MR , Rogers S , Hansen VA , Gavin JR . Insulin stimulates Pi transport in brush border vesicles from proximal tubular segments. Am J Physiol 247: E616‐E624, 1984.
 126. Hammerman MR. The growth hormone‐insulin‐like growth factor axis in the kidney. Am J Physiol 257: F503‐F514, 1989.
 127. Haramati A , Haas JA , Knox FG . Adaptation of deep and superficial nephrons to changes in dietary phosphate intake. Am J Physiol 244: F265‐F269, 1983.
 128. Harris CA , Sutton RAL , Dirka JH . Effects of hypercalcemia and tubular reabsorption in the rat. Am J Physiol 233: F201‐F206, 1977.
 129. Hästbacka J , de la Chapelle A , Mahtani MM , Clines G , Reeve‐Daly MP , Daly M , Hamilton BA , Kusumi K , Trivedi B , Weaver A , Coloma A , Lovett M , Buckler A , Kaitila I , Lander ES . The diastrophic dysplasia gene encodes a novel sulfate transporter: Positional cloning by fine‐structure linkage disequilibrium mapping. Cell 78: 1073‐1087, 1994.
 130. Herak‐Kramberger CM , Spindler B , Biber J , Murer H , Sabolić I . Renal type II Na/Pi‐cotransporter is strongly impaired whereas the Na/sulphate‐cotransporter and aquaporin 1 are unchanged in cadmium‐treated rats. Pflugers Arch 432: 336‐344, 1996.
 131. Hernando N , Gisler SM , Pribanic S , Deliot N , Capuano P , Wagner CA , Moe OW , Biber J , Murer H . NaPi‐IIa and interacting partners. Am J Physiol 567: 21‐26, 2005.
 132. Hierholzer K , Cade R , Gurd R , Kessler R , Pitts R . Stop flow analysis of renal reabsorption and excretion of sulfate in the dog. Am J Physiol 198: 833‐837, 1960.
 133. Hoffer LJ . Methods for measuring sulfur amino acid metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5: 511‐517, 2002.
 134. Honda S , Kashiwagi M , Ookata K , Tojo A , Hirose S . Regulation by 1.25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 of expression of stanniocalcin messages in the rat kidney and ovary. FEBS Lett 459: 119‐122, 1999.
 135. Houterman S , van Faassen A , Ocke MC , Habets LHM , van Dieijen‐Visser MP , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita BH , Janknegt RA . Is urinary sulfate a biomarker for the intake of animal protein and meat? Cancer Lett 114: 295‐296, 1997.
 136. Hu MC , Shi M , Zhang J , Pastor J , Nakatani T , Lanske B , Shawkat Razzaque M , Rosenblatt KP , Baum MG , Kuro‐O M , Moe OW . Klotho: A novel phosphaturic substance acting as an autocrine enzyme in the renal proximal tubule. FASEB J 24: 3438‐3450, 2010.
 137. Iharada M , Miyaji T , Fujimoto T , Hiasa M , Anzai N , Omote H , Moriyama Y . Type 1 sodium‐dependent phosphate transporter (SLC17A1 Protein) is a Cl(‐)‐dependent urate exporter. J Biol Chem 285: 26107‐26113, 2010.
 138. Indridason OS , Quarles LD . Hyperphosphatemia in end‐stage renal disease. Adv Ren Replace Ther 9: 184‐192, 2002.
 139. Isaac J , Berndt TJ , Chinnow SL , Tyce GM , Dousa TP , Knox FG . Dopamine enhances the phosphaturic response to parathyroid hormone in phosphate deprived rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 1423‐1429, 1992.
 140. Ishibashi K , Imai M . Prospect of a stanniocalcin endocrine/paracrine system in mammals. Am J Physiol 282: F367‐F375, 2002.
 141. Ishibashi K , Matsuzaki T , Takata K , Imai M . Identification of a new member of type l Na/phosphate co‐transporter in the rat kidney. Nephron Physiol 94: 10‐18, 2003.
 142. Issac J , Glahn RP , Appel MA , Onsgard M , Dousa TP , Knox FG . Mechanisms of dopamine inhibition of renal phosphate transport. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 1601‐1607, 1992.
 143. Jaeger P , Bonjour JP , Karlmark B , Stanton B , Kirk RG , Duplinsky T , Giebisch G . Influence of acute potassium loading on renal phosphate transport in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol 245: F601‐605, 1983.
 144. Jaeger P , Karlmark B , Bonjour JP , Giebisch G . Potassium imbalance and phosphate renal handling: A micropuncture study. Adv Exp Med Biol 151: 97‐102, 1982.
 145. Jiang Z , Asplin JR , Evan AP , Rajendran VM , Velazquez H , Nottoli TP , Binder HJ , Aronson PS . Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in mice lacking anion transporter Slc26a6. Nat Genet 38: 474‐478, 2006.
 146. Jiang Z , Grichtchenko II , Boron WF , Aronson PS . Specificity of anion exchange mediated by mouse Slc26a6. J Biol Chem 277: 33963‐33967, 2002.
 147. Jutabha P , Anzai N , Kitamura K , Taniguchi A , Kaneko S , Yan K , Yamada H , Shimada H , Kimura T , Katada T , Fukutomi T , Tomita K , Urano W , Yamanaka H , Seki G , Fujita T , Moriyama Y , Yamada A , Uchida S , Wempe MF , Endou H , Sakurai H . Human sodium‐phosphate transporter 4 (hNPT4/SLC17A3) as a common renal secretory pathway for drugs and urate. J Biol Chem 285: 35123‐35132, 2010.
 148. Karniski LP , Lötscher M , Fucentese M , Hilfiker H , Biber J , Murer H . Immunolocalization of sat‐1 sulfate/oxalate/bicarbonate anion exchanger in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol 275: F79‐F87, 1998.
