Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions

Kaleen M. Lavin, Paul M. Coen, Liliana C. Baptista, Margaret B. Bell, Devin Drummer, Sara A. Harper, Manoel E. Lixandrão, Jeremy S. McAdam, Samia M. O'Bryan, Sofhia Ramos, Lisa M. Roberts, Rick B. Vega, Bret H. Goodpaster, Marcas M. Bamman, Thomas W. Buford

10.1002/cphy.c200033

Source: Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2022

Published online: March 2022

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well‐positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise‐induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193‐3279, 2022.

Figure 1. Figure 1. Marie‐Ann Pierrette Lavoisier's sketch depicting her husband Antoine Lavoisier conducting the first exercise physiology experiment and herself taking notes in the right corner. Note the use of the bell‐jar calorimeter and the subject pressing a foot pedal below the table. Reused, with permission, from West JB, 2013 1416.
Figure 2. Figure 2. This figure illustrates an overview of sex‐specific differences in skeletal muscle, the cardiovascular system, and energy metabolism that may be important considerations relevant to human exercise.
Figure 3. Figure 3. This figure illustrates exercise benefits across the lifespan. Normal age‐related changes affect physiological resilience to environmental or genetic stressors, while the susceptibility to metabolic, cardiovascular, and other risk factors increases. Exercise improves multiple functions and physiological indices of wellness. Pie chart slices are greyed out when (i) the physiological index shown is not relevant for a given age (either no longer growing/developing or process has not yet begun to decline) or (ii) the physiological index has not been sufficiently studied in a population at that life stage.
Figure 4. Figure 4. This figure illustrates the range of current and emerging tools in analysis of human tissue for exercise research, with a focus on preparation of blood, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues (most easily accessed in humans) for downstream high‐throughput ‘omics analyses.
Figure 5. Figure 5. This figure illustrates key skeletal muscle adaptations to aerobic and resistance exercise, highlighting the role of molecular transducers of these effects that are described in the text.
Figure 6. Figure 6. This figure illustrates physiological hypertrophy resulting from exercise training. The long‐term cardiovascular adaptive response depends on the type of hemodynamic stress resulting from the modality of exercise training. Most commonly, aerobic exercise imposes volume overload, leading to eccentric hypertrophy, whereas resistance exercise elicits concentric hypertrophy through pressure overload. Relevant molecular and cellular transducers are explored in the text.
Figure 7. Figure 7. This figure illustrates molecular‐level cross talk between skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver to facilitate energetics during exercise. Key myokines, adipokines, and hepatokines are highlighted.
Figure 8. Figure 8. This figure illustrates simultaneous innervation in skeletal muscle by the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. Briefly 1104, motor neuron release of acetylcholine (Ach) promotes influx of sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca++) into skeletal muscle cell. This promotes release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), leading to contraction. The sympathetic neuron innervates muscle in close proximity and may release norepinephrine (NE) to augment Ach release. Circulating epinephrine from the endocrine system supports sympathetic activation by augmenting Ach release in addition to enhancing Na+ influx and calcium‐induced calcium release and re‐sequestering.
Figure 9. Figure 9. This figure illustrates summary of exercise‐induced adaptations in bone, joint, and tendon; existing knowledge gaps in humans are indicated by question marks (?).
Figure 10. Figure 10. This figure illustrates the range of the impact of exercise on risk factors and pathologies associated with chronic diseases. Exercise is associated with reduced morbidity, lower hospitalization rates, and decreased risk of all‐cause mortality and premature death from disease. Overall, higher cardiorespiratory fitness and a regular exercise training decrease the economic burden of multiple diseases. ↑ indicates increase; ↓ indicates decrease.


Figure 1. Marie‐Ann Pierrette Lavoisier's sketch depicting her husband Antoine Lavoisier conducting the first exercise physiology experiment and herself taking notes in the right corner. Note the use of the bell‐jar calorimeter and the subject pressing a foot pedal below the table. Reused, with permission, from West JB, 2013 1416.


Figure 2. This figure illustrates an overview of sex‐specific differences in skeletal muscle, the cardiovascular system, and energy metabolism that may be important considerations relevant to human exercise.


Figure 3. This figure illustrates exercise benefits across the lifespan. Normal age‐related changes affect physiological resilience to environmental or genetic stressors, while the susceptibility to metabolic, cardiovascular, and other risk factors increases. Exercise improves multiple functions and physiological indices of wellness. Pie chart slices are greyed out when (i) the physiological index shown is not relevant for a given age (either no longer growing/developing or process has not yet begun to decline) or (ii) the physiological index has not been sufficiently studied in a population at that life stage.


Figure 4. This figure illustrates the range of current and emerging tools in analysis of human tissue for exercise research, with a focus on preparation of blood, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues (most easily accessed in humans) for downstream high‐throughput ‘omics analyses.


Figure 5. This figure illustrates key skeletal muscle adaptations to aerobic and resistance exercise, highlighting the role of molecular transducers of these effects that are described in the text.


Figure 6. This figure illustrates physiological hypertrophy resulting from exercise training. The long‐term cardiovascular adaptive response depends on the type of hemodynamic stress resulting from the modality of exercise training. Most commonly, aerobic exercise imposes volume overload, leading to eccentric hypertrophy, whereas resistance exercise elicits concentric hypertrophy through pressure overload. Relevant molecular and cellular transducers are explored in the text.


Figure 7. This figure illustrates molecular‐level cross talk between skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver to facilitate energetics during exercise. Key myokines, adipokines, and hepatokines are highlighted.


Figure 8. This figure illustrates simultaneous innervation in skeletal muscle by the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. Briefly 1104, motor neuron release of acetylcholine (Ach) promotes influx of sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca++) into skeletal muscle cell. This promotes release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), leading to contraction. The sympathetic neuron innervates muscle in close proximity and may release norepinephrine (NE) to augment Ach release. Circulating epinephrine from the endocrine system supports sympathetic activation by augmenting Ach release in addition to enhancing Na+ influx and calcium‐induced calcium release and re‐sequestering.


Figure 9. This figure illustrates summary of exercise‐induced adaptations in bone, joint, and tendon; existing knowledge gaps in humans are indicated by question marks (?).


