Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

Natriuretic Peptides and Normal Body Fluid Regulation

Peter Bie

10.1002/cphy.c180002

Source: Volume 8, Issue 3, July 2018

Published online: June 2018

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



ABSTRACT

Natriuretic peptides are structurally related, functionally diverse hormones. Circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are delivered predominantly by the heart. Two C‐type natriuretic peptides (CNPs) are paracrine messengers, notably in bone, brain, and vessels. Natriuretic peptides act by binding to the extracellular domains of three receptors, NPR‐A, NPR‐B, and NPR‐C of which the first two are guanylate cyclases. NPR‐C is coupled to inhibitory proteins. Atrial wall stress is the major regulator of ANP secretion; however, atrial pressure changes plasma ANP only modestly and transiently, and the relation between plasma ANP and atrial wall tension (or extracellular volume or sodium intake) is weak. Absence and overexpression of ANP‐related genes are associated with modest blood pressure changes. ANP augments vascular permeability and reduces vascular contractility, renin and aldosterone secretion, sympathetic nerve activity, and renal tubular sodium transport. Within the physiological range of plasma ANP, the responses to step‐up changes are unimpressive; in man, the systemic physiological effects include diminution of renin secretion, aldosterone secretion, and cardiac preload. For BNP, the available evidence does not show that cardiac release to the blood is related to sodium homeostasis or body fluid control. CNPs are not circulating hormones, but primarily paracrine messengers important to ossification, nervous system development, and endothelial function. Normally, natriuretic peptides are not powerful natriuretic/diuretic hormones; common conclusions are not consistently supported by hard data. ANP may provide fine‐tuning of reno‐cardiovascular relationships, but seems, together with BNP, primarily involved in the regulation of cardiac performance and remodeling. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1211‐1249, 2018.

Comprehensive Physiology offers downloadable PowerPoint presentations of figures for non-profit, educational use, provided the content is not modified and full credit is given to the author and publication.

Download a PowerPoint presentation of all images


Figure 1. Figure 1. Schematic overview of transcripts of the three natriuretic peptide genes mainly after (398,545). Blue: Active prototypical peptides consist of the carboxyterminal 28, 32, and 22 peptides of the prohormones for ANP, BNP, and CNP, respectively, with the 17‐member ring as a hallmark. The N‐terminal amino acid of the prohormone is often labeled number 1. For CNP, active ligands include two peptides of 22 and 53 amino acids; blue: CNP‐53, dark blue: CNP‐22. Homologous amino acids are marked in red. SP: signaling peptides; for ANP, BNP, and CNP, these are composed of 25, 26, and 22 amino acids, respectively. For details of nomenclature, see appendix.
Figure 2. Figure 2. Prototypic ligands and receptors of the natriuretic peptide system. AC: adenylate cyclase. GC: guanylate cyclase. Dimerization of NPR‐A and NPR‐B occurs via intracellular domains (not shown). Note that NPR‐C is not GC‐C, see details by Kuhn (259). Mainly based on (259,319,394). With regard to NPR‐C signaling, see (325,419).
Figure 3. Figure 3. Binding of ANP to the extracellular domain of the NPR‐A receptor. (A) Homodimer without ANP. (B) ANP in green. Adapted, with permission, Misono et al. (319)
Figure 4. Figure 4. Plasma clearance (metabolic clearance rate, MCR) of ANP as function of plasma ANP concentration in the studies of Table 2 providing the necessary data. Data from 54 series of investigations in 42 studies have been included. Five studies have been omitted as apparent outliers; four of these reported very high levels of plasma ANP (>1700 pg/mL) and one data set gave rise to a very high value of MCR [615 mL (kg min)−1]. MCR averages: Median: 86 mL (kg min)−1, mean: 106 mL (kg min)−1 .The large scatter indicates significant differences in methodology and/or assay performance, but the pattern does not seem to allow further conclusions.


Figure 1. Schematic overview of transcripts of the three natriuretic peptide genes mainly after (398,545). Blue: Active prototypical peptides consist of the carboxyterminal 28, 32, and 22 peptides of the prohormones for ANP, BNP, and CNP, respectively, with the 17‐member ring as a hallmark. The N‐terminal amino acid of the prohormone is often labeled number 1. For CNP, active ligands include two peptides of 22 and 53 amino acids; blue: CNP‐53, dark blue: CNP‐22. Homologous amino acids are marked in red. SP: signaling peptides; for ANP, BNP, and CNP, these are composed of 25, 26, and 22 amino acids, respectively. For details of nomenclature, see appendix.


Figure 2. Prototypic ligands and receptors of the natriuretic peptide system. AC: adenylate cyclase. GC: guanylate cyclase. Dimerization of NPR‐A and NPR‐B occurs via intracellular domains (not shown). Note that NPR‐C is not GC‐C, see details by Kuhn (259). Mainly based on (259,319,394). With regard to NPR‐C signaling, see (325,419).


Figure 3. Binding of ANP to the extracellular domain of the NPR‐A receptor. (A) Homodimer without ANP. (B) ANP in green. Adapted, with permission, Misono et al. (319)