 149. Karniski LP . Functional expression and cellular distribution of diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST) gene mutations in HEK cells. Hum Mol Genet 13: 2165‐2171, 2004.
 150. Kavanaugh MP , Miller DG , Zhang W , Law W , Kozak SL , Kabat D , Miller AD . Cell‐surface receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic murine retrovirus are inducible sodium‐dependent phosphate symporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 7071‐7075, 1994.
 151. Kempe DS , Dermaku‐Sopjani M , Fröhlich H , Sopjani M , Umbach A , Puchchakayala G , Capasso A , Weiss F , Stübs M , Föller M , Lang F . Rapamycin‐induced phosphaturia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25: 2938‐2944, 2010.
 152. Kempson SA , Shah SV , Werness PG , Berndt T , Lee PH , Smith LH , Knox FG , Dousa TP . Renal brush border membrane adaptation to phosphorous deprivation: Effects of fasting versus low‐phosphorous diet. Kidney Int 18: 36‐47, 1980.
 153. Keusch I , Traebert M , Lötscher M , Kaissling B , Murer H , Biber J . Parathyroid hormone and dietary phosphate provoke a lysosomal routing of the proximal tubular Na/Pi‐cotransporter type II. Kidney Int 54: 1224‐1232, 1998.
 154. Knauf F , Yang CL , Thomson RB , Mentone SA , Giebisch G , Aronson PS . Identification of a chloride‐formate exchanger expressed on the brush border membrane of renal proximal tubule cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 9425‐9430, 2001.
 155. Knochel JP . Clinical and physiologic phosphate disturbances. The Kidney, Physiology and Pathphysiology, 1905‐1934, 2000.
 156. Kolek OI , Hines ER , Jones MD , LeSueur LK , Lipko MA , Kiela PR , Collins JF , Haussler MR , Ghishan FK . 1alpha,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 upregulates FGF23 gene expression in bone: The final link in a renal‐gastrointestinal‐skeletal axis that controls phosphate transport. Am J Physiol 289: G1036‐G1042, 2005.
 157. Kone BC , Balylis C . Biosyntheisis and homeostatic roles of nitric oxide in the normal kidney. Am J Physiol 272: F561‐F578, 1997.
 158. Kreusser WJ , Kurokawa K , Aznar E , Massry SG . Phosphate depletion: Effect on inorganic phosphorous and adenine nucelotides, urinary phosphate and calcium balance. Electrolyte Metab 1: 30‐42, 1978.
 159. Krick W , Schnedler N , Burckhardt G , Burckhardt BC . Ability of sat‐1 to transport sulfate, bicarbonate, or oxalate under physiological conditions. Am J Physiol 297: F145‐F154, 2009.
 160. Krieger NS , Culbertson CD , Kyker‐Snowman K , Bushinsky DA . Metabolic acidosis increases fribroblast growth factor 23 in neonatal mouse bone. Am J Physiol 303: F431‐F436, 2012.
 161. Krijgsheld KR , Scholtens E , Mulder GJ . Serum concentration of inorganic sulfate in mammals: Species differences and circadian rhythm. Comp Biochem Physiol 67: 683‐86, 1980.
 162. Kumar R. Tumor induced osteomalcia and the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. Bone 27: 333‐ 338, 2000.
 163. Kumar R. Phosphate sensing. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 18: 281‐284, 2009.
 164. Kuo SM , Aronson PS . Oxalate transport via the sulfate/HCO3 exchanger in rabbit renal basolateral membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem 263: 9710‐9717, 1988.
 165. Kuo SM , Aronson PS . Pathways for oxalate transport in rabbit renal microvillus membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem 271: 15491‐15497, 1996.
 166. Kuro‐o M. A potential link between phosphate and aging‐Lessons from Klotho‐deficient mice. Mech Ageing Dev 131: 270‐275, 2010.
 167. Lapointe JY , Tessier J , Paquette Y , Wallendorff B , Coady MJ , Pichette V , Bonnardeaux A . NPT2a gene variation in calcium nephrolithiasis with renal phosphate leak. Kidney Int 69: 2261‐2267, 2006.
 168. Larsson T , Marsell R , Schipani E , Ohlsson C , Ljunggren O , Tenenhouse HS , Jüppner H , Jonsson KB . Transgenic mice expressing fibroblast growth factor 23 under the control of the alpha1(I) collagen promoter exhibit growth retardation, osteomalacia, and disturbed phosphate homeostasis. Endocrinology 145: 3087‐3094, 2004.
 169. Lederer ED , Sohi SS , McLeish KR . Dopamine regulates phosphate uptake by opossum kidney cells through multiple counter‐regulatory receptors. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 975‐985, 1998.
 170. Lee A , Beck L , Markovich D . The human renal Na+ sulfate cotransporter (SLC13A1; hNaSi‐1) cDNA and gene: Organization, chromosomal localization and functional characterization. Genomics 70: 354‐363, 2000.
 171. Lee DBN , Walling MW , Brautbar N . Intestinal phosphate absorption: Influence of vitamin D and non‐vitamin D factors. Am J Physiol 250: G369‐G373, 1986.
 172. Lee HJ , Balasubramanian SV , Morris ME . Effect of pregnancy, postnatal growth, and gender on renal sulfate transport. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 221: 336‐344, 1999.
 173. Lee HJ , Balasubramanian SV , Murer H , Biber J , Morris ME . Modulation of sulfate renal transport by alterations in cell membrane fluidity. J Pharm Sci 88: 976‐980, 1999.
 174. Lee HJ , Sagawa K , Shi W , Murer H , Morris ME . Hormonal regulation of sodium/sulfate co‐transport in renal epithelial cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 225: 49‐57, 2000.
 175. Lee S , Dawson PA , Hewavitharana AK , Shaw PN , Markovich D . Disruption of NaS1 sulfate transport function in mice leads to enhanced acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 43: 1241‐1247, 2006.