Figure 10. This figure illustrates the range of the impact of exercise on risk factors and pathologies associated with chronic diseases. Exercise is associated with reduced morbidity, lower hospitalization rates, and decreased risk of all‐cause mortality and premature death from disease. Overall, higher cardiorespiratory fitness and a regular exercise training decrease the economic burden of multiple diseases. ↑ indicates increase; ↓ indicates decrease.
References
 1.Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Andersen JL, Magnusson P, Dyhre‐Poulsen P. Neural adaptation to resistance training: Changes in evoked v‐wave and h‐reflex responses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 92: 2309‐2318, 2002. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01185.2001.
 2.Abbasi A, de Paula Vieira R, Bischof F, Walter M, Movassaghi M, Berchtold NC, Niess AM, Cotman CW, Northoff H. Sex‐specific variation in signaling pathways and gene expression patterns in human leukocytes in response to endotoxin and exercise. J Neuroinflammation 13: 289, 2016. DOI: 10.1186/s12974‐016‐0758‐5.
 3.Abdelmoez AM, Puig LS, Smith JAB, Gabriel BM, Savikj M, Dollet L, Chibalin AV, Krook A, Zierath JR, Pillon NJ. Comparative profiling of skeletal muscle models reveals heterogeneity of transcriptome and metabolism. Am J Phys Cell Phys 318: C615‐C626, 2020. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00540.2019.
 4.Abe T, DeHoyos DV, Pollock ML, Garzarella L. Time course for strength and muscle thickness changes following upper and lower body resistance training in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 81: 174‐180, 2000. DOI: 10.1007/s004210050027.
 5.Ablij H, Meinders A. C‐reactive protein: History and revival. Eur J Intern Med 13: 412, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0953‐6205(02)00132‐2.
 6.Ackel‐ D'Elia C, Carnier J, Bueno CR, Campos RMS, Sanches PL, Clemente APG, Tufik S, de Mello MT, Dâmaso AR. Effects of different physical exercises on leptin concentration in obese adolescents. Int J Sports Med 35: 164‐171, 2014. DOI: 10.1055/s‐0033‐1345128.
 7.Adamopoulos S, Corrà U, Laoutaris ID, Pistono M, Agostoni PG, Coats AJS, Leiro MGC, Cornelis J, Davos CH, Filippatos G, Lund LH, Jaarsma T, Ruschitzka F, Seferovic PM, Schmid J‐P, Volterrani M, Piepoli MF. Exercise training in patients with ventricular assist devices: A review of the evidence and practical advice. A position paper from the committee on exercise physiology and training and the committee of advanced heart failure of the heart failure association of the European society of cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 21: 3‐13, 2019. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1352.
 8.Adams KF, Vincent LM, McAllister SM, El‐Ashmawy H, Sheps DS. The influence of age and gender on left ventricular response to supine exercise in asymptomatic normal subjects. Am Heart J 113: 732‐742, 1987. DOI: 10.1016/0002‐8703(87)90714‐9.
 9.Adamsen L, Quist M, Andersen C, Møller T, Herrstedt J, Kronborg D, Baadsgaard MT, Vistisen K, Midtgaard J, Christiansen B, Stage M, Kronborg MT, Rørth M. Effect of a multimodal high intensity exercise intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 339: b3410, 2009. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b3410.
 10.Addison O, Marcus RL, Lastayo PC, Ryan AS. Intermuscular fat: A review of the consequences and causes. Int J Endocrinol 2014: 309570, 2014. DOI: 10.1155/2014/309570.
 11.Adeva‐Andany M, López‐Ojén M, Funcasta‐Calderón R, Ameneiros‐Rodríguez E, Donapetry‐García C, Vila‐Altesor M, Rodríguez‐Seijas J. Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health. Mitochondrion 17: 76‐100, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.05.007.
 12.Agley CC, Rowlerson AM, Velloso CP, Lazarus NL, Harridge SDR. Isolation and quantitative immunocytochemical characterization of primary myogenic cells and fibroblasts from human skeletal muscle. J Vis Exp 52049, 2015. DOI: 10.3791/52049.
 13.Agudelo LZ, Femen'ıa T, Orhan F, Porsmyr‐Palmertz M, Goiny M, Martinez‐Redondo V, Correia JC, Izadi M, Bhat M, Schuppe‐Koistinen I, Pettersson AT, Ferreira DMS, Krook A, Barres R, Zierath JR, Erhardt S, Lindskog M, Ruas JL. Skeletal muscle pgc‐1α1 modulates kynurenine metabolism and mediates resilience to stress‐induced depression. Cell 159: 33‐45, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.051.
 14.Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the united states, 2003‐2012. JAMA 313: 1973‐1974, 2015. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.4260.
 15.Ahlborg G, Felig P. Lactate and glucose exchange across the forearm, legs, and splanchnic bed during and after prolonged leg exercise. J Clin Invest 69: 45‐54, 1982. DOI: 10.1172/jci110440.
 16.Ahlborg G, Hagenfeldt L, Wahren J. Substrate utilization by the inactive leg during one‐leg or arm exercise. J Appl Physiol 39: 718‐723, 1975. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1975.39.5.718.
 17.Ahlskog JE. Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in parkinson disease? Neurology 77: 288‐294, 2011. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318225ab66.
 18.Ahn AH. Why does increased exercise decrease migraine? Curr Pain Headache Rep 17: 379, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s11916‐013‐0379‐y.
 19.Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome–a new world‐wide definition. A consensus statement from the international diabetes federation. Diabet Med 23: 469‐480, 2006. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464‐5491.2006.01858.x.
 20.Alderete TL, Sattler FR, Sheng X, Tucci J, Mittelman SD, Grant EG, Goran MI. A novel biopsy method to increase yield of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. Int J Obes 39: 183‐186, 2015. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.90.
 21.Aldiss P, Betts J, Sale C, Pope M, Budge H, Symonds ME. Exercise‐induced 'browning' of adipose tissues. Metab Clin Exp 81: 63‐70, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.009.
 22.Alex C, Lindgren M, Shapiro PA, McKinley PS, Brondolo EN, Myers MM, Zhao Y, Sloan RP. Aerobic exercise and strength training effects on cardiovascular sympathetic function in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial. Psychosom Med 75: 375‐381, 2013. DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182906810.
 23.Al‐Khazraji BK, Shoemaker JK. The human cortical autonomic network and volitional exercise in health and disease. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 1122‐1130, 2018. DOI: 10.1139/apnm‐2018‐0305.
 24.Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerblad H. Skeletal muscle fatigue: Cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev 88: 287‐332, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2007.
 25.Allison DJ, Nederveen JP, Snijders T, Bell KE, Kumbhare D, Phillips SM, Parise G, Heisz JJ. Exercise training impacts skeletal muscle gene expression related to the kynurenine pathway. Am J Phys Cell Phys 316: C444‐C448, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00448.2018.
 26.Álvarez‐Bueno C, Pesce C, Cavero‐Redondo I, Sánchez‐López M, Martínez‐Hortelano JA, Martínez‐Vizcaíno V. The effect of physical activity interventions on children's cognition and metacognition: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56: 729‐738, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.012.
 27.Alves‐Bezerra M, Cohen DE. Triglyceride metabolism in the liver. Compr Physiol 8: 1‐8, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170012.
 28.Alvim RO, Cheuhen MR, Machado SR, Sousa AGP, Santos PCJL. General aspects of muscle glucose uptake. An Acad Bras Cienc 87: 351‐368, 2015. DOI: 10.1590/0001‐3765201520140225.
 29.Amara AW, Memon AA. Effects of exercise on non‐motor symptoms in parkinson's disease. Clin Ther 40: 8‐15, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.11.004.
 30.American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 40: S11‐S24, 2017. DOI: 10.2337/dc17‐S005.
 31.Anazodo UC, Shoemaker JK, Suskin N, Lawrence KSS. An investigation of changes in regional gray matter volume in cardiovascular disease patients, pre and post cardiovascular rehabilitation. NeuroImage Clin 3: 388‐395, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.09.011.
 32.Andersen MB, Pingel J, Kjær M, Langberg H. Interleukin‐6: A growth factor stimulating collagen synthesis in human tendon. J Appl Physiol (1985) 110: 1549‐1554, 2011. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00037.2010.
 33.Andersen P, Adams RP, Sjøgaard G, Thorboe A, Saltin B. Dynamic knee extension as model for study of isolated exercising muscle in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 59: 1647‐1653, 1985. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1985.59.5.1647.
 34.Andersen P, Henriksson J. Capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscle of man: Adaptive response to exercise. J Physiol 270: 677‐690, 1977. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011975.
 35.Andersen P, Saltin B. Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. J Physiol 366: 233‐249, 1985. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015794.
 36.Anderson EJ, Neufer PD. Type ii skeletal myofibers possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial h(2)O(2) generation. Am J Phys Cell Phys 290: C844‐C851, 2006. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00402.2005.
 37.Anderson L, Nguyen TT, Dall CH, Burgess L, Bridges C, Taylor RS. Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD012264, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012264.pub2.
 38.Anderson L, Thompson DR, Oldridge N, Zwisler A‐D, Rees K, Martin N, Taylor RS. Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001800, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub3.
 39.Anton SD, Woods AJ, Ashizawa T, Barb D, Buford TW, Carter CS, Clark DJ, Cohen RA, Corbett DB, Cruz‐Almeida Y, Dotson V, Ebner N, Efron PA, Fillingim RB, Foster TC, Gundermann DM, Joseph A‐M, Karabetian C, Leeuwenburgh C, Manini TM, Marsiske M, Mankowski RT, Mutchie HL, Perri MG, Ranka S, Rashidi P, Sandesara B, Scarpace PJ, Sibille KT, Solberg LM, Someya S, Uphold C, Wohlgemuth S, Wu SS, Pahor M. Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults. Ageing Res Rev 24: 304‐327, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.09.005.
 40.Antos CL, McKinsey TA, Frey N, Kutschke W, McAnally J, Shelton JM, Richardson JA, Hill JA, Olson EN. Activated glycogen synthase‐3 beta suppresses cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 907‐912, 2002. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.231619298.
 41.Antunes HKM, Leite GSF, Lee KS, Barreto AT, Santos RVTD, de S'a Souza H, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Exercise deprivation increases negative mood in exercise‐addicted subjects and modifies their biochemical markers. Physiol Behav 156: 182‐190, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.028.
 42.Anush MM, Ashok VK, Sarma RI, Pillai SK. Role of c‐reactive protein as an indicator for determining the outcome of sepsis. Indian J Crit Care Med 23: 11‐14, 2019. DOI: 10.5005/jp‐journals‐10071‐23105.
 43.Arany Z, Foo S‐Y, Ma Y, Ruas JL, Bommi‐Reddy A, Girnun G, Cooper M, Laznik D, Chinsomboon J, Rangwala SM, Baek KH, Rosenzweig A, Spiegelman BM. HIF‐independent regulation of vegf and angiogenesis by the transcriptional coactivator pgc‐1alpha. Nature 451: 1008‐1012, 2008. DOI: 10.1038/nature06613.
 44.Arbab‐Zadeh A, Perhonen M, Howden E, Peshock RM, Zhang R, Adams‐Huet B, Haykowsky MJ, Levine BD. Cardiac remodeling in response to 1 year of intensive endurance training. Circulation 130: 2152‐2161, 2014. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010775.
 45.Archer SL. Mitochondrial dynamics–mitochondrial fission and fusion in human diseases. N Engl J Med 369: 2236‐2251, 2013. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1215233.
 46.Ardawi M‐SM, Rouzi AA, Qari MH. Physical activity in relation to serum sclerostin, insulin‐like growth factor‐1, and bone turnover markers in healthy premenopausal women: A cross‐sectional and a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97: 3691‐3699, 2012. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011‐3361.
 47.Armstrong MJ. Lewy body dementias. Continuum 25: 128‐146, 2019. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000685.
 48.Armstrong RB, Saubert CW, Sembrowich WL, Shepherd RE, Gollnick PD. Glycogen depletion in rat skeletal muscle fibers at different intensities and durations of excercise. Pflugers Arch 352: 243‐256, 1974. DOI: 10.1007/bf00590489.
 49.Arnold CM, Sran MM, Harrison EL. Exercise for fall risk reduction in community‐dwelling older adults: A systematic review. Physiother Can 60: 358‐372, 2008. DOI: 10.3138/physio.60.4.358.
 50.Arribat Y, Broskey NT, Greggio C, Boutant M, Alonso SC, Kulkarni SS, Lagarrigue S, Carnero EA, Besson C, Canto C, Amati F. Distinct patterns of skeletal muscle mitochondria fusion, fission and mitophagy upon duration of exercise training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 225: e13179, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/apha.13179.
 51.Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, Silver M, van der Zee R, Li T, Witzenbichler B, Schatteman G, Isner JM. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science (New York, NY) 275: 964‐967, 1997. DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.964.
 52.Ashcraft KA, Warner AB, Jones LW, Dewhirst MW. Exercise as adjunct therapy in cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 29: 16‐24, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2018.10.001.
 53.Ashford S, Williard J. Osteoarthritis: A review. Nurse Pract 39: 1‐8, 2014. DOI: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000445886.71205.c4.
 54.Astori G, Vignati F, Bardelli S, Tubio M, Gola M, Albertini V, Bambi F, Scali G, Castelli D, Rasini V, Soldati G, Moccetti T. “In vitro” and multicolor phenotypic characterization of cell subpopulations identified in fresh human adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction and in the derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Transl Med 5: 55, 2007. DOI: 10.1186/1479‐5876‐5‐55.
