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Maintaining Thermogenesis in Cold Exposed Humans: Relying on Multiple Metabolic Pathways

Denis P. Blondin, Hans Christian Tingelstad, Olivier L. Mantha, Chantal Gosselin, François Haman

10.1002/cphy.c130043

Source: Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2014

Published online: September 2014

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

In cold exposed humans, increasing thermogenic rate is essential to prevent decreases in core temperature. This review describes the metabolic requirements of thermogenic pathways, mainly shivering thermogenesis, the largest contributor of heat. Research has shown that thermogenesis is sustained from a combination of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The mixture of fuels is influenced by shivering intensity and pattern as well as by modifications in energy reserves and nutritional status. To date, there are no indications that differences in the types of fuel being used can alter shivering and overall heat production. We also bring forth the potential contribution of nonshivering thermogenesis in adult humans via the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and explore some means to stimulate the activity of this highly thermogenic tissue. Clearly, the potential role of BAT, especially in young lean adults, can no longer be ignored. However, much work remains to clearly identify the quantitative nature of this tissue's contribution to total thermogenic rate and influence on shivering thermogenesis. Identifying ways to potentiate the effects of BAT via cold acclimation and/or the ingestion of compounds that stimulate the thermogenic process may have important implications in cold endurance and survival. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:1383‐1402, 2014.

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Figure 1. Figure 1. Anatomical conceptual illustration of neural networks that make up the somatosensory and autonomic thermoregulatory pathways. See Section “Activating thermogenic pathways” for details.
Figure 2. Figure 2. Relative changes in (A) core temperature (T core), (B) average shivering intensity of four large muscles [trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, and rectus abdominis expressed in % of maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC)] and C. oxygen consumption (L/min) as a function of the relative change in average skin temperature in men exposed to various cold conditions using an liquid conditioned garment. Values are adapted, with permission, from (51,52,53,54,55,92).
Figure 3. Figure 3. (A) Absolute rates (mg·min−1) and (B) relative contributions to total thermogenic rate of carbohydrates (CHO, open bars) and lipids (black bars) in men exposed to the cold at various intensities [2.6, 3.5, or 4.7 times resting metabolic rate (X RMR)], following the ingestion of glucose and/or fructose at different rates and times as, well as following the depletion or loading of CHO reserves. Values are adapted, with permission, from (11,14,15,53,54,55,56).
Figure 4. Figure 4. Interindividual differences in burst shivering rate and its effect on total CHO, muscle glycogen, and plasma glucose utilization. Values are adapted, with permission, from (52,55).
Figure 5. Figure 5. (A) Absolute rates (mg·min−1) and (B) relative contributions to total thermogenic rate of muscle glycogen (open bars) and plasma glucose (black bars) in men exposed to the cold at various intensities [2.6 and 3.5 times resting metabolic rate (X RMR)], following the ingestion of glucose alone or with fructose at different rates and times as, well as following the depletion or loading of CHO reserves. Values are adapted, with permission, from (11,14,15,53,54,55).


Figure 1. Anatomical conceptual illustration of neural networks that make up the somatosensory and autonomic thermoregulatory pathways. See Section “Activating thermogenic pathways” for details.


Figure 2. Relative changes in (A) core temperature (T core), (B) average shivering intensity of four large muscles [trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, and rectus abdominis expressed in % of maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC)] and C. oxygen consumption (L/min) as a function of the relative change in average skin temperature in men exposed to various cold conditions using an liquid conditioned garment. Values are adapted, with permission, from (51,52,53,54,55,92).


Figure 3. (A) Absolute rates (mg·min−1) and (B) relative contributions to total thermogenic rate of carbohydrates (CHO, open bars) and lipids (black bars) in men exposed to the cold at various intensities [2.6, 3.5, or 4.7 times resting metabolic rate (X RMR)], following the ingestion of glucose and/or fructose at different rates and times as, well as following the depletion or loading of CHO reserves. Values are adapted, with permission, from (11,14,15,53,54,55,56).


Figure 4. Interindividual differences in burst shivering rate and its effect on total CHO, muscle glycogen, and plasma glucose utilization. Values are adapted, with permission, from (52,55).


Figure 5. (A) Absolute rates (mg·min−1) and (B) relative contributions to total thermogenic rate of muscle glycogen (open bars) and plasma glucose (black bars) in men exposed to the cold at various intensities [2.6 and 3.5 times resting metabolic rate (X RMR)], following the ingestion of glucose alone or with fructose at different rates and times as, well as following the depletion or loading of CHO reserves. Values are adapted, with permission, from (11,14,15,53,54,55).
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Article Title: Maintaining Thermogenesis in Cold Exposed Humans: Relying on Multiple Metabolic Pathways
 

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Denis P. Blondin, Hans Christian Tingelstad, Olivier L. Mantha, Chantal Gosselin, François Haman. Maintaining Thermogenesis in Cold Exposed Humans: Relying on Multiple Metabolic Pathways. Compr Physiol 2014, 4: 1383-1402. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c130043