 176. Lee S , Kesby JP , Muslim MD , Steane SE , Eyles DW , Dawson PA , Markovich D . Hyperserotonaemia and reduced brain serotonin levels in NaS1 sulphate transporter null mice. Neuroreport 18: 1981‐1985, 2007.
 177. LeGrimellec CL , Poujeol P , DeRouffignac C . 3H‐inulin and electrolyte concentrations in Bowman's capsule in rat kidney. Pflügers Arch 354: 117‐131, 1975.
 178. Lemann J , Bushinsky DA , Hamm LL . Bone buffering of acid and base in humans. Am J Physiol 285: F811‐F832, 2003.
 179. Levi M , Lötscher M , Sorribas V , Custer M , Arar M , Kaissling B , Murer H , Biber J . Cellular mechanisms of acute and chronic adaptation of rat renal Pi transporter to alterations in dietary P(i) . Am J Physiol 267: F900‐F908, 1994.
 180. Levi M , McDonald LA , Preisig PA , Alpern RJ . Chronic K depletion stimulates rat renal brush‐border membrane Na‐citrate cotransporter. Am J Physiol 261: F767‐F773, 1991.
 181. Levi M , Shayman JA , Abe A , Gross SK , McCluer RH , Biber J , Murer H , Lötscher M , Cronin RE . Dexamethasone modulates rat renal brush border membrane phosphate transporter mRNA and protein abundance and glycosphingolipid composition. J Clin Invest 96: 207‐216, 1995.
 182. Levi M. Heterogeneity of Pi transport by BBM from superficial and juxtameduallary cortex of rat. Am J Physiol 258: F1616‐F1624, 1990.
 183. Levine BS , Ho LD , Pasiecznik K , Coburn JW . Renal adaptation to phosphorous deprivation: Characterization of early events. J Bone Miner Res 1: 33‐40, 1986.
 184. Lin JH , Levy G . Renal clearance of inorganic sulfate in rats: Effect of acetaminophen‐induced depletion of endogenous sulfate. J Pharm Sci 72: 213‐217, 1983.
 185. Liu S , Gupta A , Quarles LD . Emerging role of fibroblast growth factor 23 in a bone‐kidney axis regulating systemic phosphate homeostasis and extracellular matrix mineralization. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 16: 329‐335, 2007.
 186. Loffing J , Lötscher M , Kaissling B , Biber J , Murer H , Seikaly M , Alpern RJ , Baum M , Moe OW . Renal Na/H exchanger NHE‐3 and Na‐PO4 cotransporter protein expression in glucocorticoid excess and deficient states. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 1560‐1567, 1998.
 187. Lorenz‐Depiereux B , Benet‐Pages A , Eckstein G , Tenenbaum‐Rakover Y , Wagenstaller J , Tiosamo D , Gershoni‐Baruch R , Albers N , Lichtner P , Schnabel D , Hochberg Z , Strom TM . Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalcuria is caused by mutations in the sodium‐phosphate cotransporter gene SLC34A3. Am J Hum Genet 78: 193‐201, 2006.
 188. Lötscher M , Custer M , Quabius ES , Kaissling B , Murer H , Biber J . Immunolocalization of Na/SO4‐cotransport (NaSi‐1) in rat kidney. Pflugers Arch 432: 373‐378, 1996.
 189. Lötscher M , Wilson P , Nguyen S , Kaissling B , Biber J , Murer H , Levi M . New aspects of adaptation of rat renal Na‐Pi cotransporter to alterations in dietary phosphate. Kidney Int 49: 1012‐1018, 1996.
 190. Low I , Friedrich T , Burckhardt G . Properties of an anion exchanger in rat renal basolateral membrane vesicles. Am J Physiol 246: F334‐42, 1984.
 191. Lucke H , Stange G , Murer H . Sulphate/ion‐sodium/ion cotransport by brush border membranes vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex. Biochem J 182: 223‐229, 1979.
 192. Magen D , Berger L , Coady MJ , Ilivitzki A , Militianu D , Tieder M , Selig S , Lapointe JY , Zelikovic I , Skorecki K . A loss of function mutation in NaPi‐lla and renal Fanconi's syndrome. N Engl J Med 362: 1102‐1109, 2010.
 193. Mahon MJ. The parathyroid hormone receptorsome and the potential for therapeutic intervention. Curr Drug Targets 13: 116‐128, 2012.
 194. Marangella M , Petrarulo M , Cosseddu D , Vitale C , Linari F . Plasma profiles and removal rates of inorganic sulphate, and their influence on serum ionized calcium, in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Clin Sci (Lond) 80: 489‐495, 1991.
 195. Markovich D , Aronson PS . Specificity and regulation of renal sulfate transporters. Annu Rev Physiol 69: 361‐375, 2007.
 196. Markovich D , Bissig M , Sorribas V , Hagenbuch B , Meier PJ , Murer H . Expression of rat renal sulfate transport systems in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Functional characterization and molecular identification. J Biol Chem 269: 3022‐3026, 1994.
 197. Markovich D , Fogelis TS . Ontogeny of renal sulfate transporters: Postnatal mRNA and protein expression. Pediatr Nephrol 13: 806‐811, 1999.
 198. Markovich D , Forgo J , Stange G , Biber J , Murer H . Expression cloning of rat renal Na+/SO4 2 − cotransport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 8073‐8077, 1993.
 199. Markovich D , James KM . Heavy metals mercury, cadmium, and chromium inhibit the activity of the mammalian liver and kidney sulfate transporter sat‐1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 154: 181‐187, 1999.
 200. Markovich D , Knight D . Renal Na‐Si cotransporter NaSi‐1 is inhibited by heavy metals. Am J Physiol 274: F283‐F289, 1998.
 201. Markovich D , Murer H , Biber J , Sakhaee K , Pak C , Levi M . Dietary sulfate regulates the expression of the renal brush border Na/Si cotransporter NaSi‐1. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 1568‐1573, 1998.