Figure 4. Plasma clearance (metabolic clearance rate, MCR) of ANP as function of plasma ANP concentration in the studies of Table 2 providing the necessary data. Data from 54 series of investigations in 42 studies have been included. Five studies have been omitted as apparent outliers; four of these reported very high levels of plasma ANP (>1700 pg/mL) and one data set gave rise to a very high value of MCR [615 mL (kg min)−1]. MCR averages: Median: 86 mL (kg min)−1, mean: 106 mL (kg min)−1 .The large scatter indicates significant differences in methodology and/or assay performance, but the pattern does not seem to allow further conclusions.
References
 1.Abramson BL, Ando S, Notarius CF, Rongen GA, Floras JS. Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on muscle sympathetic activity and its reflex control in human heart failure. Circulation 99: 1810‐1815, 1999.
 2.Abuzaanona A, Lanfear D. Pharmacogenomics of the natriuretic peptide system in heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 14: 536‐542, 2017.
 3.Ackermann U, Irizawa TG, Milojevic S, Sonnenberg H. Cardiovascular effects of atrial extracts in anesthetized rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 62: 819‐826, 1984.
 4.Akamatsu N, Inenaga K, Yamashita H. Inhibitory effects of natriuretic peptides on vasopressin neurons mediated through cGMP and cGMP‐dependent protein kinase in vitro. J Neuroendocrinol 5: 517‐522, 1993.
 5.Akashi YJ, Springer J, Lainscak M, Anker SD. Atrial natriuretic peptide and related peptides. Clin Chem Lab Med 45: 1259‐1267, 2007.
 6.Allen MJ, Ang VT, Bennett ED, Jenkins JS. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits osmolality‐induced arginine vasopressin release in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 75: 35‐39, 1988.
 7.Almeida FA, Suzuki M, Scarborough RM, Lewicki JA, Maack T. Clearance function of type C receptors of atrial natriuretic factor in rats. Am J Physiol 256: R469‐R475, 1989.
 8.Amano N, Mukai T, Ito Y, Narumi S, Tanaka T, Yokoya S, Ogata T, Hasegawa T. Identification and functional characterization of two novel NPR2 mutations in Japanese patients with short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: E713‐E718, 2014.
 9.Anand‐Srivastava MB. Natriuretic peptide receptor‐C signaling and regulation. Peptides 26: 1044‐1059, 2005.
 10.Andersen LJ, Andersen JL, Pump B, Bie P. Natriuresis induced by mild hypernatremia in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282: R1754‐R1761, 2002.
 11.Andersen LJ, Jensen TU, Bestle MH, Bie P. Gastrointestinal osmoreceptors and renal sodium excretion in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 278: R287‐R294, 2000.
 12.Andersen LJ, Jensen TU, Bestle MH, Bie P. Isotonic and hypertonic sodium loading in supine humans. Acta Physiol Scand 166: 23‐30, 1999.
 13.Andersen LJ, Norsk P, Johansen LB, Christensen P, Engstrom T, Bie P. Osmoregulatory control of renal sodium excretion after sodium loading in humans. Am J Physiol 275: R1833‐R1842, 1998.
 14.Anderson J, Struthers A, Christofides N, Bloom S. Atrial natriuretic peptide: an endogenous factor enhancing sodium excretion in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 70: 327‐331, 1986.
 15.Anderson JV, Donckier J, McKenna WJ, Bloom SR. The plasma release of atrial natriuretic peptide in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 71: 151‐155, 1986.
 16.Anderson JV, Donckier J, Payne NN, Beacham J, Slater JD, Bloom SR. Atrial natriuretic peptide: Evidence of action as a natriuretic hormone at physiological plasma concentrations in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 72: 305‐312, 1987.
 17.Anderson JV, Millar ND, O'Hare JP, Mackenzie JC, Corrall RJ, Bloom SR. Atrial natriuretic peptide: Physiological release associated with natriuresis during water immersion in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 71: 319‐322, 1986.
 18.Anderson JV, Struthers AD, Payne NN, Slater JD, Bloom SR. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits the aldosterone response to angiotensin II in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 70: 507‐512, 1986.
 19.Armstrong DW, Tse MY, O'Tierney‐Ginn PF, Wong PG, Ventura NM, Janzen‐Pang JJ, Matangi MF, Johri AM, Croy BA, Adams MA, Pang SC. Gestational hypertension in atrial natriuretic peptide knockout mice and the developmental origins of salt‐sensitivity and cardiac hypertrophy. Regul Pept 186: 108‐115, 2013.
 20.Atarashi K, Mulrow PJ, Franco‐Saenz R, Snajdar R, Rapp J. Inhibition of aldosterone production by an atrial extract. Science 224: 992‐994, 1984.
 21.Atlas SA, Maack T. Atrial natriuretic factor. In: Windhager EE, editor. Handbook of Physiology, Section 8: Renal Physiology. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp. 1577‐1673.
 22.Bartels CF, Bukulmez H, Padayatti P, Rhee DK, van Ravenswaaij‐Arts C, Pauli RM, Mundlos S, Chitayat D, Shih LY, Al‐Gazali LI, Kant S, Cole T, Morton J, Cormier‐Daire V, Faivre L, Lees M, Kirk J, Mortier GR, Leroy J, Zabel B, Kim CA, Crow Y, Braverman NE, van den Akker F, Warman ML. Mutations in the transmembrane natriuretic peptide receptor NPR‐B impair skeletal growth and cause acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux. Am J Hum Genet 75: 27‐34, 2004.
 23.Bensimon M, Chang AI, de Bold ML, Ponce A, Carreras D, De Bold AJ. Participation of G proteins in natriuretic peptide hormone secretion from heart atria. Endocrinology 145: 5313‐5321, 2004.
 24.Bentzen H, Pedersen RS, Nyvad O, Pedersen EB. Effect of exercise on natriuretic peptides in plasma and urine in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 93: 121‐130, 2004.
 25.Bergler‐Klein J, Gyongyosi M, Maurer G. The role of biomarkers in valvular heart disease: Focus on natriuretic peptides. Can J Cardiol 30: 1027‐1034, 2014.
 26.Bestle MH, Norsk P, Bie P. Fluid volume and osmoregulation in humans after a week of head‐down bed rest. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281: R310‐R317, 2001.
 27.Bevan DR. The sodium story: Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on intrarenal mechanisms concerned with sodium homeostasis. Proc R Soc Med 66: 1215‐1220, 1973.
 28.Bie P, Wang BC, Leadley RJ, Jr., Goetz KL. Enhanced atrial peptide natriuresis during angiotensin and aldosterone blockade in dogs. Am J Physiol 258: R1101‐R1107, 1990.
 29.Bie P, Wang BC, Leadley RJ, Jr., Goetz KL. Hemodynamic and renal effects of low‐dose infusions of atrial peptide in awake dogs. Am J Physiol 254: R161‐R169, 1988.
 30.Bilder GE, Schofield TL, Blaine EH. Release of atrial natriuretic factor. Effects of repetitive stretch and temperature. Am J Physiol 251: F817‐E821, 1986.
 31.Biollaz J, Bidiville J, Diezi J, Waeber B, Nussberger J, Brunner‐Ferber F, Gomez HJ, Brunner HR. Site of the action of a synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide evaluated in humans. Kidney Int 32: 537‐546, 1987.
 32.Biollaz J, Callahan LT, III, Nussberger J, Waeber B, Gomez HJ, Blaine EH, Brunner HR. Pharmacokinetics of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptides in normal men. Clin Pharmacol Ther 41: 671‐677, 1987.
 33.Biollaz J, Nussberger J, Porchet M, Brunner‐Ferber F, Otterbein ES, Gomez H, Waeber B, Brunner HR. Four‐hour infusions of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide in normal volunteers. Hypertension 8: II96‐II105, 1986.
 34.Biollaz J, Waeber B, Nussberger J, Porchet M, Brunner‐Ferber F, Otterbein ES, Gomez HJ, Brunner HR. Atrial natriuretic peptides: Reproducibility of renal effects and response of liver blood flow. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 31: 1‐8, 1986.
 35.Blake WD. Some effects of pentobarbital anesthesia on renal hemodynamics, water and electrolyte excretion in the dog. Am J Physiol 191: 393‐398, 1957.
 36.Bohara M, Kambe Y, Nagayama T, Tokimura H, Arita K, Miyata A. C‐type natriuretic peptide modulates permeability of the blood‐brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 34: 589‐596, 2014.
 37.Brandt I, Lambeir AM, Ketelslegers JM, Vanderheyden M, Scharpe S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl‐peptidase IV converts intact B‐type natriuretic peptide into its des‐SerPro form. Clin Chem 52: 82‐87, 2006.
 38.Brenner BM, Ballermann BJ, Gunning ME, Zeidel ML. Diverse biological actions of atrial natriuretic peptide. Physiol Rev 70: 665‐699, 1990.
 39.Breuhaus BA, Saneii HH, Brandt MA, Chimoskey JE. Atriopeptin II lowers cardiac output in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol 249: R776‐R780, 1985.
 40.Brown J, Chen Q, Hong G. An autocrine system for C‐type natriuretic peptide within rat carotid neointima during arterial repair. Am J Physiol 272: H2919‐H2931, 1997.
 41.Brown J, Corr L. Renal mechanisms of human alpha‐atrial natriuretic peptide in man. J Physiol 387: 31‐46, 1987.
 42.Brunner‐La Rocca HP, Kaye DM, Woods RL, Hastings J, Esler MD. Effects of intravenous brain natriuretic peptide on regional sympathetic activity in patients with chronic heart failure as compared with healthy control subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 37: 1221‐1227, 2001.
 43.Bruun NE, Dige‐Pedersen H, Skott P. Normal responses of atrial natriuretic factor and renal tubular function to sodium loading in hypertension‐prone humans. Blood Press 9: 206‐213, 2000.
 44.Bruun NE, Skott P, Giese J. Renal and endocrine effects of physiological variations of atrial natriuretic factor in normal humans. Am J Physiol 260: R217‐R224, 1991.
 45.Burchardi H, Kaczmarczyk G. The effect of anaesthesia on renal function. Eur J Anaesthesiol 11: 163‐168, 1994.
 46.Burnett JC, Jr., Granger JP, Opgenorth TJ. Effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on renal function and renin release. Am J Physiol 247: F863‐F866, 1984.
 47.Burrell LM, Baylis PH. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide during hypertonic saline infusion: The importance of posture. Clin Endocrinol 32: 491‐496, 1990.
 48.Buttgereit J, Shanks J, Li D, Hao G, Athwal A, Langenickel TH, Wright H, da Costa Goncalves AC, Monti J, Plehm R, Popova E, Qadri F, Lapidus I, Ryan B, Ozcelik C, Paterson DJ, Bader M, Herring N. C‐type natriuretic peptide and natriuretic peptide receptor B signalling inhibits cardiac sympathetic neurotransmission and autonomic function. Cardiovasc Res 112: 637‐644, 2016.
 49.Cameron VA, Aitken GD, Ellmers LJ, Kennedy MA, Espiner EA. The sites of gene expression of atrial, brain, and C‐type natriuretic peptides in mouse fetal development: Temporal changes in embryos and placenta. Endocrinology 137: 817‐824, 1996.
 50.Cameron VA, Cumming SA, Espiner EA, Nicholls G, Richards M. C‐type natriuretic peptide expression in olfactory regions of rat brain is modulated by acute water deprivation, salt loading and central angiotensin II. Neuroendocrinology 73: 46‐53, 2001.
 51.Cammarata PR, Braun B, Dimitrijevich SD, Pack J. Characterization and functional expression of the natriuretic peptide system in human lens epithelial cells. Mol Vis 16: 630‐638, 2010.
 52.Cantinotti M, Law Y, Vittorini S, Crocetti M, Marco M, Murzi B, Clerico A. The potential and limitations of plasma BNP measurement in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of children with heart failure due to congenital cardiac disease: An update. Heart Fail Rev 19: 727‐742, 2014.
 53.Cargill RI, Barr CS, Coutie WJ, Struthers AD, Lipworth BJ. C‐type natriuretic peptide levels in cor pulmonale and in congestive heart failure. Thorax 49: 1247‐1249, 1994.
 54.Cargill RI, Coutie WJ, Lipworth BJ. The effects of angiotensin II on circulating levels of natriuretic peptides. Br J Clin Pharmacol 38: 139‐142, 1994.
 55.Casco VH, Veinot JP, Kuroski de Bold ML, Masters RG, Stevenson MM, de Bold AJ. Natriuretic peptide system gene expression in human coronary arteries. J Histochem Cytochem 50: 799‐809, 2002.
 56.Cataliotti A, Tonne JM, Bellavia D, Martin FL, Oehler EA, Harders GE, Campbell JM, Peng KW, Russell SJ, Malatino LS, Burnett JC, Jr., Ikeda Y. Long‐term cardiac pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide gene delivery prevents the development of hypertensive heart disease in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation 123: 1297‐1305, 2011.
 57.Cernacek P, Crawhall JC, Levy M. Atrial natriuretic peptide: Blood levels in human disease and their measurement. Clin Biochem 21: 5‐17, 1988.
 58.Chan JC, Knudson O, Wu F, Morser J, Dole WP, Wu Q. Hypertension in mice lacking the proatrial natriuretic peptide convertase corin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 785‐790, 2005.
 59.Chang MS, Lowe DG, Lewis M, Hellmiss R, Chen E, Goeddel DV. Differential activation by atrial and brain natriuretic peptides of two different receptor guanylate cyclases. Nature 341: 68‐72, 1989.
 60.Charles CJ, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Richards AM, Yandle TG, Protter A, Kosoglou T. Clearance receptors and endopeptidase 24.11: Equal role in natriuretic peptide metabolism in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol 271: R373‐R380, 1996.
 61.Charles CJ, Espiner EA, Richards AM. Cardiovascular actions of ANF: Contributions of renal, neurohumoral, and hemodynamic factors in sheep. Am J Physiol 264: R533‐R538, 1993.
 62.Charles CJ, Espiner EA, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG. Comparative bioactivity of atrial, brain, and C‐type natriuretic peptides in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol 270: R1324‐R1331, 1996.
 63.Charles CJ, Jardine DL, Rademaker MT, Richards AM. Low‐dose B‐type natriuretic peptide raises cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 307: R206‐R211, 2014.
 64.Charles CJ, Prickett TC, Espiner EA, Rademaker MT, Richards AM, Yandle TG. Regional sampling and the effects of experimental heart failure in sheep: Differential responses in A, B and C‐type natriuretic peptides. Peptides 27: 62‐68, 2006.
 65.Chartier L, Schiffrin E, Thibault G, Garcia R. Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits the stimulation of aldosterone secretion by angiotensin II, ACTH and potassium in vitro and angiotensin II‐induced steroidogenesis in vivo. Endocrinology 115: 2026‐2028, 1984.
 66.Chauhan SD, Nilsson H, Ahluwalia A, Hobbs AJ. Release of C‐type natriuretic peptide accounts for the biological activity of endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 1426‐1431, 2003.
 67.Chen S, Cao P, Dong N, Peng J, Zhang C, Wang H, Zhou T, Yang J, Zhang Y, Martelli EE, Naga Prasad SV, Miller RE, Malfait AM, Zhou Y, Wu Q. PCSK6‐mediated corin activation is essential for normal blood pressure. Nat Med 21: 1048‐1053, 2015.
 68.Chen W, Oberwinkler H, Werner F, Gassner B, Nakagawa H, Feil R, Hofmann F, Schlossmann J, Dietrich A, Gudermann T, Nishida M, Del Galdo S, Wieland T, Kuhn M. Atrial natriuretic peptide‐mediated inhibition of microcirculatory endothelial Ca2+ and permeability response to histamine involves cGMP‐dependent protein kinase I and TRPC6 channels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33: 2121‐2129, 2013.
 69.Chen W, Spitzl A, Mathes D, Nikolaev VO, Werner F, Weirather J, Spiranec K, Rock K, Fischer JW, Kammerer U, Stegner D, Baba HA, Hofmann U, Frantz S, Kuhn M. Endothelial actions of ANP enhance myocardial inflammatory infiltration in the early phase after acute infarction. Circ Res 119: 237‐248, 2016.
 70.Cheung BM, Dickerson JE, Ashby MJ, Brown MJ, Brown J. Effects of physiological increments in human alpha‐atrial natriuretic peptide and human brain natriuretic peptide in normal male subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 86: 723‐730, 1994.
 71.Chinkers M, Garbers DL. The protein kinase domain of the ANP receptor is required for signaling. Science 245: 1392‐1394, 1989.
 72.Chinkers M, Garbers DL, Chang MS, Lowe DG, Chin HM, Goeddel DV, Schulz S. A membrane form of guanylate cyclase is an atrial natriuretic peptide receptor. Nature 338: 78‐83, 1989.
 73.Chioncel O, Collins SP, Greene SJ, Ambrosy AP, Vaduganathan M, Macarie C, Butler J, Gheorghiade M. Natriuretic peptide‐guided management in heart failure. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 17: 556‐568, 2015.
 74.Chrisman TD, Schulz S, Potter LR, Garbers DL. Seminal plasma factors that cause large elevations in cellular cyclic GMP are C‐type natriuretic peptides. J Biol Chem 268: 3698‐3703, 1993.
 75.Christoffersen C, Goetze JP, Bartels ED, Larsen MO, Ribel U, Rehfeld JF, Rolin B, Nielsen LB. Chamber‐dependent expression of brain natriuretic peptide and its mRNA in normal and diabetic pig heart. Hypertension 40: 54‐60, 2002.
 76.Chun TH, Itoh H, Ogawa Y, Tamura N, Takaya K, Igaki T, Yamashita J, Doi K, Inoue M, Masatsugu K, Korenaga R, Ando J, Nakao K. Shear stress augments expression of C‐type natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin. Hypertension 29: 1296‐1302, 1997.
 77.Chusho H, Tamura N, Ogawa Y, Yasoda A, Suda M, Miyazawa T, Nakamura K, Nakao K, Kurihara T, Komatsu Y, Itoh H, Tanaka K, Saito Y, Katsuki M, Nakao K. Dwarfism and early death in mice lacking C‐type natriuretic peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 4016‐4021, 2001.
 78.Clerico A, Del Chicca MG, Zucchelli GC, Giganti M, Piffanelli A. Evaluation and comparison of the analytical performances of two RIA kits for the assay of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP). J Nucl Med Allied Sci 34: 81‐87, 1990.
 79.Clerico A, Del Ry S, Giannessi D. Measurement of cardiac natriuretic hormones (atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and related peptides) in clinical practice: the need for a new generation of immunoassay methods. Clin Chem 46: 1529‐1534, 2000.
 80.Clerico A, Iervasi G, Del Chicca MG, Emdin M, Maffei S, Nannipieri M, Sabatino L, Forini F, Manfredi C, Donato L. Circulating levels of cardiac natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) measured by highly sensitive and specific immunoradiometric assays in normal subjects and in patients with different degrees of heart failure. J Endocrinol Invest 21: 170‐179, 1998.
 81.Clinkingbeard C, Sessions C, Shenker Y. The physiological role of atrial natriuretic hormone in the regulation of aldosterone and salt and water metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70: 582‐589, 1990.
 82.Cody RJ, Atlas SA, Laragh JH, Kubo SH, Covit AB, Ryman KS, Shaknovich A, Pondolfino K, Clark M, Camargo MJ, et al. Atrial natriuretic factor in normal subjects and heart failure patients. Plasma levels and renal, hormonal, and hemodynamic responses to peptide infusion. J Clin Invest 78: 1362‐1374, 1986.