 55.Astorino TA, Allen RP, Roberson DW, Jurancich M. Effect of high‐intensity interval training on cardiovascular function, vo2max, and muscular force. J Strength Cond Res 26: 138‐145, 2012. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318218dd77.
 56.Atherton PJ, Smith K. Muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrition and exercise. J Physiol 590: 1049‐1057, 2012. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225003.
 57.Avina‐Zubieta JA, Thomas J, Sadatsafavi M, Lehman AJ, Lacaille D. Risk of incident cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A meta‐analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis 71: 1524‐1529, 2012. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis‐2011‐200726.
 58.Awasthi H, Mani D, Singh D, Gupta A. The underlying pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis. Med Res Rev 38: 2024‐2057, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/med.21504.
 59.Axelrod CL, Fealy CE, Mulya A, Kirwan JP. Exercise training remodels human skeletal muscle mitochondrial fission and fusion machinery towards a pro‐elongation phenotype. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 225: e13216, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/apha.13216.
 60.Azeez M, Clancy C, O'Dwyer T, Lahiff C, Wilson F, Cunnane G. Benefits of exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial of a patient‐specific exercise programme. Clin Rheumatol 39: 1783‐1792, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s10067‐020‐04937‐4.
 61.Åstrand PO. Influence of scandinavian scientists in exercise physiology. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1: 3‐9, 2007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600‐0838.1991.tb00264.x.
 62.Baar K, Wende AR, Jones TE, Marison M, Nolte LA, Chen M, Kelly DP, Holloszy JO. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise: Rapid increase in the transcriptional coactivator pgc‐1. FASEB J 16: 1879‐1886, 2002. DOI: 10.1096/fj.02‐0367com.
 63.Babaei P, Damirchi A, Mehdipoor M, Tehrani BS. Long term habitual exercise is associated with lower resting level of serum bdnf. Neurosci Lett 566: 304‐308, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.011.
 64.Baggish AL, Hale A, Weiner RB, Lewis GD, Systrom D, Wang F, Wang TJ, Chan SY. Dynamic regulation of circulating microRNA during acute exhaustive exercise and sustained aerobic exercise training. J Physiol 589: 3983‐3994, 2011. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.213363.
 65.Baggish AL, Park J, Min P‐K, Isaacs S, Parker BA, Thompson PD, Troyanos C, D'Hemecourt P, Dyer S, Thiel M, Hale A, Chan SY. Rapid upregulation and clearance of distinct circulating microRNAs after prolonged aerobic exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116: 522‐531, 2014. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01141.2013.
 66.Bahler L, Molenaars RJ, Verberne HJ, Holleman F. Role of the autonomic nervous system in activation of human brown adipose tissue: A review of the literature. Diabetes Metab 41: 437‐445, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2015.08.005.
 67.Baillet A, Vaillant M, Guinot M, Juvin R, Gaudin P. Efficacy of resistance exercises in rheumatoid arthritis: Meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rheumatology (Oxford) 51: 519‐527, 2012. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker330.
 68.Baillet A, Zeboulon N, Gossec L, Combescure C, Bodin L‐A, Juvin R, Dougados M, Gaudin P. Efficacy of cardiorespiratory aerobic exercise in rheumatoid arthritis: Meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Care Res 62: 984‐992, 2010. DOI: 10.1002/acr.20146.
 69.Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, Maenner MJ, Daniels J, Warren Z, Kurzius‐Spencer M, Zahorodny W, Rosenberg CR, White T, Durkin MS, Imm P, Nikolaou L, Yeargin‐Allsopp M, Lee L‐C, Harrington R, Lopez M, Fitzgerald RT, Hewitt A, Pettygrove S, Constantino JN, Vehorn A, Shenouda J, Hall‐Lande J, Braun KVN, Dowling NF. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, united states, 2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Surveill Summ 67: 1‐23, 2018. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1.
 70.Baker BS, Stannard MS, Duren DL, Cook JL, Stannard JP. Does blood flow restriction therapy in patients older than age 50 result in muscle hypertrophy, increased strength, or greater physical function? A systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res 478: 593‐606, 2020. DOI: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000001090.
 71.Bakker EA, Lee D‐C, Sui X, Artero EG, Ruiz JR, Eijsvogels TMH, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Association of resistance exercise, independent of and combined with aerobic exercise, with the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 92: 1214‐1222, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.02.018.
 72.Balagopal P, Schimke JC, Ades P, Adey D, Nair KS. Age effect on transcript levels and synthesis rate of muscle mhc and response to resistance exercise. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 280: E203‐E208, 2001. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.2.E203.
 73.Balducci S, Conti F, Sacchetti M, Russo CR, Argento G, Haxhi J, Orlando G, Rapisarda G, D'Errico V, Cardelli P, Pugliese L, Laghi A, Vitale M, Bollanti L, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, Pugliese G. Study to weigh the effect of exercise training on bone quality and strength (sweet bone) in type 2 diabetes: Study protocol for a randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open 9: e027429, 2019. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen‐2018‐027429.
 74.Bamman MM, Cooper DM, Booth FW, Chin ER, Neufer PD, Trappe S, Lightfoot JT, Kraus WE, Joyner MJ. Exercise biology and medicine: Innovative research to improve global health. Mayo Clin Proc 89: 148‐153, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.013.
 75.Bamman MM, Petrella JK, Kim J‐s, Mayhew DL, Cross JM. Cluster analysis tests the importance of myogenic gene expression during myofiber hypertrophy in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 102: 2232‐2239, 2007. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2007.
 76.Bamman MM, Roberts BM, Adams GR. Molecular regulation of exercise‐induced muscle fiber hypertrophy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8, 2018. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029751.
 77.Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century [Online]. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 17: 327‐335, 2015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26487813.
 78.Bangsbo J, Kjær M, Hellsten Y. Bengt saltin (1935‐2014). J Physiol 592: 5149‐5151, 2014. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.285411.
 79.Baniqued PL, Gallen CL, Kranz MB, Kramer AF, D'Esposito M. Brain network modularity predicts cognitive training‐related gains in young adults. Neuropsychologia 131: 205‐215, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.05.021.
 80.Baniqued PL, Gallen CL, Voss MW, Burzynska AZ, Wong CN, Cooke GE, Duffy K, Fanning J, Ehlers DK, Salerno EA, Aguiñaga S, McAuley E, Kramer AF, D'Esposito M. Brain network modularity predicts exercise‐related executive function gains in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 9: 426, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00426.
 81.Bannuru RR, Osani MC, Vaysbrot EE, Arden NK, Bennell K, Bierma‐Zeinstra SMA, Kraus VB, Lohmander LS, Abbott JH, Bhandari M, Blanco FJ, Espinosa R, Haugen IK, Lin J, Mandl LA, Moilanen E, Nakamura N, Snyder‐Mackler L, Trojian T, Underwood M, McAlindon TE. OARSI guidelines for the non‐surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil 27: 1578‐1589, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.06.011.
 82.Barakat R, Pelaez M, Cordero Y, Perales M, Lopez C, Coteron J, Mottola MF. Exercise during pregnancy protects against hypertension and macrosomia: Randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 214: 649.e1‐8‐10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.039, 2016.
 83.Barauna VG, Magalhaes FC, Krieger JE, Oliveira EM. AT1 receptor participates in the cardiac hypertrophy induced by resistance training in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295: R381‐R387, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00933.2007.
 84.Barcelos RP, Royes LFF, Gonzalez‐Gallego J, Bresciani G. Oxidative stress and inflammation: Liver responses and adaptations to acute and regular exercise. Free Radic Res 51: 222‐236, 2017. DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1291942.
 85.Barja G. Mitochondrial oxygen radical generation and leak: Sites of production in states 4 and 3, organ specificity, and relation to aging and longevity. J Bioenerg Biomembr 31: 347‐366, 1999. DOI: 10.1023/a:1005427919188.
 86.Barker D, Saito M. Autonomic innervation of receptors and muscle fibres in cat skeletal muscle. Proc R Soc London, Ser B 212: 317‐332, 1981. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1981.0042.
 87.Barnett C, Costill DL, Vukovich MD, Cole KJ, Goodpaster BH, Trappe SW, Fink WJ. Effect of l‐carnitine supplementation on muscle and blood carnitine content and lactate accumulation during high‐intensity sprint cycling. Int J Sport Nutr 4: 280‐288, 1994. DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.4.3.280.
 88.Barouki R, Audouze K, Coumoul X, Demenais F, Gauguier D. Integration of the human exposome with the human genome to advance medicine. Biochimie 152: 155‐158, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.023.
 89.Barrès R, Yan J, Egan B, Treebak JT, Rasmussen M, Fritz T, Caidahl K, Krook A, O'Gorman DJ, Zierath JR. Acute exercise remodels promoter methylation in human skeletal muscle. Cell Metab 15: 405‐411, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.001.
 90.Bartels EM, Juhl CB, Christensen R, Hagen KB, Danneskiold‐Samsøe B, Dagfinrud H, Lund H. Aquatic exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD005523, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005523.pub3.
 91.Bartholdy C, Juhl C, Christensen R, Lund H, Zhang W, Henriksen M. The role of muscle strengthening in exercise therapy for knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis of randomized trials. Semin Arthritis Rheum 47: 9‐21, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.03.007.
 92.Bartholdy C, Klokker L, Bandak E, Bliddal H, Henriksen M. A standardized “rescue” exercise program for symptomatic flare‐up of knee osteoarthritis: Description and safety considerations. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 46: 942‐946, 2016. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6908.
 93.Bartness TJ, Liu Y, Shrestha YB, Ryu V. Neural innervation of white adipose tissue and the control of lipolysis. Front Neuroendocrinol 35: 473‐493, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.001.
 94.Bassett DR. Scientific contributions of a. V. Hill: Exercise physiology pioneer. J Appl Physiol (1985) 93: 1567‐1582, 2002. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01246.2001.
 95.Bassett DR, Howley ET. Maximal oxygen uptake: “Classical” versus “contemporary” viewpoints. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29: 591‐603, 1997. DOI: 10.1097/00005768‐199705000‐00002.
 96.Bassett DR, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: 70‐84, 2000. DOI: 10.1097/00005768‐200001000‐00012.
 97.Beaudart C, Reginster JY, Petermans J, Gillain S, Quabron A, Locquet M, Slomian J, Buckinx F, Bruyère O. Quality of life and physical components linked to sarcopenia: The sarcophage study. Exp Gerontol 69: 103‐110, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.05.003.
 98.Beaumont E, Gardiner PF. Endurance training alters the biophysical properties of hindlimb motoneurons in rats. Muscle Nerve 27: 228‐236, 2003. DOI: 10.1002/mus.10308.
 99.Beavers KM, Hsu F‐C, Isom S, Kritchevsky SB, Church T, Goodpaster B, Pahor M, Nicklas BJ. Long‐term physical activity and inflammatory biomarkers in older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42: 2189‐2196, 2010. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e3ac80.
 100.Beck BR, Daly RM, Singh MAF, Taaffe DR. Exercise and sports science australia (essa) position statement on exercise prescription for the prevention and management of osteoporosis. J Sci Med Sport 20: 438‐445, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.001.
 101.Becker M, Weinberger T, Chandy A, Schmukler S. Depression during pregnancy and postpartum. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18: 32, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s11920‐016‐0664‐7.
 102.Behm DG, Young JD, Whitten JHD, Reid JC, Quigley PJ, Low J, Li Y, Lima CD, Hodgson DD, Chaouachi A, Prieske O, Granacher U. Effectiveness of traditional strength vs. Power training on muscle strength, power and speed with youth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Front Physiol 8: 423, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00423.
 103.Belanger AY, McComas AJ. Extent of motor unit activation during effort. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 51: 1131‐1135, 1981. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.5.1131.
 104.Bellamy LM, Joanisse S, Grubb A, Mitchell CJ, McKay BR, Phillips SM, Baker S, Parise G. The acute satellite cell response and skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance training. PLoS One 9: e109739, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109739.
 105.Belviranli M, Okudan N, Kabak B, Erdoğan M, Karanfilci M. The relationship between brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, irisin and cognitive skills of endurance athletes. Phys Sportsmed 44: 290‐296, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1196125.
 106.Ben‐Haroush A, Yogev Y, Hod M. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 21: 103‐113, 2004. DOI: 10.1046/j.1464‐5491.2003.00985.x.
 107.Bennett BL. David bruce dill: A man of many seasons and environmentsCommitted to life, heat, and altitude. Wilderness Environ Med 17: e10‐e13, 2006. DOI: 10.1580/1080‐6032(2006)17[e10:dbdamo]2.0.co;2.