 202. Markovich D , Wang H , Puttaparthi K , Zajicek H , Rogers T , Murer H , Biber J , Levi M . Chronic K depletion inhibits renal brush border membrane Na/sulfate cotransport. Kidney Int 55: 244‐251, 1999.
 203. Markovich D. Physiological roles and regulation of mammalian sulfate transporters. Physiol Rev 81: 1499‐1533, 2001.
 204. Markovich D . Physiological roles of renal anion transporters NaS1 and Sat1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300: F1267‐F1270, 2011.
 205. Markovich D. Slc13a1 and Slc26a1 KO models reveal physiological roles of anion transporters. Physiology 27: 7‐14, 2012.
 206. Markowitz M , Rotkin L , Rosen JF . Circadian rhythms of blood mineral in humans. Science 231: 672‐674, 1981.
 207. Marks J , Debnam ES , Unwin RJ . Phosphate homeostasis and the renal‐gastrointestinal axis. Am J Physiol 299: F285‐F296, 2010.
 208. Marks J , Srai SK , Biber J , Murer H , Unwin RJ , Debnam ES . Intestinal phosphate absorption and the effect of vitamin D: A comparison of rats with mice. Exp Physiol 91: 531‐537, 2006.
 209. Martin A , David V , Quarles LD . Regulation and function of the FGF23/Klotho endocrine pathways. Physiol Rev 92: 131‐155, 2012.
 210. Matsumoto N , Hemmi A , Yamato H , Ohnishi R , Segawa H , Ohno S , Miyamoto KI . Immunohistochemical analyses of parathyroid hormone‐dependent downregulation of renal type ll Na‐Pi cotransporters by cryobiopsy. J Med Invest 57: 138‐145, 2010.
 211. McKeown JW , Brazy PC , Dennis VW . Intrarenal heterogeneity for fluid, phosphate and glucose absorption in the rabbit. Am J Physiol 237: F312‐F318, 1979.
 212. Mehls O , Krempien B , Ritz E , Schärer K , Schüler HW . Renal osteodystrophy in children on maintenance haemodialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 10: 197‐201, 1973.
 213. Michalk D , Klare B , Manz F , Schärer K . Plasma inorganic sulfate in children with chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol 16: 8‐12, 1981.
 214. Michalk D , Manz F , Muller‐Wiefel DE , Scharer K . Renal handling of inorganic sulfate in children with chronic kidney disorders. Miner Electrolyte Metab 8: 255‐260, 1982.
 215. Michalk D , Tschöpe W , Böhles HJ , Mehls O . Possible role of inorganic sulphate in the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 18: 561‐566, 1981.
 216. Miura K . In: Goyer RA , Cherian MG , editors. Toxicology of Metals. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1986, Vol. 80, pp. 179‐194.
 217. Miyamoto K , Haito‐Sugino S , Kuwahara S , Ohi A , Nomura K , Ito M , Kuwahata M , Kido S , Tatsumi S , Kaneko I , Segawa H . Sodium‐dependent phosphate cotransporters: Lesions from gene knockout and mutation studies. J Pharm Sci 100: 3719‐3730, 2011.
 218. Mohebbi N , Kovacikova J , Nowik M , Wagner CA . Thyroid hormone deficiency alters expression of acid‐base transporters in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 293: F416‐427, 2007.
 219. Morris ME , Benincosa LJ . Influence of NSAID‐induced inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis on inorganic sulfate clearance in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 199: 410‐416, 1992.
 220. Morris ME , Kwon O , Mansfield IL . Sulfate homeostasis. I. Effect of salicylic acid and its metabolites on inorganic sulfate in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244: 945‐949, 1988.
 221. Morris ME , Levy G . Serum concentration and renal excretion by normal adults of inorganic sulfate after acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, or sodium sulfate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 33: 529‐536, 1983.
 222. Mulder GJ. Sulfate availability in vivo. In Mulder GJ , editor. Sulfation of Drugs and Related Compounds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1981, pp. 32‐52.
 223. Murer H , Ahearn G , Amstutz M , Biber J , Brown C , Gmaj P , Hagenbuch B , Malmström K , Mohrmann I , Mohrmann M , Stange G . Cotransport systems for inorganic sulfate and phosphate in small intestine and renal proximal tubule. Ann N Y Acad Sci 456: 139‐152, 1985.
 224. Murer H , Hernando N , Forster I , Biber J . Proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption: Molecular mechanisms. Physiol Rev 80: 1373‐1409, 2000.
 225. Nagai S , Okazaki M , Segawa H , Bergwitz C , Dean T , Pott JJ , Mahon M , Gardella TJ , Jueppner H . Acute down‐regulation of sodium‐dependent phosphate transporter NPT2a involves preeominantly the cAMP/PKA pathway as revealed by signaling‐selective parathyroid hormone analogs. J Biol Chem 286: 1618‐1626, 2011.
 226. Neiberger RE. Adaptation of renal sulfate transport in response to dietary sulfate intake in guinea pigs. Child Nephrol Urol 11: 61‐64, 1991.
 227. Neiberger RE. Developmental changes in the renal capacity for sulfate reabsorption in the guinea pig. Pediatr Nephrol 6: 65‐67, 1992.
 228. Norbis F , Perego C , Markovich D , Stange G , Verri T , Murer H . cDNA cloning of a rat small‐intestinal Na+/SO4(2‐) cotransporter. Pflugers Arch 428: 217‐223, 1994.
 229. Nordin BEC . Calcium, Phosphate and Magnesium Metabolism. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1976, pp. 22‐26.
 230. Nowik M , Picard N , Stange G , Capuano P , Tenenhouse HS , Biber J , Murer H , Wagner CA . Renal phosphaturia during metabolic acidosis revisted: Molecular mechanisms for decreased renal phosphate rebasorption. Pflügers Arch 457: 539‐549, 2008.