 83.Costello‐Boerrigter LC, Lapp H, Boerrigter G, Lerman A, Bufe A, Macheret F, Heublein DM, Larue C, Burnett JC, Jr. Secretion of prohormone of B‐type natriuretic peptide, proBNP1‐108, is increased in heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 1: 207‐212, 2013.
 84.Cowley AW, Jr., Anderas PR, Skelton MM. Acute saline loading in normal and bilaterally atrial‐resected conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 255: H144‐H152, 1988.
 85.Crozier IG, Nicholls MG, Ikram H, Espiner EA, Yandle TG, Jans S. Atrial natriuretic peptide in humans. Production and clearance by various tissues. Hypertension 8: II11‐II15, 1986.
 86.Cuneo RC, Espiner EA, Crozier IG, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG, Ikram H. Chronic and acute volume expansion in normal man: Effect on atrial diameter and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide. Horm Metab Res 21: 148‐151, 1989.
 87.Cuneo RC, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Joyce SL, Gilchrist NL. Renal, hemodynamic, and hormonal responses to atrial natriuretic peptide infusions in normal man, and effect of sodium intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63: 946‐953, 1986.
 88.Cuneo RC, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Livesey JH. Effect of physiological levels of atrial natriuretic peptide on hormone secretion: Inhibition of angiotensin‐induced aldosterone secretion and renin release in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65: 765‐772, 1987.
 89.Dal Canton A, Romano G, Conte G, De Nicola L, Caglioti A, Veniero P, Uccello F, Andreucci VE. Role of atrial natriuretic factor in renal adaptation to variation of salt intake in humans. Am J Physiol 258: F1579‐F1583, 1990.
 90.Damgaard M, Gabrielsen A, Heer M, Warberg J, Bie P, Christensen NJ, Norsk P. Effects of sodium intake on cardiovascular variables in humans during posture changes and ambulatory conditions. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283: R1404‐R1411, 2002.
 91.Damgaard M, Goetze JP, Norsk P, Gadsboll N. Altered sodium intake affects plasma concentrations of BNP but not proBNP in healthy individuals and patients with compensated heart failure. Eur Heart J 28: 2726‐2731, 2007.
 92.Dananberg J, Egan BM, Bates ER, Grekin RJ. Sustained saline‐induced secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone is not maintained by atrial stretch. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68: 735‐739, 1989.
 93.de Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg H. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci 28: 89‐94, 1981.
 94.de Bold AJ, Bruneau BG. Natriuretic peptides. In: Fray JCS, editor. Handbook of Physiology, Section 7, Vol 3: Endocrine Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 377‐409.
 95.De Lean A, Racz K, Gutkowska J, Nguyen TT, Cantin M, Genest J. Specific receptor‐mediated inhibition by synthetic atrial natriuretic factor of hormone‐stimulated steroidogenesis in cultured bovine adrenal cells. Endocrinology 115: 1636‐1638, 1984.
 96.Decker JM, Wojtowicz AM, Bartsch JC, Liotta A, Braunewell KH, Heinemann U, Behrens CJ. C‐type natriuretic peptide modulates bidirectional plasticity in hippocampal area CA1 in vitro. Neuroscience 169: 8‐22, 2010.
 97.Del Ry S, Cabiati M, Lionetti V, Emdin M, Recchia FA, Giannessi D. Expression of C‐type natriuretic peptide and of its receptor NPR‐B in normal and failing heart. Peptides 29: 2208‐2215, 2008.
 98.Del Ry S, Cabiati M, Vozzi F, Battolla B, Caselli C, Forini F, Segnani C, Prescimone T, Giannessi D, Mattii L. Expression of C‐type natriuretic peptide and its receptor NPR‐B in cardiomyocytes. Peptides 32: 1713‐1718, 2011.
 99.Del Ry S, Cantinotti M, Cabiati M, Caselli C, Storti S, Prescimone T, Murzi B, Clerico A, Giannessi D. Plasma C‐type natriuretic peptide levels in healthy children. Peptides 33: 83‐86, 2012.
 100.Del Ry S, Giannessi D, Maltinti M, Prontera C, Iervasi A, Colotti C, Emdin M, L'Abbate A, Neglia D. Increased levels of C‐type natriuretic peptide in patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. Peptides 28: 1068‐1073, 2007.
 101.Del Ry S, Maltinti M, Cabiati M, Emdin M, Giannessi D, Morales MA. C‐type natriuretic peptide and its relation to non‐invasive indices of left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure. Peptides 29: 79‐82, 2008.
 102.Del Ry S, Maltinti M, Emdin M, Passino C, Catapano G, Giannessi D. Radioimmunoassay for plasma C‐type natriuretic peptide determination: A methodological evaluation. Clin Chem Lab Med 43: 641‐645, 2005.
 103.Del Ry S, Passino C, Maltinti M, Emdin M, Giannessi D. C‐type natriuretic peptide plasma levels increase in patients with chronic heart failure as a function of clinical severity. Eur J Heart Fail 7: 1145‐1148, 2005.
 104.Demerath T, Staffel J, Schreiber A, Valletta D, Schweda F. Natriuretic peptides buffer renin‐dependent hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 306: F1489‐F1498, 2014.
 105.DiCicco‐Bloom E, Lelievre V, Zhou X, Rodriguez W, Tam J, Waschek JA. Embryonic expression and multifunctional actions of the natriuretic peptides and receptors in the developing nervous system. Dev Biol 271: 161‐175, 2004.
 106.Dickey DM, Flora DR, Bryan PM, Xu X, Chen Y, Potter LR. Differential regulation of membrane guanylyl cyclases in congestive heart failure: Natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)‐B, Not NPR‐A, is the predominant natriuretic peptide receptor in the failing heart. Endocrinology 148: 3518‐3522, 2007.
 107.Dickey DM, Potter LR. Human B‐type natriuretic peptide is not degraded by meprin A. Biochem Pharmacol 80: 1007‐1011, 2010.
 108.Dickey DM, Potter LR. ProBNP(1‐108) is resistant to degradation and activates guanylyl cyclase‐A with reduced potency. Clin Chem 57: 1272‐1278, 2011.
 109.Dietz JR. Release of natriuretic factor from rat heart‐lung preparation by atrial distension. Am J Physiol 247: R1093‐R1096, 1984.
 110.Dietz JR. Mechanisms of atrial natriuretic peptide secretion from the atrium. Cardiovasc Res 68: 8‐17, 2005.
 111.Dietz JR, Landon CS, Nazian SJ, Vesely DL, Gower WR, Jr. Effects of cardiac hormones on arterial pressure and sodium excretion in NPRA knockout mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229: 813‐818, 2004.
 112.Dietz JR, Nazian SJ, Vesely DL. Release of ANF, proANF 1‐98, and proANF 31‐67 from isolated rat atria by atrial distension. Am J Physiol 260: H1774‐H1778, 1991.
 113.Dini FL, Carluccio E, Montecucco F, Rosa GM, Fontanive P. Combining echo and natriuretic peptides to guide heart failure care in the outpatient setting: A position paper. Eur J Clin Invest 47: 2017.
 114.Don‐Wauchope AC, Santaguida PL, McKelvie R, Brown JA, Oremus M, Ali U, Bustamam A, Sohel N, Hill SA, Booth RA, Balion C, Raina P. Prediction of clinical outcomes using B‐type natriuretic peptides in the general population: A systematic review. Heart Fail Rev 19: 541‐551, 2014.
 115.Doorenbos CJ, Iestra JA, Papapoulos SE, Odink J, Van Brummelen P. Atrial natriuretic peptide and chronic renal effects of changes in dietary protein and sodium intake in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 78: 565‐572, 1990.
 116.Doubell AF. The effect of calcium antagonists on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release from the rat heart during rapid cardiac pacing. J Mol Cell Cardiol 21: 437‐440, 1989.
 117.Doyle DD, Upshaw‐Earley J, Bell EL, Palfrey HC. Natriuretic peptide receptor‐B in adult rat ventricle is predominantly confined to the nonmyocyte population. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282: H2117‐H2123, 2002.
 118.Drewett JG, Fendly BM, Garbers DL, Lowe DG. Natriuretic peptide receptor‐B (guanylyl cyclase‐B) mediates C‐type natriuretic peptide relaxation of precontracted rat aorta. J Biol Chem 270: 4668‐4674, 1995.
 119.Drummer C. Involvement of the renal natriuretic peptide urodilatin in body fluid regulation. Semin Nephrol 21: 239‐243, 2001.
 120.Drummer C, Gerzer R, Heer M, Molz B, Bie P, Schlossberger M, Stadaeger C, Rocker L, Strollo F, Heyduck B, et al. Effects of an acute saline infusion on fluid and electrolyte metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol 262: F744‐F754, 1992.
 121.Dzau VJ, Baxter JD, Cantin M, de Bold A, Ganten D, Gross K, Husain A, Inagami T, Menard J, Poole S, et al. Nomenclature for atrial peptides. N Engl J Med 316: 1278‐1279, 1987.
 122.Ebert TJ. Reflex activation of sympathetic nervous system by ANF in humans. Am J Physiol 255: H685‐H689, 1988.
 123.Ebert TJ, Cowley AW, Jr. Atrial natriuretic factor attenuates carotid baroreflex‐mediated cardioacceleration in humans. Am J Physiol 254: R590‐R594, 1988.
 124.Ebert TJ, Groban L, Muzi M, Hanson M, Cowley AW, Jr. ANP‐mediated volume depletion attenuates renal responses in humans. Am J Physiol 263: R1303‐R1308, 1992.
 125.Ebert TJ, Skelton MM, Cowley AW, Jr. Dynamic cardiovascular responses to infusions of atrial natriuretic factor in humans. Hypertension 11: 537‐544, 1988.
 126.Edvinsson ML, Ahnstedt H, Edvinsson L, Andersson SE. Characterization of relaxant responses to natriuretic peptides in the human microcirculation in vitro and in vivo. Microcirculation 23: 438‐446, 2016.
 127.Eiskjaer H, Nielsen CB, Sorensen SS, Pedersen EB. Renal and hormonal actions of atrial natriuretic peptide during angiotensin II or noradrenaline infusion in man. Eur J Clin Invest 26: 584‐595, 1996.
 128.Elias LL, Antunes‐Rodrigues J, Moreira AC. Release of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide after volume expansion is not related to pituitary‐adrenal axis diurnal variation in normal subjects. Braz J Med Biol Res 30: 621‐625, 1997.
 129.Emani S, Meyer M, Palm D, Holzmeister J, Haas GJ. Ularitide: a natriuretic peptide candidate for the treatment of acutely decompensated heart failure. Future Cardiol 11: 531‐546, 2015.
 130.Engeli S, Boschmann M, Frings P, Beck L, Janke J, Titze J, Luft FC, Heer M, Jordan J. Influence of salt intake on renin‐angiotensin and natriuretic peptide system genes in human adipose tissue. Hypertension 48: 1103‐1108, 2006.
 131.Epstein M, Loutzenhiser R, Friedland E, Aceto RM, Camargo MJ, Atlas SA. Relationship of increased plasma atrial natriuretic factor and renal sodium handling during immersion‐induced central hypervolemia in normal humans. J Clin Invest 79: 738‐745, 1987.
 132.Epstein M, Loutzenhiser RD, Friedland E, Aceto RM, Camargo MJ, Atlas SA. Increases in circulating atrial natriuretic factor during immersion‐induced central hypervolaemia in normal humans. J Hypertens Suppl 4: S93‐S99, 1986.
 133.Espiner EA, Dalrymple‐Alford JC, Prickett TC, Alamri Y, Anderson TJ. C‐type natriuretic peptide in Parkinson's disease: Reduced secretion and response to deprenyl. J Neural Transm 121: 371‐378, 2014.
 134.Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Crozier IG, Cuneo RC, McCormick D, Ikram H. Studies on the secretion, metabolism and action of atrial natriuretic peptide in man. J Hypertens Suppl 4: S85‐S91, 1986.
 135.Feller SM, Gagelmann M, Forssmann WG. Urodilatin: A newly described member of the ANP family. Trends Pharmacol Sci 10: 93‐94, 1989.
 136.Feng JA, Perry G, Mori T, Hayashi T, Oparil S, Chen YF. Pressure‐independent enhancement of cardiac hypertrophy in atrial natriuretic peptide‐deficient mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 30: 343‐349, 2003.
 137.Ferlito M, Fulton WB, Zauher MA, Marban E, Steenbergen C, Lowenstein CJ. VAMP‐1, VAMP‐2, and syntaxin‐4 regulate ANP release from cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 49: 791‐800, 2010.
 138.Fermepin MR, Vatta MS, Bianciotti LG, Wolovich TJ, Fernandez BE. B‐Type and C‐type natriuretic peptides modify norepinephrine uptake in discrete encephalic nuclei of the rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 20: 763‐771, 2000.
 139.Fernandez‐Durango R, Nunez DJ, Brown MJ. Messenger RNAs encoding the natriuretic peptides and their receptors are expressed in the eye. Exp Eye Res 61: 723‐729, 1995.
 140.Ferrari P, Weidmann P, Ferrier C, Dietler R, Hollmann R, Piso RJ, Wey J, Shaw S. Dysregulation of atrial natriuretic factor in hypertension‐prone man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71: 944‐951, 1990.
 141.Field LJ, Veress AT, Steinhelper ME, Cochrane K, Sonnenberg H. Kidney function in ANF‐transgenic mice: Effect of blood volume expansion. Am J Physiol 260: R1‐R5, 1991.
 142.Finn WL, Gordon RD, Tunny TJ, Klemm SA, Hamlet SM. Effects of volume expansion and contraction on plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide in man. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 15: 311‐315, 1988.
 143.Floras JS. Inhibitory effect of atrial natriuretic factor on sympathetic ganglionic neurotransmission in humans. Am J Physiol 269: R406‐R412, 1995.
 144.Floras JS. Sympathoinhibitory effects of atrial natriuretic factor in normal humans. Circulation 81: 1860‐1873, 1990.
 145.Florkowski CM, Richards AM, Espiner EA, Yandle TG, Frampton C. Renal, endocrine, and hemodynamic interactions of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in normal men. Am J Physiol 266: R1244‐R1250, 1994.
 146.Fluckiger JP, Waeber B, Matsueda G, Delaloye B, Nussberger J, Brunner HR. Effect of atriopeptin III on hematocrit and volemia of nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol 251: H880‐H883, 1986.
 147.Flynn TG, de Bold ML, de Bold AJ. The amino acid sequence of an atrial peptide with potent diuretic and natriuretic properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 117: 859‐865, 1983.
 148.Fujio N, Ohashi M, Nawata H, Kato K, Ibayashi H, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Alpha‐human atrial natriuretic polypeptide reduces the plasma arginine vasopressin concentration in human subjects. Clin Endocrinol 25: 181‐187, 1986.
 149.Fujio N, Ohashi M, Nawata H, Kato K, Matsuo H, Ibayashi H. Cardiovascular, renal and endocrine effects of alpha‐human atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with Cushing's syndrome and primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 7: 653‐659, 1989.
 150.Fujisaki H, Ito H, Hirata Y, Tanaka M, Hata M, Lin M, Adachi S, Akimoto H, Marumo F, Hiroe M. Natriuretic peptides inhibit angiotensin II‐induced proliferation of rat cardiac fibroblasts by blocking endothelin‐1 gene expression. J Clin Invest 96: 1059‐1065, 1995.
 151.Gaillard CA, Koomans HA, Rabelink AJ, Boer P, Dorhour Mees EJ. Renal response to infusion versus repeated bolus injections of atrial natriuretic factor in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36: 195‐197, 1989.
 152.Gaillard CA, Koomans HA, Rabelink TJ, Boer P, Dorhout Mees EJ. Opposite effects of enalapril and nitrendipine on natriuretic response to atrial natriuretic factor. Renal function evaluated with clearance studies in humans. Hypertension 13: 173‐180, 1989.
 153.Gaillard CA, Koomans HA, Rabelink TJ, Braam B, Boer P, Dorhout Mees EJ. Enhanced natriuretic effect of atrial natriuretic factor during mineralocorticoid escape in humans. Hypertension 12: 450‐456, 1988.
 154.Gaillard CA, Mizelle HL, Montani JP, Brands MW, Hildebrandt DA, Hall JE. Atrial natriuretic factor and blood pressure control: Role of sodium and aldosterone. Am J Physiol 259: R973‐R980, 1990.
 155.Gardner DG, Deschepper CF, Baxter JD. The gene for the atrial natriuretic factor is expressed in the aortic arch. Hypertension 9: 103‐106, 1987.
 156.Gardner DG, Vlasuk GP, Baxter JD, Fiddes JC, Lewicki JA. Identification of atrial natriuretic factor gene transcripts in the central nervous system of the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84: 2175‐2179, 1987.
 157.Geister KA, Brinkmeier ML, Hsieh M, Faust SM, Karolyi IJ, Perosky JE, Kozloff KM, Conti M, Camper SA. A novel loss‐of‐function mutation in Npr2 clarifies primary role in female reproduction and reveals a potential therapy for acromesomelic dysplasia, Maroteaux type. Hum Mol Genet 22: 345‐357, 2013.
 158.Gerbes AL, Arendt RM, Gerzer R, Schnizer W, Jungst D, Paumgartner G, Wernze H. Role of atrial natriuretic factor, cyclic GMP and the renin‐aldosterone system in acute volume regulation of healthy human subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 18: 425‐429, 1988.
 159.Gerbes AL, Dagnino L, Nguyen T, Nemer M. Transcription of brain natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide genes in human tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78: 1307‐1311, 1994.
 160.Ghashghaei R, Arbit B, Maisel AS. Current and novel biomarkers in heart failure: Bench to bedside. Curr Opin Cardiol 31: 191‐195, 2016.
 161.Giuliani I, Rieunier F, Larue C, Delagneau JF, Granier C, Pau B, Ferriere M, Saussine M, Cristol JP, Dupuy AM, Merigeon E, Merle D, Villard S. Assay for measurement of intact B‐type natriuretic peptide prohormone in blood. Clin Chem 52: 1054‐1061, 2006.
 162.Gnadinger MP, Lang RE, Hasler L, Uehlinger DE, Shaw S, Weidmann P. Plasma kinetics of synthetic alpha‐human atrial natriuretic peptide in man. Miner Electrolyte Metab 12: 371‐374, 1986.
 163.Gnadinger MP, Weidmann P, Rascher W, Lang RE, Hellmuller B, Uehlinger DE. Plasma arginine‐vasopressin levels during infusion of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide on different sodium intakes in man. J Hypertens 4: 623‐629, 1986.
 164.Goetze JP. B‐type natriuretic peptide: From posttranslational processing to clinical measurement. Clin Chem 58: 83‐91, 2012.
 165.Goetze JP, Hansen LH, Terzic D, Zois NE, Albrethsen J, Timm A, Smith J, Soltysinska E, Lippert SK, Hunter I. Atrial natriuretic peptides in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 443: 25‐28, 2015.
 166.Goodfriend TL, Elliott ME, Atlas SA. Actions of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on bovine adrenal glomerulosa. Life Sci 35: 1675‐1682, 1984.
 167.Graffe CC, Bech JN, Lauridsen TG, Vase H, Pedersen EB. Abnormal increase in urinary aquaporin‐2 excretion in response to hypertonic saline in essential hypertension. BMC Nephrol 13: 15, 2012.
 168.Graffe CC, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. Effect of high and low sodium intake on urinary aquaporin‐2 excretion in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 302: F264‐F275, 2012.
 169.Groban L, Ebert TJ, Kreis DU, Skelton MM, Van Wynsberghe DM, Cowley AW, Jr. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal responses to incremental ANF infusions in humans. Am J Physiol 256: F780‐F786, 1989.
 170.Groves ND, Leach KG, Rosen M. Effects of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia on renal plasma flow. Br J Anaesth 65: 796‐800, 1990.
 171.Gutkowska J, Tremblay J, Antakly T, Meyer R, Mukaddam‐Daher S, Nemer M. The atrial natriuretic peptide system in rat ovaries. Endocrinology 132: 693‐700, 1993.