 108.Berchtold NC, Prieto GA, Phelan M, Gillen DL, Baldi P, Bennett DA, Buchman AS, Cotman CW. Hippocampal gene expression patterns linked to late‐life physical activity oppose age and ad‐related transcriptional decline. Neurobiol Aging 78: 142‐154, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.012.
 109.Berg J, Undebakke V, Rasch‐Halvorsen Ø, Aakerøy L, Sandbakk Ø, Tjønna AE. Comparison of mitochondrial respiration in m. Triceps brachii and m. Vastus lateralis between elite cross‐country skiers and physically active controls. Front Physiol 10: 365, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00365.
 110.Bergman BC, Butterfield GE, Wolfel EE, Casazza GA, Lopaschuk GD, Brooks GA. Evaluation of exercise and training on muscle lipid metabolism. Am J Phys 276: E106‐E117, 1999. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.1.E106.
 111.Bergman BC, Perreault L, Strauss A, Bacon S, Kerege A, Harrison K, Brozinick JT, Hunerdosse DM, Playdon MC, Holmes W, Bui HH, Sanders P, Siddall P, Wei T, Thomas MK, Kuo MS, Eckel RH. Intramuscular triglyceride synthesis: Importance in muscle lipid partitioning in humans. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 314: E152‐E164, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00142.2017.
 112.Bergstrom J. Muscle electrolytes in man determined by neutron activation analysis on needle biopsy specimens [Online]. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 14, 1962. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4636890.
 113.Bernardo BC, Weeks KL, Pretorius L, McMullen JR. Molecular distinction between physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy: Experimental findings and therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Ther 128: 191‐227, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.04.005.
 114.Berry DC, Jiang Y, Graff JM. Mouse strains to study cold‐inducible beige progenitors and beige adipocyte formation and function. Nat Commun 7: 10184, 2016. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10184.
 115.Berry JD, Pandey A, Gao A, Leonard D, Farzaneh‐Far R, Ayers C, DeFina L, Willis B. Physical fitness and risk for heart failure and coronary artery disease. Circ Heart Fail 6: 627‐634, 2013. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000054.
 116.Berryman JW. The tradition of the “six things non‐natural”: Exercise and medicine from hippocrates through ante‐bellum america [Online]. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 17: 515‐559, 1989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2676556.
 117.Bersell K, Arab S, Haring B, Kühn B. Neuregulin1/erbb4 signaling induces cardiomyocyte proliferation and repair of heart injury. Cell 138: 257‐270, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.060.
 118.Best JR, Chiu BK, Hsu CL, Nagamatsu LS, Liu‐Ambrose T. Long‐term effects of resistance exercise training on cognition and brain volume in older women: Results from a randomized controlled trial. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 21: 745‐756, 2015. DOI: 10.1017/S1355617715000673.
 119.Bieler T, Siersma V, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M, Christensen HE, Beyer N. In hip osteoarthritis, nordic walking is superior to strength training and home‐based exercise for improving function. Scand J Med Sci Sports 27: 873‐886, 2017. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12694.
 120.Biniaminov N, Bandt S, Roth A, Haertel S, Neumann R, Bub A. Irisin, physical activity and fitness status in healthy humans: No association under resting conditions in a cross‐sectional study. PLoS One 13: e0189254, 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189254.
 121.Björnheden T, Jakubowicz B, Levin M, Odén B, Edén S, Sjöström L, Lönn M. Computerized determination of adipocyte size. Obes Res 12: 95‐105, 2004. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.13.
 122.Blesa J, Trigo‐Damas I, Dileone M, Rey NL‐GD, Hernandez LF, Obeso JA. Compensatory mechanisms in parkinson's disease: Circuits adaptations and role in disease modification. Exp Neurol 298: 148‐161, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.002.
 123.Blom PC, Vøllestad NK, Costill DL. Factors affecting changes in muscle glycogen concentration during and after prolonged exercise [Online]. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 556: 67‐74, 1986. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3471058.
 124.Boecker H, Sprenger T, Spilker ME, Henriksen G, Koppenhoefer M, Wagner KJ, Valet M, Berthele A, Tolle TR. The runner's high: Opioidergic mechanisms in the human brain. Cereb Cortex 18: 2523‐2531, 2008. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn013.
 125.Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Human tendon adaptation in response to mechanical loading: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of exercise intervention studies on healthy adults. Sports Med Open 1: 7, 2015. DOI: 10.1186/s40798‐015‐0009‐9.
 126.Bolam KA, van Uffelen JGZ, Taaffe DR. The effect of physical exercise on bone density in middle‐aged and older men: A systematic review. Osteoporos Int 24: 2749‐2762, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐013‐2346‐1.
 127.Bolotin HH, Sievänen H. Inaccuracies inherent in dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry in vivo bone mineral density can seriously mislead diagnostic/prognostic interpretations of patient‐specific bone fragility. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 16: 799‐805, 2001. DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.5.799.
 128.Bonafiglia JT, Edgett BA, Baechler BL, Nelms MW, Simpson CA, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. Acute upregulation of pgc‐1α mRNA correlates with training‐induced increases in sdh activity in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 42: 656‐666, 2017. DOI: 10.1139/apnm‐2016‐0463.
 129.Booth FW, Roberts CK, Thyfault JP, Ruegsegger GN, Toedebusch RG. Role of inactivity in chronic diseases: Evolutionary insight and pathophysiological mechanisms. Physiol Rev 97: 1351‐1402, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2016.
 130.Bora P, Majumdar AS. Adipose tissue‐derived stromal vascular fraction in regenerative medicine: A brief review on biology and translation. Stem Cell Res Ther 8: 145, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s13287‐017‐0598‐y.
 131.Borde R, Hortob'agyi T, Granacher U. Dose‐response relationships of resistance training in healthy old adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Sports Med 45: 1693‐1720, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐015‐0385‐9.
 132.Bordicchia M, Liu D, Amri E‐Z, Ailhaud G, Dessì‐Fulgheri P, Zhang C, Takahashi N, Sarzani R, Collins S. Cardiac natriuretic peptides act via p38 mapk to induce the brown fat thermogenic program in mouse and human adipocytes. J Clin Invest 122: 1022‐1036, 2012. DOI: 10.1172/JCI59701.
 133.Borina E, Pellegrino MA, D'Antona G, Bottinelli R. Myosin and actin content of human skeletal muscle fibers following 35 days bed rest. Scand J Med Sci Sports 20: 65‐73, 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600‐0838.2009.01029.x.
 134.Bosma M, Minnaard R, Sparks LM, Schaart G, Losen M, de Baets MH, Duimel H, Kersten S, Bickel PE, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. The lipid droplet coat protein perilipin 5 also localizes to muscle mitochondria. Histochem Cell Biol 137: 205‐216, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s00418‐011‐0888‐x.
 135.Boström P, Mann N, Wu J, Quintero PA, Plovie ER, Pan'akov'a D, Gupta RK, Xiao C, MacRae CA, Rosenzweig A, Spiegelman BM. C/ebpβ controls exercise‐induced cardiac growth and protects against pathological cardiac remodeling. Cell 143: 1072‐1083, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.036.
 136.Bouchard C, Lesage R, Lortie G, Simoneau JA, Hamel P, Boulay MR, Pérusse L, Thériault G, Leblanc C. Aerobic performance in brothers, dizygotic and monozygotic twins [Online]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 18: 639‐646, 1986. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3784876.
 137.Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Chagnon YC, Rice T, Pérusse L, Gagnon J, Borecki I, An P, Leon AS, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Province M, Rao DC. Genomic scan for maximal oxygen uptake and its response to training in the heritage family study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 88: 551‐559, 2000. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.551.
 138.Boule NG, Kenny GP, Haddad E, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Meta‐analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 46: 1071‐1081, 2003. DOI: 10.1007/s00125‐003‐1160‐2.
 139.Boushel R, Saltin B. Ex vivo measures of muscle mitochondrial capacity reveal quantitative limits of oxygen delivery by the circulation during exercise. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 45: 68‐75, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.024.
 140.Boutcher YN, Boutcher SH. Exercise intensity and hypertension: What's new? J Hum Hypertens 31: 157‐164, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.62.
 141.Bouzid MA, Filaire E, Matran R, Robin S, Fabre C. Lifelong voluntary exercise modulates age‐related changes in oxidative stress. Int J Sports Med 39: 21‐28, 2018. DOI: 10.1055/s‐0043‐119882.
 142.Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Deswal A, Dunbar SB, Francis GS, Horwich T, Jessup M, Kosiborod M, Pritchett AM, Ramasubbu K, Rosendorff C, Yancy C. Contributory risk and management of comorbidities of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in chronic heart failure: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation 134: e535‐e578, 2016. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000450.
 143.Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health‐related fitness phenotypes: The 2006‐2007 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41: 35‐73, 2009. DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844179.
 144.Brellenthin AG, Crombie KM, Hillard CJ, Koltyn KF. Endocannabinoid and mood responses to exercise in adults with varying activity levels. Med Sci Sports Exerc 49: 1688‐1696, 2017. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001276.
 145.Brellenthin AG, Koltyn KF. Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 42: 481‐489, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1185434.
 146.Bremer E, Cairney J. Adaptive behavior moderates health‐related pathways in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 50: 491‐499, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s10803‐019‐04277‐6.
 147.Brennan AM, Benson M, Morningstar J, Herzig M, Robbins J, Gerszten RE, Ross R. Plasma metabolite profiles in response to chronic exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50: 1480‐1486, 2018. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001594.
 148.Brevet A, Pinto E, Peacock J, Stockdale FE. Myosin synthesis increased by electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle cell cultures. Science (New York, NY) 193: 1152‐1154, 1976. DOI: 10.1126/science.959833.
 149.Briani RV, Ferreira AS, Pazzinatto MF, Pappas E, Silva DDO, de Azevedo FM. What interventions can improve quality of life or psychosocial factors of individuals with knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review with meta‐analysis of primary outcomes from randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 52: 1031‐1038, 2018. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2017‐098099.
 150.Bricca A, Juhl CB, Steultjens M, Wirth W, Roos EM. Impact of exercise on articular cartilage in people at risk of, or with established, knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 53: 940‐947, 2019. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2017‐098661.
 151.Briken S, Rosenkranz SC, Keminer O, Patra S, Ketels G, Heesen C, Hellweg R, Pless O, Schulz K‐H, Gold SM. Effects of exercise on irisin, bdnf and il‐6 serum levels in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 299: 53‐58, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.08.007.
 152.Brinkman RJ, Hage JJ. Andreas vesalius' 500th anniversary: The initiation of hand and forearm myology. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 40: 987‐994, 2015. DOI: 10.1177/1753193415594090.
 153.Brioche T, Lemoine‐Morel S. Oxidative stress, sarcopenia, antioxidant strategies and exercise: Molecular aspects. Curr Pharm Des 22: 2664‐2678, 2016. DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160219120531.
 154.Broadhouse KM, Singh MF, Suo C, Gates N, Wen W, Brodaty H, Jain N, Wilson GC, Meiklejohn J, Singh N, Baune BT, Baker M, Foroughi N, Wang Y, Kochan N, Ashton K, Brown M, Li Z, Mavros Y, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela MJ. Hippocampal plasticity underpins long‐term cognitive gains from resistance exercise in mci. NeuroImage Clin 25: 102182, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102182.
 155.Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. It's not just about protein turnover: The role of ribosomal biogenesis and satellite cells in the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Sport Sci 19: 952‐963, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1569726.
 156.Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Mitchell WK, Lund JN, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Synchronous deficits in cumulative muscle protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis underlie age‐related anabolic resistance to exercise in humans. J Physiol 594: 7399‐7417, 2016. DOI: 10.1113/JP272857.
 157.Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Mitchell WK, Lund JN, Szewczyk NJ, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy adaptations predominate in the early stages of resistance exercise training, matching deuterium oxide‐derived measures of muscle protein synthesis and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling. FASEB J 29: 4485‐4496, 2015. DOI: 10.1096/fj.15‐273755.
 158.Brookmeyer R, Abdalla N, Kawas CH, Corrada MM. Forecasting the prevalence of preclinical and clinical alzheimer's disease in the united states. Alzheimers Dement 14: 121‐129, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.10.009.