 231. Oerwad F , Azam N , Zhang M , Yamashita T , Tenenhouse H , Portale A . Dietary and serum phosphorous regulate fibroblast growth factor 23 expression and 1.25‐dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism in mice. Endocrinology 146: 5358‐5364, 2005.
 232. Park SH , Taub M , Han HJ . Regulation of phosphate uptake in primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells by glucocorticoid: Evidence for nongenomic as well as genomic mechanisms. Endocrinology 142: 710‐720, 2001.
 233. Pelis RM , Edwards SL , Kunigelis SC , Claiborne JB , Renfro JL . Stimulation of renal sulfate secretion by metabolic acidosis requires Na+/H+ exchange induction and carbonic anhydrase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289: F208‐F216, 2005.
 234. Pena DR , Neiberger RE . Renal brush border sodium‐sulfate cotransport in guinea pig: Effect of age and diet. Pediatr Nephrol 11: 724‐727, 1997.
 235. Perward F , Portale AA . Vitamin D metabolism in the kidney: Regulation by phosphorous and fibroblast growth factor 23. Mol Cell Endocrinol 347: 17‐24, 2011.
 236. Picard N , Capuano P , Stange G , Mihailova M , Kaissling B , Murer H , Biber J , Wagner CA . Acute parathyroid hormone differentially regulates renal brush border membrane phosphate cotransporters. Pflugers Arch 460: 677‐687, 2010.
 237. Piscator M . In: Foulkes EC , editor. Cadmium. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1986, Vol. 80, pp. 179‐194.
 238. Portale AA , Halloran BP , Morris RC . Dietary intake of phosphorous modulates the circadian rhythm in serum concentration of phosphorous. J Clin Invest 80: 1147‐1154, 1987.
 239. Preisig PA , Alpern RJ . Chronic metabolic acidosis causes an adaptation in the apical membrane Na/H antiporter and basolateral membrane Na(HCO3)3 symporter in the rat proximal convoluted tubule. J Clin Invest 82: 1445‐1453, 1988.
 240. Prie D , Friedlander G . Genetic disorders of renal phosphate transport. N Engl J Med 362: 2399‐2409, 2010.
 241. Pritchard JB , Renfro JL . Renal sulfate transport at the basolateral membrane is mediated by anion exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80: 2603‐7, 1983.
 242. Pritchard JB. Sulfate‐bicarbonate exchange in brush‐border membranes from rat renal cortex. Am J Physiol 252: F346‐F56, 1987.
 243. Puttaparthi K , Markovich D , Halaihel N , Wilson P , Zajicek HK , Wang H , Biber J , Murer H , Rogers T , Levi M . Metabolic acidosis regulates rat renal Na‐Si cotransport activity. Am J Physiol 276: C1398‐C1404, 1999.
 244. Radanovic T , Wagner CA , Murer H , Biber J . Regulation of intestinal phosphate transport: I. Segmental expression and adaptation to phosphate deprivation of type IIb Na/Pi‐cotransporter in mouse small intestine. Am J Physiol 288: 496‐500, 2005.
 245. Ravera S , Virkki LV , Murer H , Forster IC . Deciphering PiT transport kinetics and substrate specifity using electrophysiology and flux measurements. Am J Physiol 293: C606‐C620, 2007.
 246. Reimer RJ . SLC17: A functionally diverse family of organic anion transporters. Mol Aspects Med 34: 350‐359, 2013.
 247. Renfro JL , Clark NB , Metts RE , Lynch MA . Glucocorticoid inhibition of Na‐SO4 transport by chick renal brush‐border membranes. Am J Physiol 256: R1176‐R1183, 1989.
 248. Renfro JL. Adaptability of marine teleost renal inorganic sulfate excretion: Evidence for glucocorticoid involvement. Am J Physiol 257: R511‐R516, 1989.
 249. Ritthaler T , Traebert M , Lötscher M , Biber J , Murer H , Kaissling B . Effects of phosphate intake on distribution of type II Na+/Pi‐cotransporter mRNA in rat kidney. Kidney Int 55: 976‐983, 1999.
 250. Rouse D , Suki WN . Modulation of phosphate ansorption by calcium in the rabbit proximal convoluted tubule. J Clin Invest 76: 630‐636, 1985.
 251. Sabbagh Y , O'Brien SP , Song W , Boulanger JH , Stockmann A , Arbeeny C , Schiavi SC . Intestinal npt2b plays a major role in phosphate absorption and homeostasis. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 2348‐2358, 2009.
 252. Sabry ZI , Shadarevian SB , Cowan JW , Campbell JA . Relationship of dietary intake of sulphur amino‐acids to urinary excretion of inorganic sulphate in man. Nature 206: 931‐933, 1965.
 253. Sagawa K , Benincosa LJ , Murer H , Morris ME . Ibuprofen‐induced changes in sulfate renal transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287: 1092‐1097, 1998.
 254. Sagawa K , Darling IM , Murer H , Morris ME . Glucocorticoid‐induced alterations of renal sulfate transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294: 658‐663, 2000.
 255. Sagawa K , DuBois DC , Almon RR , Murer H , Morris ME . Cellular mechanisms of renal adaptation of sodium dependent sulfate cotransport to altered dietary sulfate in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287: 1056‐1062, 1998.
 256. Sagawa K , Han B , DuBois DC , Murer H , Almon RR , Morris ME . Age‐ and growth hormone‐induced alterations in renal sulfate transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290: 1182‐1187, 1999.
 257. Sagawa K , Murer H , Morris ME . Effect of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on sulfate renal transport in rats. Am J Physiol 276: F164‐F171, 1999.
 258. Saito H , Kusano K , Kinosaki M , Ito H , Hirata M , Segawa H , Miyamoto K , Fukushima N . Human fibroblast growth factor‐23 mutants suppress Na+‐dependent phosphate cotransport activity and 1alpha,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. J Biol Chem 278: 2206‐2211, 2003.