 172.Hachiya R, Ohashi Y, Kamei Y, Suganami T, Mochizuki H, Mitsui N, Saitoh M, Sakuragi M, Nishimura G, Ohashi H, Hasegawa T, Ogawa Y. Intact kinase homology domain of natriuretic peptide receptor‐B is essential for skeletal development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 4009‐4014, 2007.
 173.Hagiwara H, Sakaguchi H, Itakura M, Yoshimoto T, Furuya M, Tanaka S, Hirose S. Autocrine regulation of rat chondrocyte proliferation by natriuretic peptide C and its receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor‐B. J Biol Chem 269: 10729‐10733, 1994.
 174.Haller BG, Zust H, Shaw S, Gnadinger MP, Uehlinger DE, Weidmann P. Effects of posture and ageing on circulating atrial natriuretic peptide levels in man. J Hypertens 5: 551‐556, 1987.
 175.Hama N, Itoh H, Shirakami G, Suga S, Komatsu Y, Yoshimasa T, Tanaka I, Mori K, Nakao K. Detection of C‐type natriuretic peptide in human circulation and marked increase of plasma CNP level in septic shock patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 198: 1177‐1182, 1994.
 176.Hamet P, Tremblay J, Pang SC, Garcia R, Thibault G, Gutkowska J, Cantin M, Genest J. Effect of native and synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on cyclic GMP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 123: 515‐527, 1984.
 177.Han JH, Cao C, Kim SZ, Cho KW, Kim SH. Decreases in ANP secretion by lysophosphatidylcholine through protein kinase C. Hypertension 41: 1380‐1385, 2003.
 178.Hannema SE, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Premsler T, Yang RB, Mueller TD, Gassner B, Oberwinkler H, Roelfsema F, Santen GW, Prickett T, Kant SG, Verkerk AJ, Uitterlinden AG, Espiner E, Ruivenkamp CA, Oostdijk W, Pereira AM, Losekoot M, Kuhn M, Wit JM. An activating mutation in the kinase homology domain of the natriuretic peptide receptor‐2 causes extremely tall stature without skeletal deformities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: E1988‐E1998, 2013.
 179.Harada M, Saito Y, Kuwahara K, Ogawa E, Ishikawa M, Nakagawa O, Miyamoto Y, Kamitani S, Hamanaka I, Kajiyama N, Takahashi N, Masuda I, Itoh H, Nakao K. Interaction of myocytes and nonmyocytes is necessary for mechanical stretch to induce ANP/BNP production in cardiocyte culture. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31(Suppl 1): S357‐S359, 1998.
 180.Harrison‐Bernard LM, Vari RC, Holleman WH, Trippodo NC, Barbee RW. Chronic vs. acute hemodynamic effects of atrial natriuretic factor in conscious rats. Am J Physiol 260: R247‐R254, 1991.
 181.Heer M, Baisch F, Kropp J, Gerzer R, Drummer C. High dietary sodium chloride consumption may not induce body fluid retention in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278: F585‐F595, 2000.
 182.Heer M, Drummer C, Baisch F, Gerzer R. Long‐term elevations of dietary sodium produce parallel increases in the renal excretion of urodilatin and sodium. Pflugers Arch 425: 390‐394, 1993.
 183.Henrich WL, McAlister EA, Smith PB, Lipton J, Campbell WB. Direct inhibitory effect of atriopeptin III on renin release in primate kidney. Life Sci 41: 259‐264, 1987.
 184.Henrich WL, Needleman P, Campbell WB. Effect of atriopeptin III on renin release in vitro. Life Sci 39: 993‐1001, 1986.
 185.Hildebrandt DA, Mizelle HL, Brands MW, Gaillard CA, Smith MJ, Jr., Hall JE. Intrarenal atrial natriuretic peptide infusion lowers arterial pressure chronically. Am J Physiol 259: R585‐R592, 1990.
 186.Hino J, Tateyama H, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Isolation and identification of human brain natriuretic peptides in cardiac atrium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 167: 693‐700, 1990.
 187.Hirsch JR, Meyer M, Forssmann WG. ANP and urodilatin: Who is who in the kidney. Eur J Med Res 11: 447‐454, 2006.
 188.Hodes A, Lichtstein D. Natriuretic hormones in brain function. Front Endocrinol 5: 201, 2014.
 189.Holditch SJ, Schreiber CA, Nini R, Tonne JM, Peng KW, Geurts A, Jacob HJ, Burnett JC, Cataliotti A, Ikeda Y. B‐type natriuretic peptide deletion leads to progressive hypertension, associated organ damage, and reduced survival: Novel model for human hypertension. Hypertension 66: 199‐210, 2015.
 190.Holmes SJ, Espiner EA, Richards AM, Yandle TG, Frampton C. Renal, endocrine, and hemodynamic effects of human brain natriuretic peptide in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 91‐96, 1993.
 191.Holstein‐Rathlou NH, Christensen P, Leyssac PP. Effects of halothane‐nitrous oxide inhalation anesthesia and Inactin on overall renal and tubular function in Sprague‐Dawley and Wistar rats. Acta Physiol Scand 114: 193‐201, 1982.
 192.Holtwick R, Gotthardt M, Skryabin B, Steinmetz M, Potthast R, Zetsche B, Hammer RE, Herz J, Kuhn M. Smooth muscle‐selective deletion of guanylyl cyclase‐A prevents the acute but not chronic effects of ANP on blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 7142‐7147, 2002.
 193.Holtwick R, van Eickels M, Skryabin BV, Baba HA, Bubikat A, Begrow F, Schneider MD, Garbers DL, Kuhn M. Pressure‐independent cardiac hypertrophy in mice with cardiomyocyte‐restricted inactivation of the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor guanylyl cyclase‐A. J Clin Invest 111: 1399‐1407, 2003.
 194.Holtz J, Sommer O, Bassenge E. Inhibition of sympathoadrenal activity by atrial natriuretic factor in dogs. Hypertension 9: 350‐354, 1987.
 195.Honrath U, Chong CK, Melo LG, Sonnenberg H. Effect of saline infusion on kidney and collecting duct function in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) gene “knockout” mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 77: 454‐457, 1999.
 196.Horky K, Gutkowska J, Garcia R, Thibault G, Genest J, Cantin M. Effect of different anesthetics on immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor concentrations in rat plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 129: 651‐657, 1985.
 197.Huang DH, Zhang SW, Zhao H, Zhang L. The role of C‐type natriuretic peptide in rat testes during spermatogenesis. Asian J Androl 13: 275‐280, 2011.
 198.Huang H, Acuff CG, Steinhelper ME. Isolation, mapping, and regulated expression of the gene encoding mouse C‐type natriuretic peptide. Am J Physiol 271: H1565‐H1575, 1996.
 199.Hume AN, Buttgereit J, Al‐Awadhi AM, Al‐Suwaidi SS, John A, Bader M, Seabra MC, Al‐Gazali L, Ali BR. Defective cellular trafficking of missense NPR‐B mutants is the major mechanism underlying acromesomelic dysplasia‐type Maroteaux. Hum Mol Genet 18: 267‐277, 2009.
 200.Hummel M, Kuhn M, Bub A, Bittner H, Kleefeld D, Marxen P, Schneider B, Hetzer R, Forssmann WG. Urodilatin: A new peptide with beneficial effects in the postoperative therapy of cardiac transplant recipients. Clin Investig 70: 674‐682, 1992.
 201.Hunt PJ, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Richards AM, Yandle TG. Differing biological effects of equimolar atrial and brain natriuretic peptide infusions in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3871‐3876, 1996.
 202.Hunt PJ, Espiner EA, Richards AM, Yandle TG, Frampton C, Nicholls MG. Interactions of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides at pathophysiological levels in normal men. Am J Physiol 269: R1397‐R1403, 1995.
 203.Hunt PJ, Richards AM, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG. Bioactivity and metabolism of C‐type natriuretic peptide in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78: 1428‐1435, 1994.
 204.Hunt PJ, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Doughty RN, Espiner EA. Immunoreactive amino‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐PROBNP): A new marker of cardiac impairment. Clin Endocrinol 47: 287‐296, 1997.
 205.Hunt PJ, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG, Richards AM, Espiner EA. The amino‐terminal portion of pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (Pro‐BNP) circulates in human plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 214: 1175‐1183, 1995.
 206.Hynynen M, Kupari M, Salmenpera M, Tikkanen I, Heinonen J, Fyhrquist F, Totterman KJ. Hemodynamic effects of alpha‐human atrial natriuretic peptide in healthy volunteers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 11: 711‐715, 1988.
 207.Ichiki T, Huntley BK, Sangaralingham SJ, Burnett JC, Jr. Pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide: A novel guanylyl cyclase‐A receptor activator that goes beyond atrial and B‐type Natriuretic peptides. JACC Heart Fail 3: 715‐723, 2015.
 208.Ichiki T, Izumi R, Cataliotti A, Larsen AM, Sandberg SM, Burnett JC, Jr. Endothelial permeability in vitro and in vivo: Protective actions of ANP and omapatrilat in experimental atherosclerosis. Peptides 48: 21‐26, 2013.
 209.Iitake K, Share L, Crofton JT, Brooks DP, Ouchi Y, Blaine EH. Central atrial natriuretic factor reduces vasopressin secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 119: 438‐440, 1986.
 210.Imaizumi T, Takeshita A. Influence of ANP on sympathetic nerve activity and chronotropic regulation of the heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 4: 719‐729, 1993.
 211.Inagami T, Naruse M, Hoover R. Endothelium as an endocrine organ. Annu Rev Physiol 57: 171‐189, 1995.
 212.Inoue K, Naruse K, Yamagami S, Mitani H, Suzuki N, Takei Y. Four functionally distinct C‐type natriuretic peptides found in fish reveal evolutionary history of the natriuretic peptide system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 10079‐10084, 2003.
 213.Irfanullah, Umair M, Khan S, Ahmad W. Homozygous sequence variants in the NPR2 gene underlying Acromesomelic dysplasia Maroteaux type (AMDM) in consanguineous families. Ann Hum Genet 79: 238‐244, 2015.
 214.Ishii M, Sugimoto T, Matsuoka H, Hirata Y, Ishimistu T, Fukui K, Sugimoto T, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. The haemodynamic, renal and endocrine effects of alpha‐human atrial natriuretic polypeptide in normotensive people and patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl 4: S542‐S545, 1986.
 215.Ishii M, Sugimoto T, Matsuoka H, Hirata Y, Ishimitsu T, Fukui K, Sugimoto T, Kanagawa K, Matsuo H. A comparative study on the hemodynamic, renal and endocrine effects of alpha‐human atrial natriuretic polypeptide in normotensive persons and patients with essential hypertension. Jpn Circ J 50: 1181‐1184, 1986.
 216.Ishii M, Sugimoto T, Matsuoka H, Ishimitsu T, Atarashi K, Hirata Y, Sugimoto T, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Blood pressure, renal and endocrine responses to alpha‐human atrial natriuretic polypeptide in healthy volunteers. Jpn Heart J 27: 777‐789, 1986.
 217.Ishimitsu T, Minami J, Nishikimi T, Kawano Y, Takishita S, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Matsuoka H. Responses of natriuretic peptides to acute and chronic salt loading in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Hypertens Res 21: 15‐22, 1998.
 218.Iwao H, Fukui K, Kim S, Nakayama K, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S, Abe Y. Sodium balance effects on renin, angiotensinogen, and atrial natriuretic polypeptide mRNA levels. Am J Physiol 255: E129‐E136, 1988.
 219.Jacob M, Saller T, Chappell D, Rehm M, Welsch U, Becker BF. Physiological levels of A‐, B‐ and C‐type natriuretic peptide shed the endothelial glycocalyx and enhance vascular permeability. Basic Res Cardiol 108: 347, 2013.
 220.Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Babuin L. Why we don't know the answer may be more important than the specific question. Clin Chem 50: 1495‐1497, 2004.
 221.Jamieson JD, Palade GE. Specific granules in atrial muscle cells. J Cell Biol 23: 151‐172, 1964.
 222.Jansen TL, Tan AC, Smits P, de Boo T, Benraad TJ, Thien T. Hemodynamic effects of atrial natriuretic factor in young and elderly subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 48: 179‐188, 1990.
 223.Janssen WM, de Zeeuw D, van der Hem GK, de Jong PE. Atrial natriuretic peptide‐induced decreases in renal blood flow in man: Implications for the natriuretic mechanism. Clin Sci (Lond) 77: 55‐60, 1989.
 224.Jensen KT, Carstens J, Ivarsen P, Pedersen EB. A new, fast and reliable radioimmunoassay of brain natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Reference values in healthy subjects and in patients with different diseases. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 57: 529‐540, 1997.
 225.Jensen KT, Carstens J, Pedersen EB. Effect of BNP on renal hemodynamics, tubular function and vasoactive hormones in humans. Am J Physiol 274: F63‐F72, 1998.
 226.Jensen KT, Eiskjaer H, Carstens J, Pedersen EB. Renal effects of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with congestive heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 96: 5‐15, 1999.
 227.Johansen LB, Bie P, Warberg J, Christensen NJ, Hammerum M, Videbaek R, Norsk P. Hemodilution, central blood volume, and renal responses after an isotonic saline infusion in humans. Am J Physiol 272: R549‐R556, 1997.
 228.John SW, Krege JH, Oliver PM, Hagaman JR, Hodgin JB, Pang SC, Flynn TG, Smithies O. Genetic decreases in atrial natriuretic peptide and salt‐sensitive hypertension. Science 267: 679‐681, 1995.
 229.John SW, Veress AT, Honrath U, Chong CK, Peng L, Smithies O, Sonnenberg H. Blood pressure and fluid‐electrolyte balance in mice with reduced or absent ANP. Am J Physiol 271: R109‐R114, 1996.
 230.Johnson KR, Olson KR. Comparative physiology of the piscine natriuretic peptide system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 157: 21‐26, 2008.
 231.Kalra PR, Clague JR, Bolger AP, Anker SD, Poole‐Wilson PA, Struthers AD, Coats AJ. Myocardial production of C‐type natriuretic peptide in chronic heart failure. Circulation 107: 571‐573, 2003.
 232.Kambayashi Y, Nakao K, Kimura H, Kawabata T, Nakamura M, Inouye K, Yoshida N, Imura H. Biological characterization of human brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and rat BNP: Species‐specific actions of BNP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173: 599‐605, 1990.
 233.Kanai Y, Yasoda A, Mori KP, Watanabe‐Takano H, Nagai‐Okatani C, Yamashita Y, Hirota K, Ueda Y, Yamauchi I, Kondo E, Yamanaka S, Sakane Y, Nakao K, Fujii T, Yokoi H, Minamino N, Mukoyama M, Mochizuki N, Inagaki N. Circulating osteocrin stimulates bone growth by limiting C‐type natriuretic peptide clearance. J Clin Invest 127: 4136‐4147, 2017.
 234.Kaneko T, Shirakami G, Nakao K, Nagata I, Nakagawa O, Hama N, Suga S, Miyamoto S, Kubo H, Hirai O, et al. C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the major natriuretic peptide in human cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res 612: 104‐109, 1993.
 235.Kasahara M, Mukoyama M, Sugawara A, Makino H, Suganami T, Ogawa Y, Nakagawa M, Yahata K, Goto M, Ishibashi R, Tamura N, Tanaka I, Nakao K. Ameliorated glomerular injury in mice overexpressing brain natriuretic peptide with renal ablation. J Am Soc Nephrol 11: 1691‐1701, 2000.
 236.Kato J, Kida O, Higa T, Sasaki A, Kondo K, Miyata A, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Tanaka K. Increase in plasma atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) following sodium load in anesthetized rats. Life Sci 39: 493‐497, 1986.
 237.Kawakoshi A, Hyodo S, Yasuda A, Takei Y. A single and novel natriuretic peptide is expressed in the heart and brain of the most primitive vertebrate, the hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). J Mol Endocrinol 31: 209‐220, 2003.
 238.Kelsall CJ, Chester AH, Sarathchandra P, Singer DR. Expression and localization of C‐type natriuretic peptide in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascul Pharmacol 45: 368‐373, 2006.
 239.Kentsch M, Drummer C, Muller‐Esch G, Gerzer R. [Urodilatin. The clinical importance of the renal natriuretic peptide]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 116: 1405‐1411, 1991.
 240.Khan S, Ali RH, Abbasi S, Nawaz M, Muhammad N, Ahmad W. Novel mutations in natriuretic peptide receptor‐2 gene underlie acromesomelic dysplasia, type maroteaux. BMC Med Genet 13: 44, 2012.
 241.Kiemer AK, Furst R, Vollmar AM. Vasoprotective actions of the atrial natriuretic peptide. Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents 3: 11‐21, 2005.
 242.Kimura T, Abe K, Ota K, Omata K, Shoji M, Kudo K, Matsui K, Inoue M, Yasujima M, Yoshinaga K. Effects of acute water load, hypertonic saline infusion, and furosemide administration on atrial natriuretic peptide and vasopressin release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62: 1003‐1010, 1986.
 243.Kishimoto I, Rossi K, Garbers DL. A genetic model provides evidence that the receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide (guanylyl cyclase‐A) inhibits cardiac ventricular myocyte hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 2703‐2706, 2001.
 244.Kivlighn SD, Lohmeier TE, Yang HM, Shin Y. Chronic effects of a physiological dose of ANP on arterial pressure and renin release. Am J Physiol 258: H1491‐H1497, 1990.
 245.Kiyosu C, Tsuji T, Yamada K, Kajita S, Kunieda T. NPPC/NPR2 signaling is essential for oocyte meiotic arrest and cumulus oophorus formation during follicular development in the mouse ovary. Reproduction 144: 187‐193, 2012.
 246.Klinger JR, Warburton RR, Pietras LA, Smithies O, Swift R, Hill NS. Genetic disruption of atrial natriuretic peptide causes pulmonary hypertension in normoxic and hypoxic mice. Am J Physiol 276: L868‐L874, 1999.
 247.Knowles JW, Esposito G, Mao L, Hagaman JR, Fox JE, Smithies O, Rockman HA, Maeda N. Pressure‐independent enhancement of cardiac hypertrophy in natriuretic peptide receptor A‐deficient mice. J Clin Invest 107: 975‐984, 2001.
 248.Kokot F, Grzeszczak W, Wiecek A, Zukowska‐Szczechowska E, Kusmierski S, Szkodny A. Water immersion‐induced alterations of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, and vasopressin in kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 21: 2052‐2055, 1989.
 249.Koller KJ, Goeddel DV. Molecular biology of the natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Circulation 86: 1081‐1088, 1992.
 250.Koller KJ, Lipari MT, Goeddel DV. Proper glycosylation and phosphorylation of the type A natriuretic peptide receptor are required for hormone‐stimulated guanylyl cyclase activity. J Biol Chem 268: 5997‐6003, 1993.
 251.Koller KJ, Lowe DG, Bennett GL, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Goeddel DV. Selective activation of the B natriuretic peptide receptor by C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP). Science 252: 120‐123, 1991.
 252.Komatsu Y, Itoh H, Suga S, Ogawa Y, Hama N, Kishimoto I, Nakagawa O, Igaki T, Doi K, Yoshimasa T, Nakao K. Regulation of endothelial production of C‐type natriuretic peptide in coculture with vascular smooth muscle cells. Role of the vascular natriuretic peptide system in vascular growth inhibition. Circ Res 78: 606‐614, 1996.