 159.Brotto M, Bonewald L. Bone and muscle: Interactions beyond mechanical. Bone 80: 109‐114, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.010.
 160.Brouwers B, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen‐Hinderling VB. Effects of exercise training on intrahepatic lipid content in humans. Diabetologia 59: 2068‐2079, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00125‐016‐4037‐x.
 161.Brown BM, Sohrabi HR, Taddei K, Gardener SL, Rainey‐Smith SR, Peiffer JJ, Xiong C, Fagan AM, Benzinger T, Buckles V, Erickson KI, Clarnette R, Shah T, Masters CL, Weiner M, Cairns N, Rossor M, Graff‐Radford NR, Salloway S, Vöglein J, Laske C, Noble J, Schofield PR, Bateman RJ, Morris JC, Martins RN. Habitual exercise levels are associated with cerebral amyloid load in presymptomatic autosomal dominant alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 13: 1197‐1206, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.03.008.
 162.Brown BM, Peiffer JJ, Taddei K, Lui JK, Laws SM, Gupta VB, Taddei T, Ward VK, Rodrigues MA, Burnham S, Rainey‐Smith SR, Villemagne VL, Bush A, Ellis KA, Masters CL, Ames D, Macaulay SL, Szoeke C, Rowe CC, Martins RN. Physical activity and amyloid‐β plasma and brain levels: Results from the australian imaging, biomarkers and lifestyle study of ageing. Mol Psychiatry 18: 875‐881, 2013. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.107.
 163.Brown DM, Goljanek‐Whysall K. MicroRNAs: Modulators of the underlying pathophysiology of sarcopenia? Ageing Res Rev 24: 263‐273, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.08.007.
 164.Brown J, Ceysens G, Boulvain M. Exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6: CD012202, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012202.pub2.
 165.Brown LA, Judge JL, Macpherson PC, Koch LG, Qi NR, Britton SL, Brooks SV. Denervation and senescence markers data from old rats with intrinsic differences in responsiveness to aerobic training. Data Brief 27: 104570, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104570.
 166.Brown MD. Exercise and coronary vascular remodelling in the healthy heart. Exp Physiol 88: 645‐658, 2003. DOI: 10.1113/eph8802618.
 167.Brummelte S, Galea LAM. Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Horm Behav 77: 153‐166, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008.
 168.Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Yu L, Shah RC, Wilson RS, Bennett DA. Total daily physical activity and the risk of ad and cognitive decline in older adults. Neurology 78: 1323‐1329, 2012. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d35.
 169.Buchthal F, Schmalbruch H. Motor unit of mammalian muscle. Physiol Rev 60: 90‐142, 1980. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1980.60.1.90.
 170.Budde H, Machado S, Ribeiro P, Wegner M. The cortisol response to exercise in young adults. Front Behav Neurosci 9: 13, 2015. DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00013.
 171.Buford TW. Sarcopenia: Relocating the forest among the trees. Toxicol Pathol 45: 957‐960, 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0192623317723540.
 172.Buford TW. Hypertension and aging. Ageing Res Rev 26: 96‐111, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.01.007.
 173.Buford TW, Anton SD, Clark DJ, Higgins TJ, Cooke MB. Optimizing the benefits of exercise on physical function in older adults. PM R 6: 528‐543, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.11.009.
 174.Buford TW, Lott DJ, Marzetti E, Wohlgemuth SE, Vandenborne K, Pahor M, Leeuwenburgh C, Manini TM. Age‐related differences in lower extremity tissue compartments and associations with physical function in older adults. Exp Gerontol 47: 38‐44, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.10.001.
 175.Bullard KM, Cowie CC, Lessem SE, Saydah SH, Menke A, Geiss LS, Orchard TJ, Rolka DB, Imperatore G. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in adults by diabetes type—united states, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 359‐361, 2018. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6712a2.
 176.Burr DB, Milgrom C, Fyhrie D, Forwood M, Nyska M, Finestone A, Hoshaw S, Saiag E, Simkin A. In vivo measurement of human tibial strains during vigorous activity. Bone 18: 405‐410, 1996. DOI: 10.1016/8756‐3282(96)00028‐2.
 177.Burri L, Thoresen GH, Berge RK. The role of pparα activation in liver and muscle. PPAR Res 2010, 2010. DOI: 10.1155/2010/542359.
 178.Buss LA, Dachs GU. The role of exercise and hyperlipidaemia in breast cancer progression [Online]. Exerc Immunol Rev 24: 10‐25, 2018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29461968.
 179.Cadore EL, Rodr'ıguez‐Mañas L, Sinclair A, Izquierdo M. Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability, and balance in physically frail older adults: A systematic review. Rejuvenation Res 16: 105‐114, 2013. DOI: 10.1089/rej.2012.1397.
 180.Caffrey BJ, Maltsev AV, Gonzalez‐Freire M, Hartnell LM, Ferrucci L, Subramaniam S. Semi‐automated 3D segmentation of human skeletal muscle using focused ion beam‐scanning electron microscopic images. J Struct Biol 207: 1‐11, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.03.008.
 181.Calle MC, Fernandez ML. Effects of resistance training on the inflammatory response. Nutr Res Pract 4: 259‐269, 2010. DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.4.259.
 182.Camera DM, Edge J, Short MJ, Hawley JA, Coffey VG. Early time course of akt phosphorylation after endurance and resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42: 1843‐1852, 2010. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d964e4.
 183.Campbell JP, Turner JE. Debunking the myth of exercise‐induced immune suppression: Redefining the impact of exercise on immunological health across the lifespan. Front Immunol 9: 648, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648.
 184.Campbell JE, Fediuc S, Hawke TJ, Riddell MC. Endurance exercise training increases adipose tissue glucocorticoid exposure: Adaptations that facilitate lipolysis. Metab Clin Exp 58: 651‐660, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.01.002.
 185.Campbell KL, Makar KW, Kratz M, Foster‐Schubert KE, McTiernan A, Ulrich CM. A pilot study of sampling subcutaneous adipose tissue to examine biomarkers of cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2: 37‐42, 2009. DOI: 10.1158/1940‐6207.CAPR‐08‐0073.
 186.Campbell PT, Campbell KL, Wener MH, Wood BL, Potter JD, McTiernan A, Ulrich CM. A yearlong exercise intervention decreases crp among obese postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41: 1533‐1539, 2009. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819c7feb.
 187.Candow DG, Burke DG. Effect of short‐term equal‐volume resistance training with different workout frequency on muscle mass and strength in untrained men and women. J Strength Cond Res 21: 204‐207, 2007. DOI: 10.1519/00124278‐200702000‐00037.
 188.Cantley LC. The phosphoinositide 3‐kinase pathway. Science (New York, NY) 296: 1655‐1657, 2002. DOI: 10.1126/science.296.5573.1655.
 189.Cao M, Quan M, Zhuang J. Effect of high‐intensity interval training versus moderate‐intensity continuous training on cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents: A meta‐analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091533.
 190.Cardozo CP, Graham ZA. Muscle‐bone interactions: Movement in the field of mechano‐humoral coupling of muscle and bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1402: 10‐17, 2017. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13411.
 191.Carlson DJ, Dieberg G, Hess NC, Millar PJ, Smart NA. Isometric exercise training for blood pressure management: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 89: 327‐334, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.030.
 192.Carnevale D, Perrotta M, Lembo G, Trimarco B. Pathophysiological links among hypertension and alzheimer's disease. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 23: 3‐7, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s40292‐015‐0108‐1.
 193.Carpenter KJ. The life and times of w. O. Atwater (1844‐1907). J Nutr 124: 1707S‐1714S, 1994. DOI: 10.1093/jn/124.suppl_9.1707s.
 194.Carpio‐Rivera E, Moncada‐Jiménez J, Salazar‐Rojas W, Solera‐Herrera A. Acute effects of exercise on blood pressure: A meta‐analytic investigation. Arq Bras Cardiol 106: 422‐433, 2016.
 195.Carraro U, Boncompagni S, Gobbo V, Rossini K, Zampieri S, Mosole S, Ravara B, Nori A, Stramare R, Ambrosio F, Piccione F, Masiero S, Vindigni V, Gargiulo P, Protasi F, Kern H, Pond A, Marcante A. Persistent muscle fiber regeneration in long term denervation. Past, present, future. Eur J Transl Myol 25: 4832, 2015. DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2015.4832.
 196.Carrick‐Ranson G, Hastings JL, Bhella PS, Fujimoto N, Shibata S, Palmer MD, Boyd K, Livingston S, Dijk E, Levine BD. The effect of lifelong exercise dose on cardiovascular function during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116: 736‐745, 2014. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2013.
 197.Carrick‐Ranson G, Sloane NM, Howden EJ, Bhella PS, Sarma S, Shibata S, Fujimoto N, Hastings JL, Levine BD. The effect of lifelong endurance exercise on cardiovascular structure and exercise function in women. J Physiol 598: 2589‐2605, 2020. DOI: 10.1113/JP278503.
 198.Carroll CC, Dickinson JM, Haus JM, Lee GA, Hollon CJ, Aagaard P, Magnusson SP, Trappe TA. Influence of aging on the in vivo properties of human patellar tendon. J Appl Physiol (1985) 105: 1907‐1915, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00059.2008.
 199.Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Nguyen DT. Total and High‐density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults: United States, 2015–2016 [Online]. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db290.pdf.
 200.Cartee GD, Hepple RT, Bamman MM, Zierath JR. Exercise promotes healthy aging of skeletal muscle. Cell Metab 23: 1034‐1047, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.007.
 201.Carter JR, Ray CA. Sympathetic neural adaptations to exercise training in humans. Auton Neurosci 188: 36‐43, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.020.
 202.Carter SL, Rennie C, Tarnopolsky MA. Substrate utilization during endurance exercise in men and women after endurance training. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 280: E898‐E907, 2001. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.6.E898.
 203.Carter S, Solomon TPJ. In vitro experimental models for examining the skeletal muscle cell biology of exercise: The possibilities, challenges and future developments. Pflugers Arch—Eur J Physiol 471: 413‐429, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00424‐018‐2210‐4.
 204.Cartoni R, Léger B, Hock MB, Praz M, Crettenand A, Pich S, Ziltener J‐L, Luthi F, Dériaz O, Zorzano A, Gobelet C, Kralli A, Russell AP. Mitofusins 1/2 and erralpha expression are increased in human skeletal muscle after physical exercise. J Physiol 567: 349‐358, 2005. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.092031.
 205.Case N, Rubin J. Beta‐catenin–a supporting role in the skeleton. J Cell Biochem 110: 545‐553, 2010. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22574.
 206.Casilda‐L'opez J, Valenza MC, Cabrera‐Martos I, D'ıaz‐Pelegrina A, Moreno‐Ram'ırez MP, Valenza‐Demet G. Effects of a dance‐based aquatic exercise program in obese postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Menopause 24: 768‐773, 2017. DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000841.
 207.Casonatto J, Goessler KF, Cornelissen VA, Cardoso JR, Polito MD. The blood pressure‐lowering effect of a single bout of resistance exercise: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23: 1700‐1714, 2016. DOI: 10.1177/2047487316664147.
 208.Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health‐related research [Online]. Public Health Rep 100: 126‐131, 1985. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3920711.
 209.Cassilhas RC, Viana VAR, Grassmann V, Santos RT, Santos RF, Tufik S, Mello MT. The impact of resistance exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39: 1401‐1407, 2007. DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318060111f.
 210.Cattadori G, Segurini C, Picozzi A, Padeletti L, Anzà C. Exercise and heart failure: An update. ESC Heart Fail 5: 222‐232, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12225.
 211.Cauley JA, Giangregorio L. Physical activity and skeletal health in adults. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8: 150‐162, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/s2213‐8587(19)30351‐1.
 212.CDC. National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020: Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. [Online]. Centers for Disease Control; Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national‐diabetes‐statistics‐report.pdf.
 213.CDC. Adult Physical Inactivity Prevalence Maps by Race/Ethnicity [Online]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/inactivity‐prevalence‐maps/index.html [19 Mar. 2020].
 214.Chacón‐Fernández P, Säuberli K, Colzani M, Moreau T, Ghevaert C, Barde Y‐A. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in megakaryocytes. J Biol Chem 291: 9872‐9881, 2016. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M116.720029.
 215.Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Kim JS, Voss MW, Vanpatter M, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Konkel A, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ, Kramer AF. A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children. Brain Res 1358: 172‐183, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.049.
 216.Chahal J, Lee R, Luo J. Loading dose of physical activity is related to muscle strength and bone density in middle‐aged women. Bone 67: 41‐45, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.029.
 217.Chaillou T, Kirby TJ, McCarthy JJ. Ribosome biogenesis: Emerging evidence for a central role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. J Cell Physiol 229: 1584‐1594, 2014. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24604.