 259. Schmitt R , Klussmann E , Kahl T , Ellison DH , Bachmann S . Renal expression of sodium transporters and aquaporin‐2 in hypothyroid rats. Am J Physiol 284: F1097‐F1104, 2003.
 260. Schneider EG , Durham JC , Sacktor B . Sodium‐dependent transport of inorganic sulfate by rabbit renal brush‐border membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem 259: 14591‐14599, 1984.
 261. Schwab SJ , Klahr S , Hammerman MR . Na+‐gradient‐dependent Pi uptake in basolateral membrane vesicles from dog kidney. Am J Physiol 246: F663‐F669, 1984.
 262. Schwab SJ , Klahr S , Hammerman MR . Uptake of Pi in basolateral vesicles after release of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol 247: F543‐F547, 1984.
 263. Sebastian A , Hernandez RE , Portale AA , Colman J , Tatsuno J , Morris RC . Dietary potassium influences kidney maintenance of serum phosphorus concentration. Kidney Int 37: 1341‐9, 1990.
 264. Segawa H , Onitsuka A , Kuwahata M , Hanabusa E , Furutani J , Kaneko I , Tomoe Y , Aranami F , Matsumoto N , Ito M , Matatsumoto M , Li M , Amizuka N , Miyamoto K . Type llc sodium‐dependent phosphate transporters regulates calcium metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 104‐113, 2009.
 265. Segawa H , Yamanaka S , Ito M , Kuwahata M , Shono M , Yamamoto T , Miyamoto K . Internalization of renal type llc Na‐Pi cotransporter in response to a high‐phosphate diet. Am J Physiol 288: F587‐F596, 2004.
 266. Segawa H , Yamanaka S , Onitsuka A , Tomoe Y , Kuwahata M , Ito M , Taketani Y , Miyamoto K . Parathyroid hormone‐dependent endocytosis of renal type llc cotransporter. J Am Physiol 292: F395‐F403, 2007.
 267. Sestoft L. Is the relationship between the plasma concentration of inorganic phosphate and the rate of oxygen consumption of significance in regulating energy metabolism in mammals?. J Clin Invest 39: 191‐197, 1979.
 268. Shenolikar S , Voltz JW , Minkoff CM , Wade J , Weinman EJ . Targeted disruption of the mouse gene encoding a PDZ domain containing protein adaptor, NHERF‐1, promotes Npt2 internalization and renal phosphate wasting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 11470‐11475, 2002.
 269. Shimada T , Kakitani M , Yamazaki Y , Hasegawa H , Takeuchi Y , Fujita T , Fukumoto S , Tomizuka K , Yamashita T . Targeted ablation of Fgf23 demostrates an essential physiological role of FGF23 in phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. J Clin Invest 113: 561‐568, 2004.
 270. Shimada T , Mizutani S , Muto T , Yoneya T , Hino R , Takeda S , Takeuchi Y , Fujita T , Fukumoto S , Yamashita T . Cloning and characterization of FGF23 as a causative factor of tumor‐induced osteomalacia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 6500‐6005, 2001.
 271. Silve C , Friedlander G . Renal regulation of phosphate excretion. In: Seldin GW , Giebisch G , editors. The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. New York: Lippincott Williams & WWilkins, 2000, pp. 1885‐1904.
 272. Silver J , Naveh‐Many T . FGF23 and the parathyroid. Adv Exp Med Biol 728: 92‐99, 2012.
 273. Soleimani M , Bergman JA , Hosford MA , McKinney TD . Potassium depletion increases luminal Na+/H+ exchange and basolateral Na+:CO3=:HCO3− cotransport in rat renal cortex. J Clin Invest 86: 1076‐1083, 1990.
 274. Specktor PC , Indelman M , Specher E . Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis caused by a mutation in GALNT3 in a European kindred. J Hum Genet 51: 487‐490, 2006.
 275. Stephenson RK , Sole MJ , Baines AD . Neural and extraneural catcholamine production by rat kidneys. Am J Physiol 242: F261‐F266, 1982.
 276. Stock JL , Coderre JA , Posillico JT . Effects of estrogen on mineral metabolism in postmenopausal women as evaluated by multiple assays measuring parathyrin bioactivity. Clin Chem 35: 18‐22, 1989.
 277. Stoll R , Kinne R , Murer H . Effect of dietary phosphate intake on phosphate transport by isolated rat renal brush‐border vesicles. Biochem J 180: 465‐470, 1979.
 278. Strickler JC , Thompson DD , Klose RM , Giebisch G . Micropunture study of inorganic phosphate excretion in the rat. J Clin Invest 43: 1596‐1607, 1964.
 279. Strom TM , Jüppner H . PHEX, FGF23, DMP1 and beyond. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 17: 357‐362, 2008.
 280. Suzuki M , Kawaguchi Y , Momose M , Morita T , Yokoyama K , Miyahara T . 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D stimulates sodium‐dependent phosphate transport by renal outer cortical brush‐border membrane vesicles by directly affecting membrane fluidity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 150: 1193‐1198, 1988.
 281. Takei Y , Yamamoto H , Masuda M , Sato T , Taketani Y , Takeda E . Stanniocalcin 2 is positively and negatively controlled by 1,25(OH)2D3 and PTH in renal proximal cells. J Mol Endocrinol 42: 261‐268, 2009.
 282. Taketani Y , Segawa H , Chikamori M , Morita K , Tanaka K , Kido S , Yamamoto H , Iemori Y , Tatsumi S , Tsugawa N , Okano T , Kobayashi T , Miyamoto KI , Takeda E . Regulation of type ll renal Na‐dependent inorganic phosphate transporters by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Biol Chem 273: 14575‐14581, 1998.
 283. Tallgren LG. Inorganic sulphates in relation to the serum thyroxine level and in renal failure. Acta Med Scand (Suppl) 640: 1‐100, 1980.