 253.Komatsu Y, Nakao K, Itoh H, Suga S, Ogawa Y, Imura H. Vascular natriuretic peptide. Lancet 340: 622, 1992.
 254.Konrad EM, Thibault G, Schiffrin EL. Autoradiographic visualization of the natriuretic peptide receptor‐B in rat tissues. Regul Pept 39: 177‐189, 1992.
 255.Kudo T, Baird A. Inhibition of aldosterone production in the adrenal glomerulosa by atrial natriuretic factor. Nature 312: 756‐757, 1984.
 256.Kuhn M. Molecular physiology of natriuretic peptide signalling. Basic Res Cardiol 99: 76‐82, 2004.
 257.Kuhn M. Cardiac and intestinal natriuretic peptides: insights from genetically modified mice. Peptides 26: 1078‐1085, 2005.
 258.Kuhn M. Endothelial actions of atrial and B‐type natriuretic peptides. Br J Pharmacol 166: 522‐531, 2012.
 259.Kuhn M. Molecular physiology of membrane guanylyl cyclase receptors. Physiol Rev 96: 751‐804, 2016.
 260.Kuhn M, Holtwick R, Baba HA, Perriard JC, Schmitz W, Ehler E. Progressive cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in atrial natriuretic peptide receptor (GC‐A) deficient mice. Heart 87: 368‐374, 2002.
 261.Kuhn M, Volker K, Schwarz K, Carbajo‐Lozoya J, Flogel U, Jacoby C, Stypmann J, van Eickels M, Gambaryan S, Hartmann M, Werner M, Wieland T, Schrader J, Baba HA. The natriuretic peptide/guanylyl cyclase‐‐‐a system functions as a stress‐responsive regulator of angiogenesis in mice. J Clin Invest 119: 2019‐2030, 2009.
 262.Kuno T, Andresen JW, Kamisaki Y, Waldman SA, Chang LY, Saheki S, Leitman DC, Nakane M, Murad F. Co‐purification of an atrial natriuretic factor receptor and particulate guanylate cyclase from rat lung. J Biol Chem 261: 5817‐5823, 1986.
 263.Kurtz A, Della Bruna R, Pfeilschifter J, Taugner R, Bauer C. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits renin release from juxtaglomerular cells by a cGMP‐mediated process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83: 4769‐4773, 1986.
 264.La Villa G, Fronzaroli C, Lazzeri C, Porciani C, Bandinelli R, Vena S, Messeri G, Franchi F. Cardiovascular and renal effects of low dose brain natriuretic peptide infusion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78: 1166‐1171, 1994.
 265.La Villa G, Stefani L, Lazzeri C, Zurli C, Guerra CT, Barletta G, Bandinelli R, Strazzulla G, Franchi F. Acute effects of physiological increments of brain natriuretic peptide in humans. Hypertension 26: 628‐633, 1995.
 266.La Villa G, Vena S, Conti A, Fronzaroli C, Brat A, Lazzeri C, Tosti Guerra C, Madiai S, Marra N, Franchi F. Plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in healthy subjects and patients with essential hypertension: response to posture. Clin Sci (Lond) 85: 411‐416, 1993.
 267.Lainchbury JG, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Espiner EA, Yandle TG. Brain natriuretic peptide and neutral endopeptidase inhibition in left ventricular impairment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 723‐729, 1999.
 268.Lane PW, Dickie MM. Three recessive mutations producing disproportionate dwarfing in mice: Achondroplasia, brachymorphic, and stubby. J Hered 59: 300‐308, 1968.
 269.Lang CC, Coutie WJ, Khong TK, Choy AM, Struthers AD. Dietary sodium loading increases plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels in man. J Hypertens 9: 779‐782, 1991.
 270.Lang RE, Tholken H, Ganten D, Luft FC, Ruskoaho H, Unger T. Atrial natriuretic factor–a circulating hormone stimulated by volume loading. Nature 314: 264‐266, 1985.
 271.Langub MC, Jr., Dolgas CM, Watson RE, Jr., Herman JP. The C‐type natriuretic peptide receptor is the predominant natriuretic peptide receptor mRNA expressed in rat hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 7: 305‐309, 1995.
 272.Langub MC, Jr., Watson RE, Jr., Herman JP. Distribution of natriuretic peptide precursor mRNAs in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 356: 183‐199, 1995.
 273.Lazzeri C, La Villa G, Bisi G, Boddi V, Messeri G, Strazzulla G, Franchi F. Cardiovascular function during brain natriuretic peptide infusion in man. Cardiology 86: 396‐401, 1995.
 274.Leto L, Testa M, Feola M. The predictive value of plasma biomarkers in discharged heart failure patients: Role of plasma NT‐proBNP. Minerva Cardioangiol 64: 157‐164, 2015.
 275.Leung WM, Logan AG, Campbell PJ, Debowski TE, Bull SB, Wong PY, Blendis LM, Skorecki KL. Role of atrial natriuretic peptide and urinary cGMP in the natriuretic and diuretic response to central hypervolemia in normal human subjects. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 65: 2076‐2080, 1987.
 276.Levin ER, Gardner DG, Samson WK. Natriuretic peptides. N Engl J Med 339: 321‐328, 1998.
 277.Lewis HM, Wilkins MR, Kendall MJ, Lee MR. Carbidopa does not affect the renal response to atrial natriuretic factor in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 77: 281‐285, 1989.
 278.Li H, Zhang Y, Wu Q. Role of corin in the regulation of blood pressure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 26: 67‐73, 2017.
 279.Liu W, Xin Q, Wang X, Wang S, Wang H, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang C, Xu Y, Duan E, Xia G. Estrogen receptors in granulosa cells govern meiotic resumption of pre‐ovulatory oocytes in mammals. Cell Death Dis 8: e2662, 2017.
 280.Lohmeier TE, Shin Y, Reinhart GA, Hester RL. Angiotensin and ANP secretion during chronically controlled increments in atrial pressure. Am J Physiol 266: R989‐R996, 1994.
 281.Lopez MJ, Wong SK, Kishimoto I, Dubois S, Mach V, Friesen J, Garbers DL, Beuve A. Salt‐resistant hypertension in mice lacking the guanylyl cyclase‐A receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. Nature 378: 65‐68, 1995.
 282.Lowe DG, Chang MS, Hellmiss R, Chen E, Singh S, Garbers DL, Goeddel DV. Human atrial natriuretic peptide receptor defines a new paradigm for second messenger signal transduction. EMBO J 8: 1377‐1384, 1989.
 283.Lu B, Gerard NP, Kolakowski LF, Jr., Bozza M, Zurakowski D, Finco O, Carroll MC, Gerard C. Neutral endopeptidase modulation of septic shock. J Exp Med 181: 2271‐2275, 1995.
 284.Luchner A, Schunkert H. Interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the cardiac natriuretic peptide system. Cardiovasc Res 63: 443‐449, 2004.
 285.Luckenbill KN, Christenson RH, Jaffe AS, Mair J, Ordonez‐Llanos J, Pagani F, Tate J, Wu AH, Ler R, Apple FS. Cross‐reactivity of BNP, NT‐proBNP, and proBNP in commercial BNP and NT‐proBNP assays: Preliminary observations from the IFCC Committee for Standardization of Markers of Cardiac Damage. Clin Chem 54: 619‐621, 2008.
 286.Madwed JB, Wang BC. Pentobarbital anesthesia alters renal actions of alpha‐hANP in dogs. Am J Physiol 258: R616‐R623, 1990.
 287.Magga J, Marttila M, Mantymaa P, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H. Brain natriuretic peptide in plasma, atria, and ventricles of vasopressin‐ and phenylephrine‐infused conscious rats. Endocrinology 134: 2505‐2515, 1994.
 288.Mahadavan G, Nguyen TH, Horowitz JD. Brain natriuretic peptide: A biomarker for all cardiac disease? Curr Opin Cardiol 29: 160‐166, 2014.
 289.Maisel A, Xue Y, Greene SJ, Pang PS, Januzzi JL, Pina IL, DeFilippi C, Butler J. The potential role of natriuretic peptide‐guided management for patients hospitalized for heart failure. J Card Fail 21: 233‐239, 2015.
 290.Makino H, Mukoyama M, Mori K, Suganami T, Kasahara M, Yahata K, Nagae T, Yokoi H, Sawai K, Ogawa Y, Suga S, Yoshimasa Y, Sugawara A, Tanaka I, Nakao K. Transgenic overexpression of brain natriuretic peptide prevents the progression of diabetic nephropathy in mice. Diabetologia 49: 2514‐2524, 2006.
 291.Manzanares J, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE. Atrial natriuretic peptide‐induced suppression of basal and dehydration‐induced vasopressin secretion is not mediated by hypothalamic tuberohypophysial or tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res 527: 103‐108, 1990.
 292.Maroteaux P, Lamy M. [Polyepiphysial dysplasia]. Sem Hop 35: 3155‐3169, 1959.
 293.Marumoto K, Hamada M, Aburaya M, Hiwada K. Augmented secretion of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides during dynamic exercise in patients with old myocardial infarction. Jpn Circ J 59: 715‐724, 1995.
 294.Matsukawa N, Grzesik WJ, Takahashi N, Pandey KN, Pang S, Yamauchi M, Smithies O. The natriuretic peptide clearance receptor locally modulates the physiological effects of the natriuretic peptide system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 7403‐7408, 1999.
 295.Matsukawa T, Mano T. Atrial natriuretic hormone inhibits angiotensin II‐stimulated sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Am J Physiol 271: R464‐R471, 1996.
 296.Matsukawa T, Miyamoto T. Angiotensin II‐stimulated secretion of arginine vasopressin is inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 300: R624‐R629, 2011.
 297.Mattingly MT, Brandt RR, Heublein DM, Wei CM, Nir A, Burnett JC, Jr. Presence of C‐type natriuretic peptide in human kidney and urine. Kidney Int 46: 744‐747, 1994.
 298.McArdle CA, Olcese J, Schmidt C, Poch A, Kratzmeier M, Middendorff R. C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) in the pituitary: Is CNP an autocrine regulator of gonadotropes? Endocrinology 135: 2794‐2801, 1994.
 299.McGrath MF, de Bold AJ. Determinants of natriuretic peptide gene expression. Peptides 26: 933‐943, 2005.
 300.McGregor A, Richards M, Espiner E, Yandle T, Ikram H. Brain natriuretic peptide administered to man: Actions and metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70: 1103‐1107, 1990.
 301.McMurray J, Forsling ML, Struthers AD. Arginine vasopressin dissociates the diuresis and natriuresis due to atrial natriuretic factor in man. Eur J Clin Invest 18: 627‐632, 1988.
 302.McMurray J, Seidelin PH, Struthers AD. Evidence for a proximal and distal nephron action of atrial natriuretic factor in man. Nephron 51: 39‐43, 1989.
 303.McMurray J, Struthers AD. Effects of angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide alone and in combination on urinary water and electrolyte excretion in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 74: 419‐425, 1988.
 304.McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP, Rizkala AR, Rouleau JL, Shi VC, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Zile MR, Investigators P‐H, Committees. Angiotensin‐neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 371: 993‐1004, 2014.
 305.McMurray JJ, Seidelin PH, Brown RA, Struthers AD. Noradrenaline attenuates the natriuretic effect of atrial natriuretic factor in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 27: 7‐12, 1989.
 306.Melo LG, Veress AT, Ackermann U, Pang SC, Flynn TG, Sonnenberg H. Chronic hypertension in ANP knockout mice: Contribution of peripheral resistance. Regul Pept 79: 109‐115, 1999.
 307.Melo LG, Veress AT, Ackermann U, Steinhelper ME, Pang SC, Tse Y, Sonnenberg H. Chronic regulation of arterial blood pressure in ANP transgenic and knockout mice: Role of cardiovascular sympathetic tone. Cardiovasc Res 43: 437‐444, 1999.
 308.Melo LG, Veress AT, Chong CK, Ackermann U, Sonnenberg H. Salt‐sensitive hypertension in ANP knockout mice is prevented by AT1 receptor antagonist losartan. Am J Physiol 277: R624‐R630, 1999.
 309.Melo LG, Veress AT, Chong CK, Pang SC, Flynn TG, Sonnenberg H. Salt‐sensitive hypertension in ANP knockout mice: Potential role of abnormal plasma renin activity. Am J Physiol 274: R255‐R261, 1998.
 310.Meloche S, McNicoll N, Liu B, Ong H, De Lean A. Atrial natriuretic factor R1 receptor from bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa: Purification, characterization, and modulation by amiloride. Biochemistry 27: 8151‐8158, 1988.
 311.Mendez RE, Pfeffer JM, Ortola FV, Bloch KD, Anderson S, Seidman JG, Brenner BM. Atrial natriuretic peptide transcription, storage, and release in rats with myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol 253: H1449‐H1455, 1987.
 312.Metzler CH, Keil LC, Ramsay DJ. Physiological responses to low dose infusions of atrial peptide in conscious dogs. Life Sci 44: 935‐943, 1989.
 313.Metzler CH, Ramsay DJ. Atrial peptide potentiates renal responses to volume expansion in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 256: R284‐R289, 1989.
 314.Metzler CH, Ramsay DJ. Physiological doses of atrial peptide inhibit angiotensin II‐stimulated aldosterone secretion. Am J Physiol 256: R1155‐R1159, 1989.
 315.Middendorff R, Maronde E, Paust HJ, Muller D, Davidoff M, Olcese J. Expression of C‐type natriuretic peptide in the bovine pineal gland. J Neurochem 67: 517‐524, 1996.
 316.Middendorff R, Muller D, Paust HJ, Davidoff MS, Mukhopadhyay AK. Natriuretic peptides in the human testis: Evidence for a potential role of C‐type natriuretic peptide in Leydig cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 4324‐4328, 1996.
 317.Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. N‐terminally extended form of C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP‐53) identified in porcine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170: 973‐979, 1990.
 318.Misono KS, Ogawa H, Qiu Y, Ogata CM. Structural studies of the natriuretic peptide receptor: A novel hormone‐induced rotation mechanism for transmembrane signal transduction. Peptides 26: 957‐968, 2005.
 319.Misono KS, Philo JS, Arakawa T, Ogata CM, Qiu Y, Ogawa H, Young HS. Structure, signaling mechanism and regulation of the natriuretic peptide receptor guanylate cyclase. FEBS J 278: 1818‐1829, 2011.
 320.Miura K, Kim OH, Lee HR, Namba N, Michigami T, Yoo WJ, Choi IH, Ozono K, Cho TJ. Overgrowth syndrome associated with a gain‐of‐function mutation of the natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) gene. Am J Med Genet A 164A: 156‐163, 2014.
 321.Miura K, Namba N, Fujiwara M, Ohata Y, Ishida H, Kitaoka T, Kubota T, Hirai H, Higuchi C, Tsumaki N, Yoshikawa H, Sakai N, Michigami T, Ozono K. An overgrowth disorder associated with excessive production of cGMP due to a gain‐of‐function mutation of the natriuretic peptide receptor 2 gene. PloS one 7: e42180, 2012.
 322.Miyajima M, Arai H, Okuda O, Hishii M, Nakanishi H, Ishii H, Sato K. Effect of C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) on water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) expression in cultured astrocytes. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 122: 109‐115, 2004.
 323.Mizelle HL, Gaillard CA, Manning RD, Hall JE. Mechanism of decreased cardiac output during ANP infusion in conscious anephric dogs. Am J Physiol 262: R120‐R125, 1992.
 324.Mizelle HL, Hildebrandt DA, Gaillard CA, Brands MW, Montani JP, Smith MJ, Jr., Hall JE. Atrial natriuretic peptide induces sustained natriuresis in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 258: R1445‐R1452, 1990.
 325.Moghtadaei M, Polina I, Rose RA. Electrophysiological effects of natriuretic peptides in the heart are mediated by multiple receptor subtypes. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 120: 37‐49, 2016.
 326.Moilanen AM, Rysa J, Mustonen E, Serpi R, Aro J, Tokola H, Leskinen H, Manninen A, Levijoki J, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H. Intramyocardial BNP gene delivery improves cardiac function through distinct context‐dependent mechanisms. Circ Heart Fail 4: 483‐495, 2011.
 327.Molstrom S, Larsen NH, Simonsen JA, Washington R, Bie P. Normotensive sodium loading in normal man: regulation of renin secretion during beta‐receptor blockade. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R436‐R445, 2009.
 328.Morice A, Pepke‐Zaba J, Loysen E, Lapworth R, Ashby M, Higenbottam T, Brown M. Low dose infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide causes salt and water excretion in normal man. Clin Sci (Lond) 74: 359‐363, 1988.
 329.Morita E, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Ogawa H, Jougasaki M, Matsumura T, Mukoyama M, Nakao K. Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 88: 82‐91, 1993.
 330.Morton JJ, Lyall F, Wallace EC. Rat atrial natriuretic peptide vascular receptor: Effect of alterations in sodium balance and of DOC hypertension. J Hypertens 5: 475‐479, 1987.
 331.Motwani JG, Lang CC, Allen MJ, Johnson HF, Struthers AD. Dose‐ranging effects of candoxatril on elimination of exogenous atrial natriuretic peptide in chronic heart failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 54: 661‐669, 1993.
 332.Moyes AJ, Khambata RS, Villar I, Bubb KJ, Baliga RS, Lumsden NG, Xiao F, Gane PJ, Rebstock AS, Worthington RJ, Simone MI, Mota F, Rivilla F, Vallejo S, Peiro C, Sanchez Ferrer CF, Djordjevic S, Caulfield MJ, MacAllister RJ, Selwood DL, Ahluwalia A, Hobbs AJ. Endothelial C‐type natriuretic peptide maintains vascular homeostasis. J Clin Invest 124: 4039‐4051, 2014.
 333.Mukoyama M, Nakao K, Hosoda K, Suga S, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Shirakami G, Jougasaki M, Obata K, Yasue H, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide as a novel cardiac hormone in humans. Evidence for an exquisite dual natriuretic peptide system, atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. J Clin Invest 87: 1402‐1412, 1991.
 334.Muller D, Baumeister H, Buck F, Richter D. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a high‐affinity substrate for rat insulin‐degrading enzyme. Eur J Biochem 202: 285‐292, 1991.
 335.Muller D, Hida B, Guidone G, Speth RC, Michurina TV, Enikolopov G, Middendorff R. Expression of guanylyl cyclase (GC)‐A and GC‐B during brain development: Evidence for a role of GC‐B in perinatal neurogenesis. Endocrinology 150: 5520‐5529, 2009.
 336.Muller FB, Erne P, Raine AE, Bolli P, Linder L, Resink TJ, Cottier C, Buhler FR. Atrial antipressor natriuretic peptide: Release mechanisms and vascular action in man. J Hypertens Suppl 4: S109‐S114, 1986.
 337.Maack T, Marion DN, Camargo MJ, Kleinert HD, Laragh JH, Vaughan ED, Jr., Atlas SA. Effects of auriculin (atrial natriuretic factor) on blood pressure, renal function, and the renin‐aldosterone system in dogs. Am J Med 77: 1069‐1075, 1984.
 338.Maack T, Suzuki M, Almeida FA, Nussenzveig D, Scarborough RM, McEnroe GA, Lewicki JA. Physiological role of silent receptors of atrial natriuretic factor. Science 238: 675‐678, 1987.
 339.Nagase M, Katafuchi T, Hirose S, Fujita T. Tissue distribution and localization of natriuretic peptide receptor subtypes in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 15: 1235‐1243, 1997.