 218.Chakrabarti S, Morton JS, Davidge ST. Mechanisms of estrogen effects on the endothelium: An overview. Can J Cardiol 30: 705‐712, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.08.006.
 219.Chambers TL, Burnett TR, Raue U, Lee GA, Finch WH, Graham BM, Trappe TA, Trappe S. Skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity with lifelong aerobic exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 368‐378, 2020. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00426.2019.
 220.Chan MHS, Carey AL, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA. Cytokine gene expression in human skeletal muscle during concentric contraction: Evidence that il‐8, like il‐6, is influenced by glycogen availability. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287: R322‐R327, 2004. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00030.2004.
 221.Chang VY, Wang JJ. Pharmacogenetics of chemotherapy‐induced cardiotoxicity. Curr Oncol Rep 20: 52, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s11912‐018‐0696‐8.
 222.Chang W‐D, Chen S, Lee C‐L, Lin H‐Y, Lai P‐T. The effects of tai chi chuan on improving mind‐body health for knee osteoarthritis patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016: 1813979, 2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/1813979.
 223.Chan‐Palay V, Engel AG, Wu JY, Palay SL. Coexistence in human and primate neuromuscular junctions of enzymes synthesizing acetylcholine, catecholamine, taurine, and gamma‐aminobutyric acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79: 7027‐7030, 1982. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.7027.
 224.Chao W, Matsui T, Novikov MS, Tao J, Li L, Liu H, Ahn Y, Rosenzweig A. Strategic advantages of insulin‐like growth factor‐i expression for cardioprotection. J Gene Med 5: 277‐286, 2003. DOI: 10.1002/jgm.347.
 225.Charge BPS, Rudnicki MA. Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration. Physiol Rev 84: 209‐238, 2004. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2003.
 226.Charriere M, Duchenne DBG. Emporte piece histologique. Bull Acad Natl Med 30: 1050‐1051, 1865.
 227.Chaudhari P. The impact of rheumatoid arthritis and biologics on employers and payers [Online]. Biotechnol Healthc 5: 37‐44, 2008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22478712.
 228.Chazaud B, Brigitte M, Yacoub‐Youssef H, Arnold L, Gherardi R, Sonnet C, Lafuste P, Chretien F. Dual and beneficial roles of macrophages during skeletal muscle regeneration. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 37: 18‐22, 2009. DOI: 10.1097/JES.0b013e318190ebdb.
 229.Chekroud SR, Gueorguieva R, Zheutlin AB, Paulus M, Krumholz HM, Krystal JH, Chekroud AM. Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1·2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross‐sectional study. Lancet Psychiatry 5: 739‐746, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/s2215‐0366(18)30227‐x.
 230.Chen HC, Farese RV. Determination of adipocyte size by computer image analysis [Online]. J Lipid Res 43: 986‐989, 2002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12032175.
 231.Chen L‐K, Liu L‐K, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung T‐W, Bahyah KS, Chou M‐Y, Chen L‐Y, Hsu P‐S, Krairit O, Lee JSW, Lee W‐J, Lee Y, Liang C‐K, Limpawattana P, Lin C‐S, Peng L‐N, Satake S, Suzuki T, Won CW, Wu C‐H, Wu S‐N, Zhang T, Zeng P, Akishita M, Arai H. Sarcopenia in asia: Consensus report of the asian working group for sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 15: 95‐101, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.025.
 232.Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, Harmer P, Ainsworth BE, Li F. Coronavirus disease (covid‐19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J Sport Health Sci 9: 103‐104, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001.
 233.Cheng AJ, Place N, Westerblad H. Molecular basis for exercise‐induced fatigue: The importance of strictly controlled cellular ca2+ handling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8, 2018. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029710.
 234.Cheng S, Peng L, Xu B, Chen W, Chen Y, Gu Y. Protective effects of hydrogen‐rich water against cartilage damage in a rat model of osteoarthritis by inhibiting oxidative stress, matrix catabolism, and apoptosis. Med Sci Monit 26: e920211, 2020. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.920211.
 235.Cheng S‐T. Cognitive reserve and the prevention of dementia: The role of physical and cognitive activities. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18: 85, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s11920‐016‐0721‐2.
 236.Cheung AM, Detsky AS. Osteoporosis and fractures: Missing the bridge? JAMA 299: 1468‐1470, 2008. DOI: 10.1001/jama.299.12.1468.
 237.Chew C, Sengelaub DR. Neuroprotective effects of exercise on the morphology of somatic motoneurons following the death of neighboring motoneurons. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 33: 656‐667, 2019. DOI: 10.1177/1545968319860485.
 238.Chi MM, Hintz CS, Coyle EF, Martin WH, Ivy JL, Nemeth PM, Holloszy JO, Lowry OH. Effects of detraining on enzymes of energy metabolism in individual human muscle fibers. Am J Phys 244: C276‐C287, 1983. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1983.244.3.C276.
 239.Chicco AJ, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Exercise training attenuates acute doxorubicin‐induced cardiac dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 47: 182‐189, 2006. DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000199682.43448.2d.
 240.Chinsomboon J, Ruas J, Gupta RK, Thom R, Shoag J, Rowe GC, Sawada N, Raghuram S, Arany Z. The transcriptional coactivator pgc‐1alpha mediates exercise‐induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 21401‐21406, 2009. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909131106.
 241.Chondronikola M, Annamalai P, Chao T, Porter C, Saraf MK, Cesani F, Sidossis LS. A percutaneous needle biopsy technique for sampling the supraclavicular brown adipose tissue depot of humans. Int J Obes 39: 1561‐1564, 2015. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.76.
 242.Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metab Clin Exp 92: 6‐10, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005.
 243.Christensen B, Dandanell S, Kjaer M, Langberg H. Effect of anti‐inflammatory medication on the running‐induced rise in patella tendon collagen synthesis in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 110: 137‐141, 2011. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00942.2010.
 244.Christensen KL, Mulvany MJ. Location of resistance arteries. J Vasc Res 38: 1‐12, 2001. DOI: 10.1159/000051024.
 245.Christodoulos AD, Douda HT, Tokmakidis SP. Cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic risk, and inflammation in children. Int J Pediatr 2012: 270515, 2012. DOI: 10.1155/2012/270515.
 246.Chupel MU, Minuzzi LG, Furtado G, Santos ML, Hogervorst E, Filaire E, Teixeira AM. Exercise and taurine in inflammation, cognition, and peripheral markers of blood‐brain barrier integrity in older women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 733‐741, 2018. DOI: 10.1139/apnm‐2017‐0775.
 247.Church DD, Hoffman JR, Mangine GT, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Beyer KS, Wang R, La Monica MB, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. Comparison of high‐intensity vs. High‐volume resistance training on the bdnf response to exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121: 123‐128, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00233.2016.
 248.Church TS, Blair SN. When will we treat physical activity as a legitimate medical therapy…even though it does not come in a pill? Br J Sports Med 43: 80‐81, 2009. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.053850.
 249.Churchward‐Venne TA, Tieland M, Verdijk LB, Leenders M, Dirks ML, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC. There are no nonresponders to resistance‐type exercise training in older men and women. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16: 400‐411, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.01.071.
 250.Ciloglu F, Peker I, Pehlivan A, Karacabey K, Ilhan N, Saygin O, Ozmerdivenli R. Exercise intensity and its effects on thyroid hormones [Online]. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 26: 830‐834, 2005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380698.
 251.Cinkajzlova A, Mraz M, Lacinova Z, Klouckova J, Kavalkova P, Kratochvilova H, Trachta P, Krizova J, Haluzikova D, Skrha J, Papezova H, Haluzik M. Angiopoietin‐like protein 3 and 4 in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and malnutrition: The effect of weight reduction and realimentation. Nutr Diabetes 8: 21, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41387‐018‐0032‐2.
 252.Cisternas MG, Murphy L, Sacks JJ, Solomon DH, Pasta DJ, Helmick CG. Alternative methods for defining osteoarthritis and the impact on estimating prevalence in a us population‐based survey. Arthritis Care Res 68: 574‐580, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/acr.22721.
 253.Clarke K, Ricciardi S, Pearson T, Bharudin I, Davidsen PK, Bonomo M, Brina D, Scagliola A, Simpson DM, Beynon RJ, Khanim F, Ankers J, Sarzynski MA, Ghosh S, Pisconti A, Rozman J, de Angelis MH, Bunce C, Stewart C, Egginton S, Caddick M, Jackson M, Bouchard C, Biffo S, Falciani F. The role of eif6 in skeletal muscle homeostasis revealed by endurance training co‐expression networks. Cell Rep 21: 1507‐1520, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.040.
 254.Coates AM, Incognito AV, Seed JD, Doherty CJ, Millar PJ, Burr JF. Three weeks of overload training increases resting muscle sympathetic activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50: 928‐937, 2018. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001514.
 255.Coats AJS, Forman DE, Haykowsky M, Kitzman DW, McNeil A, Campbell TS, Arena R. Physical function and exercise training in older patients with heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 14: 550‐559, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.70.
 256.Codella R, Adamo M, Maffi P, Piemonti L, Secchi A, Luzi L. Ultra‐marathon 100Â km in an islet‐transplanted runner. Acta Diabetol 54: 703‐706, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00592‐016‐0938‐x.
 257.Codella R, Terruzzi I, Luzi L. Why should people with type 1 diabetes exercise regularly? Acta Diabetol 54: 615‐630, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00592‐017‐0978‐x.
 258.Coen PM, Menshikova EV, Distefano G, Zheng D, Tanner CJ, Standley RA, Helbling NL, Dubis GS, Ritov VB, Xie H, Desimone ME, Smith SR, Stefanovic‐Racic M, Toledo FGS, Houmard JA, Goodpaster BH. Exercise and weight loss improve muscle mitochondrial respiration, lipid partitioning, and insulin sensitivity after gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes 64: 3737‐3750, 2015. DOI: 10.2337/db15‐0809.
 259.Coffey VG, Hawley JA. Concurrent exercise training: Do opposites distract? J Physiol 595: 2883‐2896, 2017. DOI: 10.1113/JP272270.
 260.Coffey VG, Jemiolo B, Edge J, Garnham AP, Trappe SW, Hawley JA. Effect of consecutive repeated sprint and resistance exercise bouts on acute adaptive responses in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297: R1441‐R1451, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00351.2009.
 261.Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, Riddell MC, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC, Horton ES, Castorino K, Tate DF. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the american diabetes association. Diabetes Care 39: 2065‐2079, 2016. DOI: 10.2337/dc16‐1728.
 262.Colombo E, Bedogni F, Lorenzetti I, Landsberger N, Previtali SC, Farina C. Autocrine and immune cell‐derived bdnf in human skeletal muscle: Implications for myogenesis and tissue regeneration. J Pathol 231: 190‐198, 2013. DOI: 10.1002/path.4228.
 263.Conceição MS, Vechin FC, Lixandrão M, Damas F, Libardi CA, Tricoli V, Roschel H, Camera D, Ugrinowitsch C. Muscle fiber hypertrophy and myonuclei addition: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50: 1385‐1393, 2018. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001593.
 264.Contrepois K, Wu S, Moneghetti KJ, Hornburg D, Ahadi S, Tsai M‐S, Metwally AA, Wei E, Lee‐McMullen B, Quijada JV, Chen S, Christle JW, Ellenberger M, Balliu B, Taylor S, Durrant MG, Knowles DA, Choudhry H, Ashland M, Bahmani A, Enslen B, Amsallem M, Kobayashi Y, Avina M, Perelman D, Rose SMS‐F, Zhou W, Ashley EA, Montgomery SB, Chaib H, Haddad F, Snyder MP. Molecular choreography of acute exercise. Cell 181: 1112‐1130.e16, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.043.
 265.Conway B, Rene A. Obesity as a disease: No lightweight matter. Obes Rev 5: 145‐151, 2004. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467‐789X.2004.00144.x.
 266.Cook B, Karr TM, Zunker C, Mitchell JE, Thompson R, Sherman R, Erickson A, Cao L, Crosby RD. The influence of exercise identity and social physique anxiety on exercise dependence. J Behav Addict 4: 195‐199, 2015. DOI: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.020.
 267.Cooper C, Moon HY, van Praag H. On the run for hippocampal plasticity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8, 2018. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029736.
 268.Cooper SB, Dring KJ, Nevill ME. High‐intensity intermittent exercise: Effect on young people's cardiometabolic health and cognition. Curr Sports Med Rep 15: 245‐251, 2016. DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000273.
 269.Cooper SJ. From claude bernard to walter cannon. Emergence of the concept of homeostasis. Appetite 51: 419‐427, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.06.005.
 270.Cori CF, Cori GT. Carbohydrate metabolism. Annu Rev Biochem 15: 193‐218, 1946. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bi.15.070146.001205.
 271.Cornelis J, Beckers P, Taeymans J, Vrints C, Vissers D. Comparing exercise training modalities in heart failure: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Int J Cardiol 221: 867‐876, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.105.