 284. Talor Z , Gold RM , Yang WC , Arruda JAL . Anion exchanger is present in both luminal and basolateral renal membranes. Eur J Biochem 164: 695‐702, 1987.
 285. Tenenhouse HS , Klugerman AH , Gurd W , Lapointe M , Tannenbaum GS . Pituitary involvement in renal adaptation to phosphate deprivation. Am J Physiol 255: R373‐R378, 1988.
 286. Tenenhouse HS , Lee J , Harvey N . Renal brush‐border membrane Na(+)‐sulfate cotransport: Stimulation by thyroid hormone. Am J Physiol 261: F420‐F426, 1991.
 287. Tenenhouse HS . X‐linked hypophosphatemia: A homologous disorder in humans and mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14: 333‐341, 1999.
 288. Tenenhouse HS. Regulation of phosphorus homeostasis by the type lla Na/phosphate cotransporter. Annu Rev Nutr 25: 197‐214, 2005.
 289. Throler U , Bonjour JP , Fleisch H . Inorganic phosphate homeostasis: Renal adaptation to the dietary intake in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats. J Clin Invest 57: 264‐273, 1976.
 290. Thumfart J , Jung S , Amasheh S , Krämer S , Peters H , Sommer K , Biber J , Murer H , Meij I , Querfeld U , Wagner CA , Müller D . Magensium stimulates renal phosphate reabsorption. Am J Physiol 295: F1126‐F1133, 2008.
 291. Tomoe Y , Segawa H , Shiozawa K , Kaneko I , Tominaga R , Hanabusa E , Aranami F , Furutani J , Kuwahara S , Tatsumi S , Matsumoto M , Ito M , Miyamoto K . Phosphaturic action of fibroblast growth factor 23 in Npt2 null mice. Am J Physiol 298: F1314‐F1350, 2010.
 292. Tonelli M , Curhan G , Pfeffer M , Sacks F , Thadhani R , Melamed ML , Wiebe N , Muntner P . Relation between alkaline phosphatase, serum phosphate, and all‐cause or cardiovascular mortality. Circulation 120: 1784‐1792, 2009.
 293. Traebert M , Völkl H , Biber J , Murer H , Kaissling B . Luminal and contraluminal action of 1‐34 and 3‐34 PTH peptides on renal type lla Na‐Pi cotransporter. Am J Physiol 278: F792‐F798, 2000.
 294. Turner RJ . Sodium‐dependent sulfate transport in renal outer cortical brush border membrane vesicles. Am J Physiol 247: F793‐F798, 1984.
 295. Uemura H , Irahara M , Yoneda N , Yasui T , Genjida K , Miyamoto K , Aono T , Takeda E. Close correlation between estrogen treatment and renal phosphate reabsorption capacity. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 85: 1215‐1219, 2000.
 296. Ullrich KJ , Murer H . Sulphate and phosphate transport in the renal proximal tubule. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 299: 549‐558, 1982.
 297. Ullrich KJ , Rumrich G , Kloess S . Bidirectional active transport of thiosulfate in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney. Pflügers Arch 387: 127‐132, 1980.
 298. Ullrich KJ , Rumrich G , Kloess S . Contraluminal sulfate transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. I. Kinetics, effects of K+, Na+, Ca2+, H+ and anions. Pflugers Arch 402: 264‐71, 1984.
 299. Ullrich KJ , Rumrich G , Kloess S . Contraluminal sulfate transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. II. Specificity: Sulfate‐ester, sulfonates and amino sulfonates. Pflugers Arch 404: 293‐299, 1985.
 300. Ullrich KJ , Rumrich G , Kloess S . Contraluminal sulfate transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. III. Specificity: Disulfonates, di‐ and tri‐carboxylates and sulfocarboxylates. Pflugers Arch 404: 300‐306, 1985.
 301. Ullrich KJ , Rumrich G , Kloess S . Contraluminal sulfate transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. IV. Specificity: Salicylate analogs. Pflügers Arch 404: 307‐310, 1985.
 302. Ullrich KJ , Rumrich G , Kloess S . Contraluminal sulfate transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. V. Specificity: Phenophthaleins, sulfonphthaleins and other sulfodyes, sulfamoyl compounds and dyphenylamine‐2‐carboxylates. Pflügers Arch. 404: 311‐318, 1985.
 303. Ullrich KJ , Rumrich G , Kloss S . Phosphate transport in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney. I. Tubular heterogeneity, effect of parathyroid hormone in acute and chronic parathyroidectomized animals and effect of phosphate diet. Pflügers Arch 372: 269‐274, 1977.
 304. Ullrich KJ , Rumrich G , Kloss S . Phosphate transport in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney. ll. Effect of extracellular Ca2+ and application of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 in chronic PTX animals. Pflugers Arch 375: 97‐103, 1978.
 305. Ullrich KJ , Rumrich G . Contraluminal transport systems in the proximal renal tubule involved in secretion of organic anions. Am J Physiol 254: F453‐F462, 1988.
 306. Urokawa I , Yamazaki Y , Shimada T , Iijima K , Hasegawa H , Okawa K , Fujita T , Fukumoto S , Yamashita T . Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23. Nature 444: 770‐774, 2007.
 307. Vacca CV , Hines JD , Hall PW III . The proteinuria of industrial lead intoxication. Environ Res 41: 440‐446, 1986.
 308. Villa‐Bellosta R , Barac‐Nieto M , Breusegem SY , Barry NP , Levi M , Sorribas V . Interactions of the growth‐related, type IIc renal sodium/phosphate cotransporter with PDZ proteins. Kidney Int 73: 456‐464, 2008.
 309. Villa‐Bellosta R , Ravera S , Sorribas V , Stange G , Levi M , Murer H , Biber J , Forster IC . The Na‐Pi cotransporter PiT‐2 (SLC20A2) is expressed in the apical membrane of rat proximal tubules and regulated by dietary Pi. Am J Physiol 296: F691‐F699, 2008.