 340.Nakagawa M, Tanaka I, Suga S, Ogawa Y, Tamura N, Goto M, Sugawara A, Yoshimasa T, Itoh H, Mukoyama M, et al. Preparation of a monoclonal antibody against mouse brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and tissue distribution of BNP in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl 22: S186‐S187, 1995.
 341.Nakao K, Kuwahara K, Nishikimi T, Nakagawa Y, Kinoshita H, Minami T, Kuwabara Y, Yamada C, Yamada Y, Tokudome T, Nagai‐Okatani C, Minamino N, Nakao YM, Yasuno S, Ueshima K, Sone M, Kimura T, Kangawa K, Nakao K. Endothelium‐Derived C‐type natriuretic peptide contributes to blood pressure regulation by maintaining endothelial integrity. Hypertension 69: 286‐296, 2017.
 342.Nakao K, Okubo Y, Yasoda A, Koyama N, Osawa K, Isobe Y, Kondo E, Fujii T, Miura M, Nakao K, Bessho K. The effects of C‐type natriuretic peptide on craniofacial skeletogenesis. J Dent Res 92: 58‐64, 2013.
 343.Nakao K, Sugawara A, Morii N, Sakamoto M, Yamada T, Itoh H, Shiono S, Saito Y, Nishimura K, Ban T, et al. The pharmacokinetics of alpha‐human atrial natriuretic polypeptide in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 31: 101‐103, 1986.
 344.Nakayama K. Furin: A mammalian subtilisin/Kex2p‐like endoprotease involved in processing of a wide variety of precursor proteins. Biochem J 327(Pt 3): 625‐635, 1997.
 345.Nazario B, Hu RM, Pedram A, Prins B, Levin ER. Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides stimulate the production and secretion of C‐type natriuretic peptide from bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 95: 1151‐1157, 1995.
 346.Nemer M, Lavigne JP, Drouin J, Thibault G, Gannon M, Antakly T. Expression of atrial natriuretic factor gene in heart ventricular tissue. Peptides 7: 1147‐1152, 1986.
 347.Nguyen PV, Smith DL, Leenen FH. Acute volume loading, atrial natriuretic peptide release and cardiac function in healthy men. Effects of beta‐blockade. Life Sci 43: 821‐830, 1988.
 348.Nicholson S, Richards M, Espiner E, Nicholls G, Yandle T. Atrial and brain natriuretic peptide response to exercise in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 20: 535‐540, 1993.
 349.Nielsen SJ, Gotze JP, Jensen HL, Rehfeld JF. ProCNP and CNP are expressed primarily in male genital organs. Regul Pept 146: 204‐212, 2008.
 350.Nielsen SJ, Rehfeld JF, Goetze JP. Mismeasure of C‐type natriuretic peptide. Clin Chem 54: 225‐227, 2008.
 351.Nielsen SJ, Rehfeld JF, Pedersen F, Kastrup J, Videbaek R, Goetze JP. Measurement of pro‐C‐type natriuretic peptide in plasma. Clin Chem 51: 2173‐2176, 2005.
 352.Nishikimi T, Kuwahara K, Nakao K. Current biochemistry, molecular biology, and clinical relevance of natriuretic peptides. J Cardiol 57: 131‐140, 2011.
 353.Nishikimi T, Minamino N, Ikeda M, Takeda Y, Tadokoro K, Shibasaki I, Fukuda H, Horiuchi Y, Oikawa S, Ieiri T, Matsubara M, Ishimitsu T. Diversity of molecular forms of plasma brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure–‐different proBNP‐108 to BNP‐32 ratios in atrial and ventricular overload. Heart 96: 432‐439, 2010.
 354.Nishikimi T, Morimoto A, Ishikawa K, Saito Y, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Kitamura K, Takishita S, Matsuoka H. Different secretion patterns of adrenomedullin, brain natriuretic peptide, and atrial natriuretic peptide during exercise in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Clin Exp Hypertens 19: 503‐518, 1997.
 355.Nishikimi T, Nakagawa Y, Minamino N, Ikeda M, Tabei K, Fujishima A, Takayama K, Akimoto K, Yamada C, Nakao K, Minami T, Kuwabara Y, Kinoshita H, Tsutamoto T, Ishimitsu T, Kangawa K, Kuwahara K, Nakao K. Pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide is cleaved intracellularly: impact of distance between O‐glycosylation and cleavage sites. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 309: R639‐R649, 2015.
 356.Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Yamada Y, Kawai K, Suzuki E, Makishima M, Kitamura T, Shimomura I. Musclin, a novel skeletal muscle‐derived secretory factor. J Biol Chem 279: 19391‐19395, 2004.
 357.Norsk P, Stadeager C, Johansen LB, Warberg J, Bie P, Foldager N, Christensen NJ. Volume‐homeostatic mechanisms in humans during a 12‐h posture change. J Appl Physiol (1985) 75: 349‐356, 1993.
 358.O'Tierney PF, Komolova M, Tse MY, Adams MA, Pang SC. Altered regulation of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and the renal renin‐angiotensin system in the absence of atrial natriuretic peptide. J Hypertens 26: 303‐311, 2008.
 359.Ogawa H, Qiu Y, Ogata CM, Misono KS. Crystal structure of hormone‐bound atrial natriuretic peptide receptor extracellular domain: Rotation mechanism for transmembrane signal transduction. J Biol Chem 279: 28625‐28631, 2004.
 360.Ogawa Y, Itoh H, Tamura N, Suga S, Yoshimasa T, Uehira M, Matsuda S, Shiono S, Nishimoto H, Nakao K. Molecular cloning of the complementary DNA and gene that encode mouse brain natriuretic peptide and generation of transgenic mice that overexpress the brain natriuretic peptide gene. J Clin Invest 93: 1911‐1921, 1994.
 361.Ogawa Y, Itoh H, Yoshitake Y, Inoue M, Yoshimasa T, Serikawa T, Nakao K. Molecular cloning and chromosomal assignment of the mouse C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) gene (Nppc): Comparison with the human CNP gene (NPPC). Genomics 24: 383‐387, 1994.
 362.Ogihara T, Shima J, Hara H, Kumahara Y, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Changes in human plasma atrial natriuretic polypeptide concentration in normal subjects during passive leg raising and whole‐body tilting. Clin Sci (Lond) 71: 147‐150, 1986.
 363.Ogihara T, Shima J, Hara H, Tabuchi Y, Hashizume K, Nagano M, Katahira K, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Kumahara Y. Significant increase in plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic polypeptide concentration during head‐out water immersion. Life Sci 38: 2413‐2418, 1986.
 364.Ohta S, Shimekake Y, Nagata K. Molecular cloning and characterization of a transcription factor for the C‐type natriuretic peptide gene promoter. Eur J Biochem 242: 460‐466, 1996.
 365.Oikawa S, Imai M, Ueno A, Tanaka S, Noguchi T, Nakazato H, Kangawa K, Fukuda A, Matsuo H. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding a precursor for human atrial natriuretic polypeptide. Nature 309: 724‐726, 1984.
 366.Okuya S, Yamashita H. Effects of atrial natriuretic polypeptide on rat hypothalamic neurones in vitro. J Physiol 389: 717‐728, 1987.
 367.Oliver PM, Fox JE, Kim R, Rockman HA, Kim HS, Reddick RL, Pandey KN, Milgram SL, Smithies O, Maeda N. Hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and sudden death in mice lacking natriuretic peptide receptor A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 14730‐14735, 1997.
 368.Oliver PM, John SW, Purdy KE, Kim R, Maeda N, Goy MF, Smithies O. Natriuretic peptide receptor 1 expression influences blood pressures of mice in a dose‐dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 2547‐2551, 1998.
 369.Olney RC. C‐type natriuretic peptide in growth: A new paradigm. Growth Horm IGF Res 16(Suppl A): S6‐S14, 2006.
 370.Olney RC, Bukulmez H, Bartels CF, Prickett TC, Espiner EA, Potter LR, Warman ML. Heterozygous mutations in natriuretic peptide receptor‐B (NPR2) are associated with short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1229‐1232, 2006.
 371.Olney RC, Permuy JW, Prickett TC, Han JC, Espiner EA. Amino‐terminal propeptide of C‐type natriuretic peptide (NTproCNP) predicts height velocity in healthy children. Clin Endocrinol 77: 416‐422, 2012.
 372.Oparil S, Chen YF, Wang RP. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sympathetic outflow in NaCl‐sensitive spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 9: 1177‐1185, 1991.
 373.Opgenorth TJ, Burnett JC, Jr., Granger JP, Scriven TA. Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on renin secretion in nonfiltering kidney. Am J Physiol 250: F798‐F801, 1986.
 374.Oremus M, McKelvie R, Don‐Wauchope A, Santaguida PL, Ali U, Balion C, Hill S, Booth R, Brown JA, Bustamam A, Sohel N, Raina P. A systematic review of BNP and NT‐proBNP in the management of heart failure: Overview and methods. Heart Fail Rev 19: 413‐419, 2014.
 375.Pagano M, Anand‐Srivastava MB. Cytoplasmic domain of natriuretic peptide receptor C constitutes Gi activator sequences that inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity. J Biol Chem 276: 22064‐22070, 2001.
 376.Palmer SC, Prickett TC, Espiner EA, Yandle TG, Richards AM. Regional release and clearance of C‐type natriuretic peptides in the human circulation and relation to cardiac function. Hypertension 54: 612‐618, 2009.
 377.Pankow K, Wang Y, Gembardt F, Krause E, Sun X, Krause G, Schultheiss HP, Siems WE, Walther T. Successive action of meprin A and neprilysin catabolizes B‐type natriuretic peptide. Circ Res 101: 875‐882, 2007.
 378.Parkes DG, Coghlan JP, McDougall JG, Scoggins BA. Hemodynamic effects of atrial natriuretic peptide in conscious sheep. Clin Exp Hypertens A 9: 2143‐2155, 1987.
 379.Parkes DG, Coghlan JP, McDougall JG, Scoggins BA. Long‐term hemodynamic actions of atrial natriuretic factor (99‐126) in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol 254: H811‐H815, 1988.
 380.Parkes DG, Coghlan JP, McDougall JG, Tyers MR, Scoggins BA. Hemodynamic interactions of atrial natriuretic factor with the sympathetic nervous system in sheep. Clin Exp Hypertens A 12: 383‐398, 1990.
 381.Peake NJ, Hobbs AJ, Pingguan‐Murphy B, Salter DM, Berenbaum F, Chowdhury TT. Role of C‐type natriuretic peptide signalling in maintaining cartilage and bone function. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 22: 1800‐1807, 2014.
 382.Pedersen EB, Pedersen HB, Jensen KT. Pulsatile secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in healthy humans. Clin Sci (Lond) 97: 201‐206, 1999.
 383.Pejchalova K, Krejci P, Wilcox WR. C‐natriuretic peptide: An important regulator of cartilage. Mol Genet Metab 92: 210‐215, 2007.
 384.Pemberton CJ, Frampton CM, Aldous S, Bailey M, Young J, Troughton R, Than M, Richards M. B‐type natriuretic peptide signal peptide (BNPsp) in patients presenting with chest pain. Clin Biochem 49: 645‐650, 2016.
 385.Pemberton CJ, Siriwardena M, Kleffmann T, Ruygrok P, Palmer SC, Yandle TG, Richards AM. First identification of circulating prepro‐A‐type natriuretic peptide (preproANP) signal peptide fragments in humans: Initial assessment as cardiovascular biomarkers. Clin Chem 58: 757‐767, 2012.
 386.Pemberton CJ, Yandle TG, Espiner EA. Immunoreactive forms of natriuretic peptides in ovine brain: Response to heart failure. Peptides 23: 2235‐2244, 2002.
 387.Pendergast DR, de Bold AJ, Pazik M, Hong SK. Effect of head‐out immersion on plasma atrial natriuretic factor in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 184: 429‐435, 1987.
 388.Peng JY, Xin HY, Han P, Zhao HB, Bai L, An XP, Cao BY. Identification and gene expression analyses of natriuretic peptide system in the ovary of goat (Capra hircus). Gene 524: 105‐113, 2013.
 389.Pettersson A, Hedner J, Ricksten SE, Towle AC, Hedner T. Acute volume expansion as a physiological stimulus for the release of atrial natriuretic peptides in the rat. Life Sci 38: 1127‐1133, 1986.
 390.Pichet R, Cantin M, Thibault G, Lavallee M. Hemodynamic and renal responses to physiological levels of atrial natriuretic factor in conscious dogs. Hypertension 14: 104‐110, 1989.
 391.Polhemus DJ, Trivedi RK, Gao J, Li Z, Scarborough AL, Goodchild TT, Varner KJ, Xia H, Smart FW, Kapusta DR, Lefer DJ. Renal sympathetic denervation protects the failing heart via inhibition of neprilysin activity in the kidney. J Am Coll Cardiol 70: 2139‐2153, 2017.
 392.Poole CJ, Carter DA, Vallejo M, Lightman SL. Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits the stimulated in‐vivo and in‐vitro release of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat. J Endocrinol 112: 97‐102, 1987.
 393.Potter LR. Guanylyl cyclase structure, function and regulation. Cell Signal 23: 1921‐1926, 2011.
 394.Potter LR. Natriuretic peptide metabolism, clearance and degradation. FEBS J 278: 1808‐1817, 2011.
 395.Potter LR. Regulation and therapeutic targeting of peptide‐activated receptor guanylyl cyclases. Pharmacol Ther 130: 71‐82, 2011.
 396.Potter LR, Abbey‐Hosch S, Dickey DM. Natriuretic peptides, their receptors, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate‐dependent signaling functions. Endocr Rev 27: 47‐72, 2006.
 397.Potter LR, Garbers DL. Dephosphorylation of the guanylyl cyclase‐A receptor causes desensitization. J Biol Chem 267: 14531‐14534, 1992.
 398.Potter LR, Yoder AR, Flora DR, Antos LK, Dickey DM. Natriuretic peptides: Their structures, receptors, physiologic functions and therapeutic applications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 341‐366, 2009.
 399.Prickett TC, Kaaja RJ, Nicholls MG, Espiner EA, Richards AM, Yandle TG. N‐terminal pro‐C‐type natriuretic peptide, but not C‐type natriuretic peptide, is greatly elevated in the fetal circulation. Clin Sci (Lond) 106: 535‐540, 2004.
 400.Prickett TC, Olney RC, Cameron VA, Ellis MJ, Richards AM, Espiner EA. Impact of age, phenotype and cardio‐renal function on plasma C‐type and B‐type natriuretic peptide forms in an adult population. Clin Endocrinol 78: 783‐789, 2013.
 401.Prickett TC, Ryan JF, Wellby M, Barrell GK, Yandle TG, Richards AM, Espiner EA. Effect of nutrition on plasma C‐type natriuretic peptide forms in adult sheep: Evidence for enhanced C‐type natriuretic peptide degradation during caloric restriction. Metabolism 59: 796‐801, 2010.
 402.Prickett TC, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG, Espiner EA, Richards AM. Identification of amino‐terminal pro‐C‐type natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286: 513‐517, 2001.
 403.Rabelink TJ, Koomans HA, Boer P, Gaillard CA, Dorhout Mees EJ. Role of ANP in natriuresis of head‐out immersion in humans. Am J Physiol 257: F375‐F382, 1989.
 404.Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Nakamaru M, Saito H, Shima J, Sakaguchi K, Kumahara Y. Renal interaction of atrial natriuretic peptide with angiotensin II: Glomerular and tubular effects. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 16: 97‐107, 1989.
 405.Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Nakamaru M, Saito H, Shima J, Sakaguchi K, Kumahara Y. Role of angiotensin II in the renal response to atrial natriuretic peptide in normal subjects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 13(Suppl 6): S55‐S58, 1989.
 406.Ralat LA, Guo Q, Ren M, Funke T, Dickey DM, Potter LR, Tang WJ. Insulin‐degrading enzyme modulates the natriuretic peptide‐mediated signaling response. J Biol Chem 286: 4670‐4679, 2011.
 407.Ramos HR, Birkenfeld AL, de Bold AJ. INTERACTING DISCIPLINES: Cardiac natriuretic peptides and obesity: Perspectives from an endocrinologist and a cardiologist. Endocr Connect 4: R25‐R36, 2015.
 408.Rasmussen MS, Simonsen JA, Sandgaard NC, Hoilund‐Carlsen PF, Bie P. Mechanisms of acute natriuresis in normal humans on low sodium diet. J Physiol 546: 591‐603, 2003.
 409.Richard D, Bourque CW. Atrial natriuretic peptide modulates synaptic transmission from osmoreceptor afferents to the supraoptic nucleus. J Neurosci 16: 7526‐7532, 1996.
 410.Richards AM, Januzzi JL, Jr., Troughton RW. Natriuretic peptides in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Fail Clin 10: 453‐470, 2014.
 411.Richards AM, McDonald D, Fitzpatrick MA, Nicholls MG, Espiner EA, Ikram H, Jans S, Grant S, Yandle T. Atrial natriuretic hormone has biological effects in man at physiological plasma concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67: 1134‐1139, 1988.
 412.Richards AM, Rao G, Espiner EA, Yandle T. Interaction of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and atrial natriuretic factor. Hypertension 13: 193‐199, 1989.
 413.Richards AM, Tonolo G, Cleland JG, McIntyre GD, Leckie BJ, Dargie HJ, Ball SG, Robertson JI. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations during exercise in sodium replete and deplete normal man. Clin Sci (Lond) 72: 159‐164, 1987.
 414.Richards AM, Tonolo G, Montorsi P, Finlayson J, Fraser R, Inglis G, Towrie A, Morton JJ. Low dose infusions of 26‐ and 28‐amino acid human atrial natriuretic peptides in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66: 465‐472, 1988.
 415.Richards AM, Tonolo G, Polonia J, Montorsi P. Contrasting plasma atrial natriuretic factor concentrations during comparable natriuresis with infusions of atrial natriuretic factor and saline in normal man. Clin Sci (Lond) 75: 455‐462, 1988.
 416.Rollin R, Mediero A, Roldan‐Pallares M, Fernandez‐Cruz A, Fernandez‐Durango R. Natriuretic peptide system in the human retina. Mol Vis 10: 15‐22, 2004.
 417.Rose RA, Giles WR. Natriuretic peptide C receptor signalling in the heart and vasculature. J Physiol 586: 353‐366, 2008.
 418.Rosen SM. Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on renal haemodynamics. Br J Anaesth 44: 252‐258, 1972.
 419.Rubattu S, Sciarretta S, Morriello A, Calvieri C, Battistoni A, Volpe M. NPR‐C: A component of the natriuretic peptide family with implications in human diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 88: 889‐897, 2010.
 420.Ruskoaho H. Atrial natriuretic peptide: Synthesis, release, and metabolism. Pharmacol Rev 44: 479‐602, 1992.
 421.Ruskoaho H, Tholken H, Lang RE. Increase in atrial pressure releases atrial natriuretic peptide from isolated perfused rat hearts. Pflugers Arch 407: 170‐174, 1986.
 422.Ryan MC, Gundlach AL. Differential regulation of angiotensinogen and natriuretic peptide mRNAs in rat brain by osmotic stimulation: focus on anterior hypothalamus and supraoptic nucleus. Peptides 18: 1365‐1375, 1997.
 423.Ryan MC, Shen PJ, Gundlach AL. Angiotensinogen and natriuretic peptide mRNAs in rat brain: Localization and differential regulation by adrenal steroids in hypothalamus. Peptides 18: 495‐504, 1997.
 424.Rybkin, II, Kim MS, Bezprozvannaya S, Qi X, Richardson JA, Plato CF, Hill JA, Bassel‐Duby R, Olson EN. Regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide secretion by a novel Ras‐like protein. J Cell Biol 179: 527‐537, 2007.
 425.Sabbah HN. Silent disease progression in clinically stable heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 19: 469‐478, 2017.
 426.Sabrane K, Kruse MN, Fabritz L, Zetsche B, Mitko D, Skryabin BV, Zwiener M, Baba HA, Yanagisawa M, Kuhn M. Vascular endothelium is critically involved in the hypotensive and hypovolemic actions of atrial natriuretic peptide. J Clin Invest 115: 1666‐1674, 2005.
 427.Sag SO, Gorukmez O, Topak A, Gorukmez O, Ture M, Sahinturk S, Gulten T, Yakut T. A novel mutation in Npr2 gene in a patient with acromesomelic dysplasia, maroteaux type. Genet Couns 26: 219‐225, 2015.