 272.Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise training for blood pressure: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2: e004473, 2013. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.112.004473.
 273.Correia JC, Ferreira DMS, Ruas JL. Intercellular: Local and systemic actions of skeletal muscle pgc‐1s. Trends Endocrinol Metab 26: 305‐314, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.010.
 274.Cosquéric G, Sebag A, Ducolombier C, Thomas C, Piette F, Weill‐Engerer S. Sarcopenia is predictive of nosocomial infection in care of the elderly. Br J Nutr 96: 895‐901, 2006. DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061943.
 275.Costello JT, Bieuzen F, Bleakley CM. Where are all the female participants in sports and exercise medicine research? Eur J Sport Sci 14: 847‐851, 2014. DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.911354.
 276.Costford SR, Bajpeyi S, Pasarica M, Albarado DC, Thomas SC, Xie H, Church TS, Jubrias SA, Conley KE, Smith SR. Skeletal muscle nampt is induced by exercise in humans. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 298: E117‐E126, 2010. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00318.2009.
 277.Costill DL, Daniels J, Evans W, Fink W, Krahenbuhl G, Saltin B. Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes. J Appl Physiol 40: 149‐154, 1976. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1976.40.2.149.
 278.Costill DL, Gollnick PD, Jansson ED, Saltin B, Stein EM. Glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres during distance running. Acta Physiol Scand 89: 374‐383, 1973. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748‐1716.1973.tb05532.x.
 279.Costill DL, Pearson DR, Fink WJ. Impaired muscle glycogen storage after muscle biopsy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 64: 2245‐2248, 1988. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1988.64.5.2245.
 280.Costill DL, Sparks K, Gregor R, Turner C. Muscle glycogen utilization during exhaustive running. J Appl Physiol 31: 353‐356, 1971. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1971.31.3.353.
 281.Cotter JA, Yu A, Kreitenberg A, Haddad FH, Baker MJ, Fox JC, Adams GR. Suction‐modified needle biopsy technique for the human soleus muscle. Aviat Space Environ Med 84: 1066‐1073, 2013. DOI: 10.3357/asem.3632.2013.
 282.Coulombe JC, Senwar B, Ferguson VL. Spaceflight‐induced bone tissue changes that affect bone quality and increase fracture risk. Curr Osteoporos Rep 18: 1‐12, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s11914‐019‐00540‐y.
 283.Coyle EF, Coggan AR, Hemmert MK, Ivy JL. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J Appl Physiol (1985) 61: 165‐172, 1986. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1986.61.1.165.
 284.Creighton DL, Morgan AL, Boardley D, Brolinson PG. Weight‐bearing exercise and markers of bone turnover in female athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 90: 565‐570, 2001. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.565.
 285.Croley AN, Zwetsloot KA, Westerkamp LM, Ryan NA, Pendergast AM, Hickner RC, Pofahl WE, Gavin TP. Lower capillarization, vegf protein, and vegf mRNA response to acute exercise in the vastus lateralis muscle of aged vs. Young women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 99: 1872‐1879, 2005. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00498.2005.
 286.Crowson CS, Liao KP, Davis JM, Solomon DH, Matteson EL, Knutson KL, Hlatky MA, Gabriel SE. Rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 166: 622‐628.e1, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.010.
 287.Cruz‐Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel J‐P, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkov'a E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 39: 412‐423, 2010. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afq034.
 288.Cruz‐Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM, Z'uñiga C, Arai H, Boirie Y, Chen L‐K, Fielding RA, Martin FC, Michel J‐P, Sieber C, Stout JR, Studenski SA, Vellas B, Woo J, Zamboni M, Cederholm T. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: A systematic review. Report of the international sarcopenia initiative (ewgsop and iwgs). Age Ageing 43: 748‐759, 2014. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afu115.
 289.Cruz‐Jentoft AJ, Sayer AA. Sarcopenia. Lancet 393: 2636‐2646, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/s0140‐6736(19)31138‐9.
 290.Curran M, Drayson MT, Andrews RC, Zoppi C, Barlow JP, Solomon TPJ, Narendran P. The benefits of physical exercise for the health of the pancreatic β‐cell: A review of the evidence. Exp Physiol 105: 579‐589, 2020. DOI: 10.1113/EP088220.
 291.Dacome L. Balancing acts: Picturing perspiration in the long eighteenth century. Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 43: 379‐391, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.10.030.
 292.Daemen S, van Polanen N, Hesselink MKC. The effect of diet and exercise on lipid droplet dynamics in human muscle tissue. J Exp Biol 221, 2018. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167015.
 293.Dahl R, Larsen S, Dohlmann TL, Qvortrup K, Helge JW, Dela F, Prats C. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the human skeletal muscle mitochondrial network as a tool to assess mitochondrial content and structural organization. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 213: 145‐155, 2015. DOI: 10.1111/apha.12289.
 294.Dalen JE, Alpert JS, Goldberg RJ, Weinstein RS. The epidemic of the 20(th) century: Coronary heart disease. Am J Med 127: 807‐812, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.04.015.
 295.Damas F, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Vechin FC, Lixandrão ME, Snijders T, Nederveen JP, Bacurau AV, Brum P, Tricoli V, Roschel H, Parise G, Phillips SM. Early‐ and later‐phases satellite cell responses and myonuclear content with resistance training in young men. PLoS One 13: e0191039, 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191039.
 296.Damas F, Phillips SM, Libardi CA, Vechin FC, Lixandrão ME, Jannig PR, Costa LAR, Bacurau AV, Snijders T, Parise G, Tricoli V, Roschel H, Ugrinowitsch C. Resistance training‐induced changes in integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis are related to hypertrophy only after attenuation of muscle damage. J Physiol 594: 5209‐5222, 2016. DOI: 10.1113/JP272472.
 297.Damas F, Phillips S, Vechin FC, Ugrinowitsch C. A review of resistance training‐induced changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and their contribution to hypertrophy. Sports Med 45: 801‐807, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐015‐0320‐0.
 298.Dartel SAAR‐v, Repping‐Wuts H, Flendrie M, Bleijenberg G, Metsios GS, van den Hout WB, van den Ende CHM, Neuberger G, Reid A, van Riel PLCM, Fransen J. Effect of aerobic exercise training on fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta‐analysis. Arthritis Care Res 67: 1054‐1062, 2015. DOI: 10.1002/acr.22561.
 299.D'Ascenzi F, Anselmi F, Fiorentini C, Mannucci R, Bonifazi M, Mondillo S. The benefits of exercise in cancer patients and the criteria for exercise prescription in cardio‐oncology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 28 (7): 725‐735.
 300.Dashty M. A quick look at biochemistry: Carbohydrate metabolism. Clin Biochem 46: 1339‐1352, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.027.
 301.Dasso NA. How is exercise different from physical activity? A concept analysis. Nurs Forum 54: 45‐52, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12296.
 302.Daum SM, Knittle J, Roseman K, Rom WN, Holstein EC. A simple technique for fat biopsy of pbb‐exposed individuals. Environ Health Perspect 23: 183‐185, 1978. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7823183.
 303.Davenport MH, McCurdy AP, Mottola MF, Skow RJ, Meah VL, Poitras VJ, Garcia AJ, Gray CE, Barrowman N, Riske L, Sobierajski F, James M, Nagpal T, Marchand A‐A, Nuspl M, Slater LG, Barakat R, Adamo KB, Davies GA, Ruchat S‐M. Impact of prenatal exercise on both prenatal and postnatal anxiety and depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Sports Med 52: 1376‐1385, 2018. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2018‐099697.
 304.Davenport MH, Meah VL, Ruchat S‐M, Davies GA, Skow RJ, Barrowman N, Adamo KB, Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Garcia AJ, Sobierajski F, Riske L, James M, Kathol AJ, Nuspl M, Marchand A‐A, Nagpal TS, Slater LG, Weeks A, Barakat R, Mottola MF. Impact of prenatal exercise on neonatal and childhood outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Sports Med 52: 1386‐1396, 2018. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2018‐099836.
 305.Davenport MH, Ruchat S‐M, Poitras VJ, Garcia AJ, Gray CE, Barrowman N, Skow RJ, Meah VL, Riske L, Sobierajski F, James M, Kathol AJ, Nuspl M, Marchand A‐A, Nagpal TS, Slater LG, Weeks A, Adamo KB, Davies GA, Barakat R, Mottola MF. Prenatal exercise for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Sports Med 52: 1367‐1375, 2018. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2018‐099355.
 306.Davenport MH, Ruchat S‐M, Sobierajski F, Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Yoo C, Skow RJ, Garcia AJ, Barrowman N, Meah VL, Nagpal TS, Riske L, James M, Nuspl M, Weeks A, Marchand A‐A, Slater LG, Adamo KB, Davies GA, Barakat R, Mottola MF. Impact of prenatal exercise on maternal harms, labour and delivery outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Sports Med 53: 99‐107, 2019. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2018‐099821.
 307.Davies EJ, Moxham T, Rees K, Singh S, Coats AJS, Ebrahim S, Lough F, Taylor RS. Exercise training for systolic heart failure: Cochrane systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 12: 706‐715, 2010. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq056.
 308.Davies KJ, Quintanilha AT, Brooks GA, Packer L. Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 107: 1198‐1205, 1982. DOI: 10.1016/s0006‐291x(82)80124‐1.
 309.Davies RW, Bass JJ, Carson BP, Norton C, Kozior M, Amigo‐Benavent M, Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Atherton PJ, Smith K, Jakeman PM. Differential stimulation of post‐exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis in humans following isonitrogenous, isocaloric pre‐exercise feeding. Nutrients 11, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/nu11071657.
 310.Dâmaso AR, da Silveira Campos RM, Caranti DA, de Piano A, Fisberg M, Foschini D, de Lima Sanches P, Tock L, Lederman HM, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Aerobic plus resistance training was more effective in improving the visceral adiposity, metabolic profile and inflammatory markers than aerobic training in obese adolescents. J Sports Sci 32: 1435‐1445, 2014. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.900692.
 311.Debette S, Markus HS. The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ 341: c3666, 2010. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c3666.
 312.DeBoer MD, Filipp SL, Gurka MJ. Use of a metabolic syndrome severity z score to track risk during treatment of prediabetes: An analysis of the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 41: 2421‐2430, 2018. DOI: 10.2337/dc18‐1079.
 313.DeBosch B, Treskov I, Lupu TS, Weinheimer C, Kovacs A, Courtois M, Muslin AJ. Akt1 is required for physiological cardiac growth. Circulation 113: 2097‐2104, 2006. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595231.
 314.De Carvalho FG, Sparks LM. Targeting white adipose tissue with exercise or bariatric surgery as therapeutic strategies in obesity. Biology 8, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/biology8010016.
 315.De Carvalho FG, Justice JN, de Freitas EC, Kershaw EE, Sparks LM. Adipose tissue quality in aging: How structural and functional aspects of adipose tissue impact skeletal muscle quality. Nutrients 11, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/nu11112553.
 316.de Carvalho M, Barkhaus PE, Nandedkar SD, Swash M. Motor unit number estimation (mune): Where are we now? Clin Neurophysiol 129: 1507‐1516, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.04.748.
 317.Delavar H, Nogueira L, Wagner PD, Hogan MC, Metzger D, Breen EC. Skeletal myofiber vegf is essential for the exercise training response in adult mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 306: R586‐R595, 2014. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00522.2013.
 318.Delezie J, Handschin C. Endocrine crosstalk between skeletal muscle and the brain. Front Neurol 9: 698, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00698.
 319.Dell'Orso S, Juan AH, Ko K‐D, Naz F, Perovanovic J, Gutierrez‐Cruz G, Feng X, Sartorelli V. Single cell analysis of adult mouse skeletal muscle stem cells in homeostatic and regenerative conditions. Development 146, 2019. DOI: 10.1242/dev.174177.
 320.Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Visser M, Park SW, Conroy MB, Velasquez‐Mieyer P, Boudreau R, Manini TM, Nevitt M, Newman AB, Goodpaster BH. Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am J Clin Nutr 90: 1579‐1585, 2009. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28047.
 321.De Marco M, Clough PJ, Dyer CE, Vince RV, Waby JS, Midgley AW, Venneri A. Apolipoprotein e îμ4 allele modulates the immediate impact of acute exercise on prefrontal function. Behav Genet 45: 106‐116, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s10519‐014‐9675‐5.
 322.Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier ABM, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with adhd: A systematic literature review. J Neural Transm Suppl 124: 3‐26, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00702‐016‐1593‐7.
 323.de Oliveira PA, Blasczyk JC, Junior GS, Lagoa KF, Soares M, de Oliveira RJ, Filho PJBG, Carregaro RL, Martins WR. Effects of elastic resistance exercise on muscle strength and functional performance in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Phys Act Health 14: 317‐327, 2017. DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2016‐0415.