 310. Villa‐Bellosta R , Sorribas V . Compensatory regulation of the sodium/phosphate cotransporters NaPi‐IIc (SCL34A3) and Pit‐2 (SLC20A2) during Pi deprivation and acidosis. Pflugers Arch 459: 499‐508, 2010.
 311. Vincourt JB , Jullien D , Amalric F , Girard JP . Molecular and functional characterization of SLC26A11, a sodium‐independent sulfate transporter from high endothelial venules. FASEB J. 17: 890‐892, 2003.
 312. Virkki LV , Forster IC , Biber J , Murer H . Substrate interactions in the human type lla sodium‐phosphate cotransporter (NaPi‐lla). Am J Physiol 288: F969‐F981, 2005.
 313. Vrtovsnik F , Jourdain M , Cherqui G , Lefebvre J , Friedlander G . Glucocorticoid inhibition of Na‐Pi cotransport in renal epithelial cells is mediated by protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 269: 8872‐8877, 1994.
 314. Wagner GF , Dimattia GE . The stanniocalcin family of proteins. J Exp Zool A Comp Exp Biol 305: 769‐780, 2006.
 315. Wagner GF , Vozzolo BL , Jaworski E , Haddad M , Kline RL , Olsen HS , Rosen CA , Davidson MB , Renfro JL . Human stanniocalcin inhibits renal phosphate excretion in the rat. J Bone Miner Res 12: 165‐171, 1997.
 316. Walton RJ , Biijvoet OLM . Nomogram for the derivation of renal threshold phosphate concentration. Lancet ii: 309‐310, 1975.
 317. Webster SK , Haramati A , Knox FG . Effect of dexamethasone on segmental phosphate reabsorption in phosphate‐deprived rats. Am J Physiol 251: F576‐F580, 1986.
 318. Wedel BJ , Gabers DL . New insights on the functions of the guanylyl cyclase receptors. FEBS Lett 410: 29‐33, 1997.
 319. Weinman EJ , Biswas R , Steplock D , Douglas TS , Cunningham R , Shenolikar S. Sodium‐hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor‐1 (NHERF‐1) transduces signals that mediate dopamine inhibition of sodium‐phosphate cotransport in mouse kidney. J Biol Chem 285: 13454‐13460, 2010.
 320. Weinman EJ , Biswas R , Steplock D , Wang P , Lau YS , Desir GV , Shenolikar S . Increased renal dopamine and acute renal adapatation to a high‐phosphate diet. Am J Physiol 300: F1123‐F1129, 2011.
 321. Weinman EJ , Biswas RS , Peng G , Shen L , Turner CL , E X , Steplock D , Shenolikar S , Cunningham R . Parathyroid hormone inhibits renal phosphate transport by phosphorylation of serine 77 of sodium‐hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor‐1. J Clin Invest 117: 3412‐3420, 2007.
 322. Weinman EJ , Steplock D , Cha B , Kovbasnjuk O , Frost NA , Cunningham R , Shenolikar S , Blanpied TA , Donowitz M . PTH transiently increases the percent mobile fraction of Npt2a in OK cells as determined by FRAP. Am J Physiol 297: F1560‐1565, 2009.
 323. Werner A , Moore ML , Mantei N , Biber J , Semenza G , Murer H . Cloning and expression of cDNA for a Na/Pi cotransport system of kidney cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88: 9608‐9612, 1991.
 324. White KR , Larsson TE , Econs M . The roles of specific genes implicated as circulating factors involved in normal and disordered phosphate homeostasis: Frizzled related protein‐4, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein, and firbroblast growth factor 23. Endocr Rev 27: 221‐241, 2006.
 325. Woda CB , Halaihel N , Wilson PV , Haramati A , Levi M , Mulroney SE . Regulation of renal NaPi‐2a expression and tubular phosphate reabsorption by growth hormone in the juevenile rat. Am J Physiol 287: F117‐F123, 2004.
 326. Yamashita T , Konishi M , Miyake A , Inui K , Itoh N . Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐23 inhibits renal phosphate reabsorption by activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 277: 28265‐28270, 2002.
 327. Yusufi AK , Murayama N , Keller MJ , Dousa TP . Modulatory effect of thyroid hormones on uptake of phosphate and other solutes across luminal brush border membrane of kidney cortex. Endocrinology 116: 2438‐2449, 1985.
 328. Yusufi AN , Berndt TJ , Murayama N , Knox FG , Dousa TP . Calcitonin inhibits Na gradient dependent phosphate uptake across renal brush‐border membrane. Am J Physiol 252: F598‐F604, 1987.
 329. Yusufi ANK , Berndt TJ , Moltaji H , Donovan V , Dousa TP , Knox FG . Rat atrial natriuretic factor (ANP‐lll) inhibits phosphate transport in brush border membrane from superficial and juxtamedullary cortex. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 190: 87‐90, 1989.
 330. Zajicek HK , Wang H , Puttaparthi K , Halaihel N , Markovich D , Shayman J , Beliveau R , Wilson P , Rogers T , Levi M . Glycosphingolipids modulate renal phosphate transport in potassium deficiency. Kidney Int 60: 694‐704, 2001.
 331. Zhang MY , Wang X , Wang JT , Compagnone NA , Mellon SH , Olson JL , Tenenhouse HS , Miller WL , Portale AA . Dietary phosphorous transcriptionally regulates 25‐hydroxyvitamin D‐1alpha‐hydroxylase gene expression in the proximal renal tubule. Endorcrinology 143: 587‐595, 2002.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Renal Handling of Phosphate and Sulfate
 

How to Cite

J. Biber, H. Murer, N. Mohebbi, C.A. Wagner. Renal Handling of Phosphate and Sulfate. Compr Physiol 2014, 4: 771-792. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c120031