 428.Sagnella GA, Markandu ND, Buckley MG, Miller MA, Singer DR, MacGregor GA. Hormonal responses to gradual changes in dietary sodium intake in humans. Am J Physiol 256: R1171‐R1175, 1989.
 429.Sagnella GA, Markandu ND, Shore AC, Forsling ML, MacGregor GA. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide: Its relationship to changes in sodium intake, plasma renin activity and aldosterone in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 72: 25‐30, 1987.
 430.Sagnella GA, Markandu ND, Shore AC, MacGregor GA. Effects of changes in dietary sodium intake and saline infusion on immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Lancet 2: 1208‐1211, 1985.
 431.Sagnella GA, Markandu ND, Shore AC, MacGregor GA. Plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide and changes in dietary sodium intake in man. Life Sci 40: 139‐143, 1987.
 432.Sagnella GA, Singer DR, Markandu ND, MacGregor GA, Shirley DG, Tremblay J, Hamet P. Atrial natriuretic peptide‐–cyclic GMP coupling and urinary sodium excretion during acute volume expansion in man. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 68: 535‐538, 1990.
 433.Saito Y, Nakao K, Arai H, Nishimura K, Okumura K, Obata K, Takemura G, Fujiwara H, Sugawara A, Yamada T, et al. Augmented expression of atrial natriuretic polypeptide gene in ventricle of human failing heart. J Clin Invest 83: 298‐305, 1989.
 434.Saito Y, Nakao K, Itoh H, Yamada T, Mukoyama M, Arai H, Hosoda K, Shirakami G, Suga S, Minamino N, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide is a novel cardiac hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 158: 360‐368, 1989.
 435.Saito Y, Nakao K, Morii N, Sugawara A, Shiono S, Yamada T, Itoh H, Sakamoto M, Kurahashi K, Fujiwara M, et al. Bay K 8644, a voltage‐sensitive calcium channel agonist, facilitates secretion of atrial natriuretic polypeptide from isolated perfused rat hearts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 138: 1170‐1176, 1986.
 436.Salazar FJ, Romero JC, Burnett JC, Jr., Schryver S, Granger JP. Atrial natriuretic peptide levels during acute and chronic saline loading in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 251: R499‐R503, 1986.
 437.Samson WK, Aguila MC, Martinovic J, Antunes‐Rodrigues J, Norris M. Hypothalamic action of atrial natriuretic factor to inhibit vasopressin secretion. Peptides 8: 449‐454, 1987.
 438.Sandow SL, Tare M. C‐type natriuretic peptide: A new endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor? Trends Pharmacol Sci 28: 61‐67, 2007.
 439.Santhekadur PK, Kumar DP, Seneshaw M, Mirshahi F, Sanyal AJ. The multifaceted role of natriuretic peptides in metabolic syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 92: 826‐835, 2017.
 440.Sato F, Kamoi K, Wakiya Y, Ozawa T, Arai O, Ishibashi M, Yamaji T. Relationship between plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels and atrial pressure in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63: 823‐827, 1986.
 441.Scallan JP, Davis MJ, Huxley VH. Permeability and contractile responses of collecting lymphatic vessels elicited by atrial and brain natriuretic peptides. J Physiol 591: 5071‐5081, 2013.
 442.Scheuer DA, Thrasher TN, Quillen EW, Jr., Metzler CH, Ramsay DJ. Atrial natriuretic peptide blocks renin response to renal hypotension. Am J Physiol 252: R423‐R427, 1987.
 443.Schmidt H, Stonkute A, Juttner R, Koesling D, Friebe A, Rathjen FG. C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a bifurcation factor for sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 16847‐16852, 2009.
 444.Schouten BJ, Prickett TC, Hooper AA, Hooper GJ, Yandle TG, Richards AM, Espiner EA. Central and peripheral forms of C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP): Evidence for differential regulation in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Peptides 32: 797‐804, 2011.
 445.Schouten BJ, Prickett TC, Hunt PJ, Richards AM, Geffner ME, Olney RC, Espiner EA. C‐type natriuretic peptide forms in adult hyperthyroidism: Correlation with thyroid hormones and markers of bone turnover. Clin Endocrinol 76: 790‐796, 2012.
 446.Schultz HD, Gardner DG, Deschepper CF, Coleridge HM, Coleridge JC. Vagal C‐fiber blockade abolishes sympathetic inhibition by atrial natriuretic factor. Am J Physiol 255: R6‐R13, 1988.
 447.Schultz HD, Steele MK, Gardner DG. Central administration of atrial peptide decreases sympathetic outflow in rats. Am J Physiol 258: R1250‐R1256, 1990.
 448.Schulz S, Singh S, Bellet RA, Singh G, Tubb DJ, Chin H, Garbers DL. The primary structure of a plasma membrane guanylate cyclase demonstrates diversity within this new receptor family. Cell 58: 1155‐1162, 1989.
 449.Schutten HJ, Johannessen AC, Torp‐Pedersen C, Sander‐Jensen K, Bie P, Warberg J. Central venous pressure–‐a physiological stimulus for secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide in humans? Acta Physiol Scand 131: 265‐272, 1987.
 450.Schwab TR, Edwards BS, Heublein DM, Burnett JC, Jr. Role of atrial natriuretic peptide in volume‐expansion natriuresis. Am J Physiol 251: R310‐R313, 1986.
 451.Seilhamer JJ, Arfsten A, Miller JA, Lundquist P, Scarborough RM, Lewicki JA, Porter JG. Human and canine gene homologs of porcine brain natriuretic peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165: 650‐658, 1989.
 452.Sellitti DF, Doi SQ. Regulation of natriuretic peptide receptors by thyrotropin in FRTL‐5 rat thyroid cells: evidence for nonguanylate cyclase atrial natriuretic factor‐binding sites in cells lacking the natriuretic peptide receptor C. Endocrinology 140: 1365‐1374, 1999.
 453.Sellitti DF, Koles N, Mendonca MC. Regulation of C‐type natriuretic peptide expression. Peptides 32: 1964‐1971, 2011.
 454.Sellitti DF, Puggina E, Lagranha C, Doi SQ. cAMP inhibits natriuretic peptide receptor‐B activity and increases C‐type natriuretic peptide in FRTL‐5 rat thyroid cells. J Endocrinol 180: 23‐34, 2004.
 455.Semenov AG, Seferian KR. Biochemistry of the human B‐type natriuretic peptide precursor and molecular aspects of its processing. Clin Chim Acta 412: 850‐860, 2011.
 456.Sergeeva IA, Hooijkaas IB, Ruijter JM, van der Made I, de Groot NE, van de Werken HJ, Creemers EE, Christoffels VM. Identification of a regulatory domain controlling the Nppa‐Nppb gene cluster during heart development and stress. Development 143: 2135‐2146, 2016.
 457.Sezai A, Shiono M. Natriuretic peptides for perioperative management of cardiac surgery. J Cardiol 67: 15‐21, 2016.
 458.Shapiro F, Barone L, Johnson A, Flynn E. The cn/cn dwarf mouse. Histomorphometric, ultrastructural, and radiographic study in mutants corresponding to human acromesomelic dysplasia Maroteaux type (AMDM). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 15: 347, 2014.
 459.Shapiro JT, DeLeonardis VM, Needleman P, Hintze TH. Integrated cardiac and peripheral vascular response to atriopeptin 24 in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 251: H1292‐H1297, 1986.
 460.Shaw SG, Weidmann P. Potential pitfalls in the radioimmunoassay of physiological plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide. Z Kardiol 77(Suppl 2): 26‐30, 1988.
 461.Shenker Y. Atrial natriuretic hormone effect on renal function and aldosterone secretion in sodium depletion. Am J Physiol 255: R867‐R873, 1988.
 462.Shenker Y. Atrial natriuretic hormone and aldosterone regulation in salt‐depleted state. Am J Physiol 257: E583‐E587, 1989.
 463.Shenker Y, Sider RS, Ostafin EA, Grekin RJ. Plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor in healthy subjects and in patients with edema. J Clin Invest 76: 1684‐1687, 1985.
 464.Shimizu H, Masuta K, Asada H, Sugita K, Sairenji T. Characterization of molecular forms of probrain natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Clin Chim Acta 334: 233‐239, 2003.
 465.Shin Y, Lohmeier TE, Hester RL, Kivlighn SD, Smith MJ, Jr. Hormonal and circulatory responses to chronically controlled increments in right atrial pressure. Am J Physiol 261: R1176‐R1187, 1991.
 466.Shiono S, Nakao K, Morii N, Yamada T, Itoh H, Sakamoto M, Sugawara A, Saito Y, Katsuura G, Imura H. Nature of atrial natriuretic polypeptide in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 135: 728‐734, 1986.
 467.Shirataka M, Marumo F, Ando K, Sato T. Response of atrial natriuretic peptide in plasma and urine to changes in dietary intake of sodium chloride in man. Jpn J Physiol 38: 677‐687, 1988.
 468.Simons JE, Don‐Wauchope AC. Evaluation of natriuretic peptide recommendations in heart failure clinical practice guidelines. Clin Biochem 49: 8‐15, 2016.
 469.Siriwardena M, Kleffmann T, Ruygrok P, Cameron VA, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG, Richards AM, Pemberton CJ. B‐type natriuretic peptide signal peptide circulates in human blood: Evaluation as a potential biomarker of cardiac ischemia. Circulation 122: 255‐264, 2010.
 470.Smith S, Anderson S, Ballermann BJ, Brenner BM. Role of atrial natriuretic peptide in adaptation of sodium excretion with reduced renal mass. J Clin Invest 77: 1395‐1398, 1986.
 471.Solhaug MJ, Granger JP. Effect of sodium intake on fasting and postprandial levels of atrial natriuretic factor in humans. Life Sci 45: 931‐937, 1989.
 472.Solomon LR, Atherton JC, Bobinski H, Hillier V, Green R. Effect of low dose infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide on renal function in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 75: 403‐410, 1988.
 473.Song W, Wang H, Wu Q. Atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular biology and disease (NPPA). Gene 569: 1‐6, 2015.
 474.Sorensen SS, Danielsen H, Amdisen A, Pedersen EB. Atrial natriuretic peptide and exaggerated natriuresis during acute hypertonic volume expansion in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 7: 21‐29, 1989.
 475.Stadeager C, Johansen LB, Warberg J, Christensen NJ, Foldager N, Bie P, Norsk P. Circulation, kidney function, and volume‐regulating hormones during prolonged water immersion in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 73: 530‐538, 1992.
 476.Standaert DG, Cechetto DF, Needleman P, Saper CB. Inhibition of the firing of vasopressin neurons by atriopeptin. Nature 329: 151‐153, 1987.
 477.Standaert DG, Needleman P, Day ML, Weigand R, Krause JE. Expression of the gene for preproatriopeptin in the central nervous system of the rat. Brain Res 464: 7‐13, 1988.
 478.Standaert DG, Needleman P, Saper CB. Organization of atriopeptin‐like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 253: 315‐341, 1986.
 479.Standaert DG, Saper CB. Origin of the atriopeptin‐like immunoreactive innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Neurosci 8: 1940‐1950, 1988.
 480.Steele IC, McDowell G, Moore A, Campbell NP, Shaw C, Buchanan KD, Nicholls DP. Responses of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure and normal control subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 27: 270‐276, 1997.
 481.Steinhelper ME. Structure, expression, and genomic mapping of the mouse natriuretic peptide type‐B gene. Circ Res 72: 984‐992, 1993.
 482.Steinhelper ME, Cochrane KL, Field LJ. Hypotension in transgenic mice expressing atrial natriuretic factor fusion genes. Hypertension 16: 301‐307, 1990.
 483.Stepan H, Leitner E, Siems WE, Maul B, Walther T. mRNA quantification of C‐type natriuretic peptide in brain areas of rodents. Peptides 20: 1243‐1245, 1999.
 484.Stephenson SL, Kenny AJ. The hydrolysis of alpha‐human atrial natriuretic peptide by pig kidney microvillar membranes is initiated by endopeptidase‐24.11. Biochem J 243: 183‐187, 1987.
 485.Stewart JM, Dean R, Brown M, Diasparra D, Zeballos GA, Schustek M, Gewitz MH, Thompson CI, Hintze TH. Bilateral atrial appendectomy abolishes increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide release and blunts sodium and water excretion during volume loading in conscious dogs. Circ Res 70: 724‐732, 1992.
 486.Stingo AJ, Clavell AL, Heublein DM, Wei CM, Pittelkow MR, Burnett JC, Jr. Presence of C‐type natriuretic peptide in cultured human endothelial cells and plasma. Am J Physiol 263: H1318‐H1321, 1992.
 487.Struthers AD, Anderson JV, Causon RC, Christofides ND, Bloom SR. The effect of human atrial natriuretic peptide on urinary sodium and urinary dopamine excretion in man. J Hypertens Suppl 3: S315‐S317, 1985.
 488.Suda M, Tanaka K, Fukushima M, Natsui K, Yasoda A, Komatsu Y, Ogawa Y, Itoh H, Nakao K. C‐type natriuretic peptide as an autocrine/paracrine regulator of osteoblast. Evidence for possible presence of bone natriuretic peptide system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 223: 1‐6, 1996.
 489.Sudhir K, Friberg P, Meredith IT, Woods RL, Esler MD, Jennings GL. Cardiac secretion and renal clearance of atrial natriuretic peptide in normal man: Effect of salt restriction. Clin Sci (Lond) 77: 605‐610, 1989.
 490.Sudoh T, Kangawa K, Minamino N, Matsuo H. A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain. Nature 332: 78‐81, 1988.
 491.Sudoh T, Maekawa K, Kojima M, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding a precursor for human brain natriuretic peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 159: 1427‐1434, 1989.
 492.Sudoh T, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Brain natriuretic peptide‐32: N‐terminal six amino acid extended form of brain natriuretic peptide identified in porcine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155: 726‐732, 1988.
 493.Sudoh T, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP): A new member of natriuretic peptide family identified in porcine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 168: 863‐870, 1990.
 494.Suga S, Itoh H, Komatsu Y, Ogawa Y, Hama N, Yoshimasa T, Nakao K. Cytokine‐induced C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) secretion from vascular endothelial cells–‐evidence for CNP as a novel autocrine/paracrine regulator from endothelial cells. Endocrinology 133: 3038‐3041, 1993.
 495.Suga S, Nakao K, Itoh H, Komatsu Y, Ogawa Y, Hama N, Imura H. Endothelial production of C‐type natriuretic peptide and its marked augmentation by transforming growth factor‐beta. Possible existence of “vascular natriuretic peptide system.” J Clin Invest 90: 1145‐1149, 1992.
 496.Sugawara A, Nakao K, Itoh H, Yamada T, Saito Y, Mukoyama M, Arai H, Hosoda K, Shirakami G, Morii N, et al. Cosecretion of peptides derived from gamma‐human atrial natriuretic polypeptide in normal volunteers and patients with essential hypertension and adrenal disorders. J Hypertens Suppl 6: S327‐S329, 1988.
 497.Sugawara A, Nakao K, Morii N, Sakamoto M, Horii K, Shimokura M, Kiso Y, Nishimura K, Ban T, Kihara M, Yamori Y, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Imura H. Significance of alpha‐human atrial natriuretic polypeptide as a hormone in humans. Hypertension 8: I‐151‐I‐155, 1986.
 498.Sun F, Zhou K, Wang SJ, Liang PF, Zhu MZ, Qiu JH. Expression patterns of atrial natriuretic peptide and its receptors within the cochlear spiral ganglion of the postnatal rat. Hear Res 309: 103‐112, 2014.
 499.Sundsfjord JA, Thibault G, Larochelle P, Cantin M. Identification and plasma concentrations of the N‐terminal fragment of proatrial natriuretic factor in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66: 605‐610, 1988.
 500.Suzuki M, Kitano H, Kitanishi T, Yazawa Y, Kitajima K, Takeda T, Kimura H, Tooyama I. RT‐PCR analysis of mRNA expression of natriuretic peptide family and their receptors in rat inner ear. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 55: 165‐168, 1998.
 501.Takei Y. Structural and functional evolution of the natriuretic peptide system in vertebrates. Int Rev Cytol 194: 1‐66, 2000.
 502.Takei Y. Does the natriuretic peptide system exist throughout the animal and plant kingdom? Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 129: 559‐573, 2001.
 503.Takei Y. Exploring novel hormones essential for seawater adaptation in teleost fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 157: 3‐13, 2008.
 504.Takei Y, Hiroi J, Takahashi H, Sakamoto T. Diverse mechanisms for body fluid regulation in teleost fishes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 307: R778‐R792, 2014.
 505.Takei Y, Inoue K, Trajanovska S, Donald JA. B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP), not ANP, is the principal cardiac natriuretic peptide in vertebrates as revealed by comparative studies. Gen Comp Endocrinol 171: 258‐266, 2011.
 506.Takei Y, Kawakoshi A, Tsukada T, Yuge S, Ogoshi M, Inoue K, Hyodo S, Bannai H, Miyano S. Contribution of comparative fish studies to general endocrinology: Structure and function of some osmoregulatory hormones. J Exp Zool A Comp Exp Biol 305: 787‐798, 2006.
 507.Tamura N, Doolittle LK, Hammer RE, Shelton JM, Richardson JA, Garbers DL. Critical roles of the guanylyl cyclase B receptor in endochondral ossification and development of female reproductive organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 17300‐17305, 2004.
 508.Tamura N, Ogawa Y, Chusho H, Nakamura K, Nakao K, Suda M, Kasahara M, Hashimoto R, Katsuura G, Mukoyama M, Itoh H, Saito Y, Tanaka I, Otani H, Katsuki M. Cardiac fibrosis in mice lacking brain natriuretic peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97: 4239‐4244, 2000.
 509.Tateyama H, Hino J, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Minamino T, Sakai K, Ogihara T, Matsuo H. Concentrations and molecular forms of human brain natriuretic peptide in plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 185: 760‐767, 1992.
 510.Tateyama H, Hino J, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Ogihara T, Matsuo H. Characterization of immunoreactive brain natriuretic peptide in human cardiac atrium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 166: 1080‐1087, 1990.
 511.Theilig F, Wu Q. ANP‐induced signaling cascade and its implications in renal pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 308: F1047‐F1055, 2015.
 512.Thomas CJ, Woods RL. Haemodynamic action of B‐type natriuretic peptide substantially outlasts its plasma half‐life in conscious dogs. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 30: 369‐375, 2003.
 513.Thomas G, Moffatt P, Salois P, Gaumond MH, Gingras R, Godin E, Miao D, Goltzman D, Lanctot C. Osteocrin, a novel bone‐specific secreted protein that modulates the osteoblast phenotype. J Biol Chem 278: 50563‐50571, 2003.
 514.Thompson IR, Chand AN, Jonas KC, Burrin JM, Steinhelper ME, Wheeler‐Jones CP, McArdle CA, Fowkes RC. Molecular characterisation and functional interrogation of a local natriuretic peptide system in rodent pituitaries, alphaT3‐1 and LbetaT2 gonadotroph cells. J Endocrinol 203: 215‐229, 2009.
 515.Thompson IR, Chand AN, King PJ, Ansorge O, Karavitaki N, Jones CA, Rahmutula D, Gardner DG, Zivkovic V, Wheeler‐Jones CP, McGonnell IM, Korbonits M, Anderson RA, Wass JA, McNeilly AS, Fowkes RC. Expression of guanylyl cyclase‐B (GC‐B/NPR2) receptors in normal human fetal pituitaries and human pituitary adenomas implicates a role for C‐type natriuretic peptide. Endocr Relat Cancer 19: 497‐508, 2012.
 516.Thoren P, Mark AL, Morgan DA, O'Neill TP, Needleman P, Brody MJ. Activation of vagal depressor reflexes by atriopeptins inhibits renal sympathetic nerve activity. Am J Physiol 251: H1252‐H1259, 1986.
 517.Tian X, Tian Y, Gawlak G, Sarich N, Wu T, Birukova AA. Control of vascular permeability by atrial natriuretic peptide via a GEF‐H1‐dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 289: 5168‐5183, 2014.
 518.Tikkanen T, Tikkanen I, Fyhrquist F. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in DOCA‐NaCl‐treated rats. Acta Physiol Scand 129: 151‐155, 1987.
 519.Togashi K, Kameya T, Ando K, Marumo F, Kawakami M. Brain natriuretic peptides in human plasma, spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chim Acta 201: 193‐200, 1991.
 520.Tonne JM, Holditch SJ, Oehler EA, Schreiber CA, Ikeda Y, Cataliotti A. Cardiac BNP gene delivery prolongs survival in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats with overt hypertensive heart disease. Aging (Albany NY) 6: 311‐319, 2014.
 521.Toop T, Donald JA. Comparative aspects of natriuretic peptide physiology in non‐mammalian vertebrates: A review. J Comp Physiol [B] 174: 189‐204, 2004.
 522.Totsune K, Takahashi K, Murakami O, Satoh F, Sone M, Mouri T. Elevated plasma C‐type natriuretic peptide concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 87: 319‐322, 1994.
 523.Trippodo NC, Barbee RW. Atrial natriuretic factor decreases whole‐body capillary absorption in rats. Am J Physiol 252: R915‐R920, 1987.
 524.Tsuji T, Kiyosu C, Akiyama K, Kunieda T. CNP/NPR2 signaling maintains oocyte meiotic arrest in early antral follicles and is suppressed by EGFR‐mediated signaling in preovulatory follicles. Mol Reprod Dev 79: 795‐802, 2012.
 525.Tsuji T, Kunieda T. A loss‐of‐function mutation in natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (Npr2) gene is responsible for disproportionate dwarfism in cn/cn mouse. J Biol Chem 280: 14288‐14292, 2005.
 526.Tuchelt H, Eschenhagen G, Bahr V, Schwietzer G, Thiede HM, Oelkers W. Role of atrial natriuretic factor in changes in the responsiveness of aldosterone to angiotensin II secondary to sodium loading and depletion in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 79: 57‐65, 1990.
 527.Tucker VL, Simanonok KE, Renkin EM. Tissue‐specific effects of physiological ANP infusion on blood‐tissue albumin transport. Am J Physiol 263: R945‐R953, 1992.
 528.Tulassay T, Ruskoaho H, Toth M, Rascher W. Atrial natriuretic peptide in volume expansion‐induced natriuresis in man. Clin Exp Hypertens A 10: 363‐380, 1988.
 529.Uehlinger DE, Weidmann P, Gnadinger MP, Hasler L, Bachmann C, Shaw S, Hellmuller B, Lang RE. Increase in circulating insulin induced by atrial natriuretic peptide in normal humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 8: 1122‐1129, 1986.
 530.van den Akker F, Zhang X, Miyagi M, Huo X, Misono KS, Yee VC. Structure of the dimerized hormone‐binding domain of a guanylyl‐cyclase‐coupled receptor. Nature 406: 101‐104, 2000.
 531.van der Zander K, Houben AJ, Hofstra L, Kroon AA, de Leeuw PW. Hemodynamic and renal effects of low‐dose brain natriuretic peptide infusion in humans: A randomized, placebo‐controlled crossover study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285: H1206‐H1212, 2003.
 532.van der Zander K, Houben AJ, Kroon AA, Wierema TK, Fuss‐Lejeune MJ, Koster D, de Leeuw PW. Does brain natriuretic peptide have a direct renal effect in human hypertensives? Hypertension 41: 119‐123, 2003.
 533.Vanneste Y, Michel A, Dimaline R, Najdovski T, Deschodt‐Lanckman M. Hydrolysis of alpha‐human atrial natriuretic peptide in vitro by human kidney membranes and purified endopeptidase‐24.11. Evidence for a novel cleavage site. Biochem J 254: 531‐537, 1988.
 534.Vari RC, Freeman RH, Davis JO, Villarreal D, Verburg KM. Effect of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on aldosterone secretion in the rat. Am J Physiol 251: R48‐R52, 1986.
 535.Vasques GA, Amano N, Docko AJ, Funari MF, Quedas EP, Nishi MY, Arnhold IJ, Hasegawa T, Jorge AA. Heterozygous mutations in natriuretic peptide receptor‐B (NPR2) gene as a cause of short stature in patients initially classified as idiopathic short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: E1636‐E1644, 2013.
 536.Verburg KM, Freeman RH, Davis JO, Villarreal D, Vari RC. Control of atrial natriuretic factor release in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 251: R947‐R956, 1986.
 537.Vesely DL. Natriuretic peptides and acute renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 285: F167‐F177, 2003.
 538.Vesely DL. Natriuretic hormones. In: Alpern RJH, S.C, editors. Seldn and Giebisch's The Kidney. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008, pp. 947‐975.
 539.Vesely DL, Blankenship M, Douglass MA, McCormick MT, Rodriguez‐Paz G, Schocken DD. Atrial natriuretic peptide increases adrenomedullin in the circulation of healthy humans. Life Sci 59: 243‐254, 1996.
 540.Villar IC, Panayiotou CM, Sheraz A, Madhani M, Scotland RS, Nobles M, Kemp‐Harper B, Ahluwalia A, Hobbs AJ. Definitive role for natriuretic peptide receptor‐C in mediating the vasorelaxant activity of C‐type natriuretic peptide and endothelium‐derived hyperpolarising factor. Cardiovasc Res 74: 515‐525, 2007.
 541.Vollmar AM, Gerbes AL, Nemer M, Schulz R. Detection of C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) transcript in the rat heart and immune organs. Endocrinology 132: 1872‐1874, 1993.
 542.Vollmar AM, Schulz R. Expression and differential regulation of natriuretic peptides in mouse macrophages. J Clin Invest 95: 2442‐2450, 1995.
 543.Vollmar AM, Wolf R, Schulz R. Co‐expression of the natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP) and their receptors in normal and acutely involuted rat thymus. J Neuroimmunol 57: 117‐127, 1995.
 544.Volpe M. Natriuretic peptides and cardio‐renal disease. Int J Cardiol 176: 630‐639, 2014.
 545.Volpe M, Carnovali M, Mastromarino V. The natriuretic peptides system in the pathophysiology of heart failure: From molecular basis to treatment. Clin Sci (Lond) 130: 57‐77, 2016.
 546.Volpe M, Rubattu S. Novel insights into the mechanisms regulating pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide cleavage in the heart and blood pressure regulation: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin 6 is the corin activating enzyme. Circ Res 118: 196‐198, 2016.
 547.Volpe M, Rubattu S, Burnett J, Jr. Natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular diseases: Current use and perspectives. Eur Heart J 35: 419‐425, 2014.
 548.Waldman SA, Rapoport RM, Murad F. Atrial natriuretic factor selectively activates particulate guanylate cyclase and elevates cyclic GMP in rat tissues. J Biol Chem 259: 14332‐14334, 1984.
 549.Walker LA, Buscemi‐Bergin M, Gellai M. Renal hemodynamics in conscious rats: Effects of anesthesia, surgery, and recovery. Am J Physiol 245: F67‐F74, 1983.
 550.Wallen T, Landahl S, Hedner T, Saito Y, Masuda I, Nakao K. Brain natriuretic peptide in an elderly population. J Intern Med 242: 307‐311, 1997.
 551.Wambach G, Koch J. BNP plasma levels during acute volume expansion and chronic sodium loading in normal men. Clin Exp Hypertens 17: 619‐629, 1995.
 552.Wambach G, Schittenhelm U, Stimpel M, Bonner G, Kaufmann W. Natriuretic action of ANP is blunted by ACE inhibition in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 13: 748‐753, 1989.
 553.Wambach G, Stimpel M, Bonner G, Degenhardt S, Kaufmann W. Impact of acute and chronic sodium loading on atrial natriuretic peptide and renin in man. J Endocrinol Invest 12: 679‐684, 1989.
 554.Wang H, Zhou T, Peng J, Xu P, Dong N, Chen S, Wu Q. Distinct roles of N‐glycosylation at different sites of corin in cell membrane targeting and ectodomain shedding. J Biol Chem 290: 1654‐1663, 2015.
 555.Wang SR, Jacobsen CM, Carmichael H, Edmund AB, Robinson JW, Olney RC, Miller TC, Moon JE, Mericq V, Potter LR, Warman ML, Hirschhorn JN, Dauber A. Heterozygous mutations in natriuretic peptide receptor‐B (NPR2) gene as a cause of short stature. Human mutation 36: 474‐481, 2015.
 556.Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Leip EP, Omland T, Wolf PA, Vasan RS. Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med 350: 655‐663, 2004.
 557.Wang W, Shen J, Cui Y, Jiang J, Chen S, Peng J, Wu Q. Impaired sodium excretion and salt‐sensitive hypertension in corin‐deficient mice. Kidney Int 82: 26‐33, 2012.
 558.Wei CM, Heublein DM, Perrella MA, Lerman A, Rodeheffer RJ, McGregor CG, Edwards WD, Schaff HV, Burnett JC, Jr. Natriuretic peptide system in human heart failure. Circulation 88: 1004‐1009, 1993.
 559.Wei CM, Hu S, Miller VM, Burnett JC, Jr. Vascular actions of C‐type natriuretic peptide in isolated porcine coronary arteries and coronary vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 205: 765‐771, 1994.
 560.Wei CM, Aarhus LL, Miller VM, Burnett JC, Jr. Action of C‐type natriuretic peptide in isolated canine arteries and veins. Am J Physiol 264: H71‐H73, 1993.
 561.Weidmann P, Hasler L, Gnadinger MP, Lang RE, Uehlinger DE, Shaw S, Rascher W, Reubi FC. Blood levels and renal effects of atrial natriuretic peptide in normal man. J Clin Invest 77: 734‐742, 1986.
 562.Weidmann P, Hellmueller B, Uehlinger DE, Lang RE, Gnaedinger MP, Hasler L, Shaw S, Bachmann C. Plasma levels and cardiovascular, endocrine, and excretory effects of atrial natriuretic peptide during different sodium intakes in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62: 1027‐1036, 1986.
 563.Weil J, Lang RE, Suttmann H, Rampf U, Bidlingmaier F, Gerzer R. Concomitant increase in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and cyclic GMP during volume loading. Klin Wochenschr 63: 1265‐1268, 1985.
 564.Widgren BR, Hedner T, Hedner J, Berglund G, Wikstrand J, Andersson OK. Resting and volume‐stimulated circulating atrial natriuretic peptide in young normotensive men with positive family histories of hypertension. J Hypertens 9: 139‐146, 1991.
 565.Wiggins AK, Shen PJ, Gundlach AL. Atrial natriuretic peptide expression is increased in rat cerebral cortex following spreading depression: possible contribution to sd‐induced neuroprotection. Neuroscience 118: 715‐726, 2003.
 566.Wijeyaratne CN, Moult PJ. The effect of alpha human atrial natriuretic peptide on plasma volume and vascular permeability in normotensive subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 343‐346, 1993.
 567.Wilcox JN, Augustine A, Goeddel DV, Lowe DG. Differential regional expression of three natriuretic peptide receptor genes within primate tissues. Mol Cell Biol 11: 3454‐3462, 1991.
 568.Wilkins MR, Gammage MD, Lewis HM, Bun Tan L, Weissberg PL. Effect of lower body positive pressure on blood pressure, plasma atrial natriuretic factor concentration, and sodium and water excretion in healthy volunteers and cardiac transplant recipients. Cardiovasc Res 22: 231‐235, 1988.
 569.Wilkins MR, Gammage MD, Tan LB, Kendall MJ, Lote CJ, Weissberg PL, Littler WA. Effect of lower‐body positive pressure on atrial dimension and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration. J Hypertens 4: S500‐S502, 1986.
 570.Wilkins MR, Kendall MJ, Lote CJ, West MJ, Wood JA. Partial attenuation of the renal response to high dose infusion of atrial nariuretic peptide by carbidopa? J Hypertens 4: S83‐S85, 1986.
 571.Wilkins MR, Unwin RJ, Kenny AJ. Endopeptidase‐24.11 and its inhibitors: Potential therapeutic agents for edematous disorders and hypertension. Kidney Int 43: 273‐285, 1993.
 572.Wilson MO, Barrell GK, Prickett TC, Espiner EA. Sustained increases in plasma C‐type natriuretic peptides fail to increase concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: Evidence from pregnant sheep. Peptides 69: 103‐108, 2015.
 573.Wilson MO, Barrell GK, Prickett TCR, Espiner EA. Molecular forms of C‐type natriuretic peptide in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma reflect differential processing in brain and pituitary tissues. Peptides 99: 223‐230, 2017.
 574.Winquist RJ, Faison EP, Waldman SA, Schwartz K, Murad F, Rapoport RM. Atrial natriuretic factor elicits an endothelium‐independent relaxation and activates particulate guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81: 7661‐7664, 1984.
 575.Woodard GE, Rosado JA, Brown J. Expression and control of C‐type natriuretic peptide in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282: R156‐R165, 2002.
 576.Woods RL, Jones MJ. Atrial, B‐type, and C‐type natriuretic peptides cause mesenteric vasoconstriction in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 276: R1443‐R1452, 1999.
 577.Woolf AS, Lyon TL, Hoffbrand BI, Cohen SL, Moult PJ. Effects of physiological infusion of atrial natriuretic factor on healthy subjects and patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Nephron 52: 244‐250, 1989.
 578.Wu C, Wu F, Pan J, Morser J, Wu Q. Furin‐mediated processing of Pro‐C‐type natriuretic peptide. J Biol Chem 278: 25847‐25852, 2003.
 579.Wu F, Yan W, Pan J, Morser J, Wu Q. Processing of pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide by corin in cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 277: 16900‐16905, 2002.
 580.Xi G, An L, Jia Z, Tan K, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhang C, Miao K, Wu Z, Tian J. Natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) localized in bovine oocyte underlies a unique mechanism for C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP)‐induced meiotic arrest. Theriogenology 106: 198‐209, 2018.
 581.Xin W, Lin Z, Mi S. Does B‐type natriuretic peptide‐guided therapy improve outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart Fail Rev 20: 69‐80, 2015.
 582.Yamaji T, Ishibashi M, Takaku F. Atrial natriuretic factor in human blood. J Clin Invest 76: 1705‐1709, 1985.
 583.Yamashita Y, Takeshige K, Inoue A, Hirose S, Takamori A, Hagiwara H. Concentration of mRNA for the natriuretic peptide receptor‐C in hypertrophic chondrocytes of the fetal mouse tibia. J Biochem 127: 177‐179, 2000.
 584.Yamazaki H, Senju Y, Kinoshita N, Katsukawa F, Onishi S. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide in athletes. Am J Cardiol 85: 1393‐1394, 2000.
 585.Yan W, Wu F, Morser J, Wu Q. Corin, a transmembrane cardiac serine protease, acts as a pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide‐converting enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97: 8525‐8529, 2000.
 586.Yandle TG. Biochemistry of natriuretic peptides. J Intern Med 235: 561‐576, 1994.
 587.Yandle TG, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Duff H. Radioimmunoassay and characterization of atrial natriuretic peptide in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63: 72‐79, 1986.
 588.Yandle TG, Richards AM. B‐type Natriuretic Peptide circulating forms: Analytical and bioactivity issues. Clin Chim Acta 448: 195‐205, 2015.
 589.Yandle TG, Richards AM, Gilbert A, Fisher S, Holmes S, Espiner EA. Assay of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in human plasma: Evidence for high molecular weight BNP as a major plasma component in heart failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 832‐838, 1993.
 590.Yandle TG, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Cuneo R, Espiner EA, Livesey JH. Metabolic clearance rate and plasma half life of alpha‐human atrial natriuretic peptide in man. Life Sci 38: 1827‐1833, 1986.
 591.Yasoda A, Ogawa Y, Suda M, Tamura N, Mori K, Sakuma Y, Chusho H, Shiota K, Tanaka K, Nakao K. Natriuretic peptide regulation of endochondral ossification. Evidence for possible roles of the C‐type natriuretic peptide/guanylyl cyclase‐B pathway. J Biol Chem 273: 11695‐11700, 1998.
 592.Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Sumida H, Kikuta K, Kugiyama K, Jougasaki M, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Mukoyama M, Nakao K. Localization and mechanism of secretion of B‐type natriuretic peptide in comparison with those of A‐type natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. Circulation 90: 195‐203, 1994.
 593.Yates NA, Coghlan JP, Murphy GJ, Scoggins BA, McDougall JG. Renal actions of atrial natriuretic factor: Modulation of effect by changes in sodium status and aldosterone. Am J Physiol 258: F684‐F689, 1990.
 594.Yates NA, McDougall JG, Coghlan JP, Coker AR, Gibson AP, Scoggins BA. Renal effects of atrial natriuretic factor (99‐126) in conscious sodium‐replete sheep. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 15: 551‐562, 1988.
 595.Yoshimura M, Yasue H, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Jougasaki M, Mukoyama M, Nakao K, Imura H. Different secretion patterns of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 87: 464‐469, 1993.
 596.Yusof AP, Yusoff NH, Suhaimi FW, Coote JH. Role of supraspinal vasopressin neurones in the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on sympathetic nerve activity. Auton Neurosci 148: 50‐54, 2009.
 597.Zeidel ML. Physiological responses to natriuretic hormones. In: Fray JCS, editor. Handbook of Physiology, Section 7, Vol 3: Endocrine Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 410‐435.
 598.Zhang LM, Castresana MR, McDonald MH, Johnson JH, Newman WH. Response of human artery, vein, and cultured smooth muscle cells to atrial and C‐type natriuretic peptides. Crit Care Med 24: 306‐310, 1996.
 599.Zhang M, Su YQ, Sugiura K, Xia G, Eppig JJ. Granulosa cell ligand NPPC and its receptor NPR2 maintain meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes. Science 330: 366‐369, 2010.
 600.Zhang YH, Youm JB, Earm YE. Stretch‐activated non‐selective cation channel: A causal link between mechanical stretch and atrial natriuretic peptide secretion. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 98: 1‐9, 2008.
 601.Zhao Z, Ma L. Regulation of axonal development by natriuretic peptide hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 18016‐18021, 2009.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Natriuretic Peptides and Normal Body Fluid Regulation
 

How to Cite

Peter Bie. Natriuretic Peptides and Normal Body Fluid Regulation. Compr Physiol 2018, 8: 1211-1249. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c180002