 324.de Paleville DT, Topp RV, Swank AM. Effects of aerobic training prior to and during chemotherapy in a breast cancer patient: A case study. J Strength Cond Res 21: 635‐637, 2007. DOI: 10.1519/R‐19735.1.
 325.de Rooij M, van der Leeden M, Cheung J, van der Esch M, Häkkinen A, Haverkamp D, Roorda LD, Twisk J, Vollebregt J, Lems WF, Dekker J. Efficacy of tailored exercise therapy on physical functioning in patients with knee osteoarthritis and comorbidity: A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res 69: 807‐816, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23013.
 326.de Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Meyer RA. Gender differences in left ventricular growth. Hypertension 26: 979‐983, 1995. DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.26.6.979.
 327.Dethlefsen MM, Halling JF, Møller HD, Plomgaard P, Regenberg B, Ringholm S, Pilegaard H. Regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in mouse and human skeletal muscle with aging and lifelong exercise training. Exp Gerontol 111: 141‐153, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.07.011.
 328.Devries MC, Hamadeh MJ, Phillips SM, Tarnopolsky MA. Menstrual cycle phase and sex influence muscle glycogen utilization and glucose turnover during moderate‐intensity endurance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291: R1120‐R1128, 2006. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00700.2005.
 329.Devrim‐Lanpir A, Bilgic P, Kocahan T, Deliceoğlu G, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Total dietary antioxidant intake including polyphenol content: Is it capable to fight against increased oxidants within the body of ultra‐endurance athletes? Nutrients 12, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/nu12061877.
 330.Deyhle MR, Gier AM, Evans KC, Eggett DL, Nelson WB, Parcell AC, Hyldahl RD. Skeletal muscle inflammation following repeated bouts of lengthening contractions in humans. Front Physiol 6: 424, 2015. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00424.
 331.Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The diabetes prevention program (dpp): Description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care 25: 2165‐2171, 2002. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.12.2165.
 332.Dickinson JM, D'Lugos AC, Naymik MA, Siniard AL, Wolfe AJ, Curtis DR, Huentelman MJ, Carroll CC. Transcriptome response of human skeletal muscle to divergent exercise stimuli. J Appl Physiol (1985) 124: 1529‐1540, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00014.2018.
 333.Dideriksen K, Sindby AKR, Krogsgaard M, Schjerling P, Holm L, Langberg H. Effect of acute exercise on patella tendon protein synthesis and gene expression. Springerplus 2: 109, 2013. DOI: 10.1186/2193‐1801‐2‐109.
 334.Dinenno FA, Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Clevenger CM, Eskurza I, DeSouza CA, Seals DR. Regular endurance exercise induces expansive arterial remodelling in the trained limbs of healthy men. J Physiol 534: 287‐295, 2001. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.2001.00287.x.
 335.Ding D, Lawson KD, Kolbe‐Alexander TL, Finkelstein EA, Katzmarzyk PT, van Mechelen W, Pratt M. The economic burden of physical inactivity: A global analysis of major non‐communicable diseases. Lancet 388: 1311‐1324, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/s0140‐6736(16)30383‐x.
 336.Dionyssiotis Y. Analyzing the problem of falls among older people. Int J Gen Med 5: 805‐813, 2012. DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S32651.
 337.Distefano G, Goodpaster BH. Effects of exercise and aging on skeletal muscle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8, 2018. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029785.
 338.Dittenhafer‐Reed KE, Richards AL, Fan J, Smallegan MJ, Siahpirani AF, Kemmerer ZA, Prolla TA, Roy S, Coon JJ, Denu JM. SIRT3 mediates multi‐tissue coupling for metabolic fuel switching. Cell Metab 21: 637‐646, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.03.007.
 339.Doll JA, Hellkamp A, Ho PM, Kontos MC, Whooley MA, Peterson ED, Wang TY. Participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs among older patients after acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Intern Med 175: 1700‐1702, 2015. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3819.
 340.Doppler K, Mittelbronn M, Bornemann A. Myogenesis in human denervated muscle biopsies. Muscle Nerve 37: 79‐83, 2008. DOI: 10.1002/mus.20902.
 341.Dores H, Freitas A, Malhotra A, Mendes M, Sharma S. The hearts of competitive athletes: An up‐to‐date overview of exercise‐induced cardiac adaptations. Rev Port Cardiol 34: 51‐64, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2014.07.010.
 342.Dovio A, Roveda E, Sciolla C, Montaruli A, Raffaelli A, Saba A, Calogiuri G, De Francia S, Borrione P, Salvadori P, Carandente F, Angeli A. Intense physical exercise increases systemic 11beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in healthy adult subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 108: 681‐687, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐009‐1265‐5.
 343.Dozio E, Passeri E, Cardani R, Benedini S, Aresta C, Valaperta R, Romanelli MC, Meola G, Sansone V, Corbetta S. Circulating irisin is reduced in male patients with type 1 and type 2 myotonic dystrophies. Front Endocrinol 8: 320, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00320.
 344.Drake JC, Wilson RJ, Yan Z. Molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial adaptation to exercise training in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 30: 13‐22, 2016. DOI: 10.1096/fj.15‐276337.
 345.Dreyer HC, Blanco CE, Sattler FR, Schroeder ET, Wiswell RA. Satellite cell numbers in young and older men 24 hours after eccentric exercise. Muscle Nerve 33: 242‐253, 2006. DOI: 10.1002/mus.20461.
 346.Du M‐C, Ouyang Y‐Q, Nie X‐F, Huang Y, Redding SR. Effects of physical exercise during pregnancy on maternal and infant outcomes in overweight and obese pregnant women: A meta‐analysis. Birth 46: 211‐221, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/birt.12396.
 347.Dube JJ, Allison KF, Rousson V, Goodpaster BH, Amati F. Exercise dose and insulin sensitivity: Relevance for diabetes prevention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44: 793‐799, 2012. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31823f679f.
 348.Dufour S, Lebon V, Shulman GI, Petersen KF. Regulation of net hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by epinephrine in humans. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 297: E231‐E235, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00222.2009.
 349.Dumont NA, Bentzinger CF, Sincennes M‐C, Rudnicki MA. Satellite cells and skeletal muscle regeneration. Compr Physiol 5: 1027‐1059, 2015. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140068.
 350.Duncan GE. Exercise, fitness, and cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep 6: 29‐35, 2006. DOI: 10.1007/s11892‐006‐0048‐1.
 351.Durstine JL, Haskell WL. Effects of exercise training on plasma lipids and lipoproteins [Online]. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 22: 477‐521, 1994. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7925552.
 352.Eaton M, Granata C, Barry J, Safdar A, Bishop D, Little JP. Impact of a single bout of high‐intensity interval exercise and short‐term interval training on interleukin‐6, fndc5, and metrnl mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. J Sport Health Sci 7: 191‐196, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.01.003.
 353.Eddolls WTB, McNarry MA, Stratton G, Winn CON, Mackintosh KA. High‐intensity interval training interventions in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Sports Med 47: 2363‐2374, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐017‐0753‐8.
 354.Edens NK, Leibel RL, Hirsch J. Mechanism of free fatty acid re‐esterification in human adipocytes in vitro [Online]. J Lipid Res 31: 1423‐1431, 1990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2280183.
 355.Edman KA. The velocity of unloaded shortening and its relation to sarcomere length and isometric force in vertebrate muscle fibres. J Physiol 291: 143‐159, 1979. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012804.
 356.Edvardsen E, Hem E, Anderssen SA. End criteria for reaching maximal oxygen uptake must be strict and adjusted to sex and age: A cross‐sectional study. PLoS One 9: e85276, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085276.
 357.Egan B, Dowling P, O'Connor PL, Henry M, Meleady P, Zierath JR, O'Gorman DJ. 2‐d dige analysis of the mitochondrial proteome from human skeletal muscle reveals time course‐dependent remodelling in response to 14 consecutive days of endurance exercise training. Proteomics 11: 1413‐1428, 2011. DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000597.
 358.Egan B, O'Connor PL, Zierath JR, O'Gorman DJ. Time course analysis reveals gene‐specific transcript and protein kinetics of adaptation to short‐term aerobic exercise training in human skeletal muscle. PLoS One 8: e74098, 2013. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074098.
 359.Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation. Cell Metab 17: 162‐184, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012.
 360.Ehsani AA, Hagberg JM, Hickson RC. Rapid changes in left ventricular dimensions and mass in response to physical conditioning and deconditioning. Am J Cardiol 42: 52‐56, 1978. DOI: 10.1016/0002‐9149(78)90984‐0.
 361.Eijsvogels TMH, George KP, Thompson PD. Cardiovascular benefits and risks across the physical activity continuum. Curr Opin Cardiol 31: 566‐571, 2016. DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000321.
 362.Eijsvogels TMH, Molossi S, Lee D‐C, Emery MS, Thompson PD. Exercise at the extremes: The amount of exercise to reduce cardiovascular events. J Am Coll Cardiol 67: 316‐329, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.034.
 363.Eilers W, Jaspers RT, de Haan A, Ferrié C, Valdivieso P, Flück M. CaMKII content affects contractile, but not mitochondrial, characteristics in regenerating skeletal muscle. BMC Physiol 14: 7, 2014. DOI: 10.1186/s12899‐014‐0007‐z.
 364.Eknoyan G. Santorio sanctorius (1561‐1636)—founding father of metabolic balance studies. Am J Nephrol 19: 226‐233, 1999. DOI: 10.1159/000013455.
 365.Eleftheriou KI, Rawal JS, Kehoe A, James LE, Payne JR, Skipworth JR, Puthucheary ZA, Drenos F, Pennell DJ, Loosemore M, World M, Humphries SE, Haddad FS, Montgomery HE. The lichfield bone study: The skeletal response to exercise in healthy young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 112: 615‐626, 2012. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00788.2011.
 366.Elgass K, Pakay J, Ryan MT, Palmer CS. Recent advances into the understanding of mitochondrial fission. Biochim Biophys Acta 1833: 150‐161, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.002.
 367.Ellis T, Rochester L. Mobilizing parkinson's disease: The future of exercise. J Parkinsons Dis 8: S95‐S100, 2018. DOI: 10.3233/JPD‐181489.
 368.Engelke K, Kemmler W, Lauber D, Beeskow C, Pintag R, Kalender WA. Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip efops: A 3‐year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 17: 133‐142, 2006. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐005‐1938‐9.
 369.Englund DA, Murach KA, Dungan CM, Figueiredo VC, Vechetti IJ, Dupont‐Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Depletion of resident muscle stem cells negatively impacts running volume, physical function, and muscle fiber hypertrophy in response to lifelong physical activity. Am J Phys Cell Phys 318: C1178‐C1188, 2020. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00090.2020.
 370.Erdő F, Denes L, de Lange E. Age‐associated physiological and pathological changes at the blood‐brain barrier: A review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 37: 4‐24, 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0271678X16679420.
 371.Erickson KI, Raji CA, Lopez OL, Becker JT, Rosano C, Newman AB, Gach HM, Thompson PM, Ho AJ, Kuller LH. Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: The cardiovascular health study. Neurology 75: 1415‐1422, 2010. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f88359.
 372.Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Voss MW, Chaddock L, Hu L, Morris KS, White SM, W'ojcicki TR, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans. Hippocampus 19: 1030‐1039, 2009. DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20547.
 373.Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, Kim JS, Heo S, Alves H, White SM, Wojcicki TR, Mailey E, Vieira VJ, Martin SA, Pence BD, Woods JA, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 3017‐3022, 2011. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015950108.
 374.Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Björk‐Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA, Gage FH. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 4: 1313‐1317, 1998. DOI: 10.1038/3305.
 375.Erlich AT, Brownlee DM, Beyfuss K, Hood DA. Exercise induces tfeb expression and activity in skeletal muscle in a pgc‐1α‐dependent manner. Am J Phys Cell Phys 314: C62‐C72, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00162.2017.
 376.Esbjörnsson M, Jansson E, Sundberg CJ, Sylvén C, Eiken O, Nygren A, Kaijser L. Muscle fibre types and enzyme activities after training with local leg ischaemia in man. Acta Physiol Scand 148: 233‐241, 1993. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748‐1716.1993.tb09554.x.
 377.Essén‐Gustavsson B, Tesch PA. Glycogen and triglyceride utilization in relation to muscle metabolic characteristics in men performing heavy‐resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 61: 5‐10, 1990. DOI: 10.1007/BF00236686.
 378.Evans WJ, Phinney SD, Young VR. Suction applied to a muscle biopsy maximizes sample size [Online]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14: 101‐102, 1982. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7070249.
 379.Ezzati A, Katz MJ, Zammit AR, Lipton ML, Zimmerman ME, Sliwinski MJ, Lipton RB. Differential association of left and right hippocampal volumes with verbal episodic and spatial memory in older adults. Neuropsychologia 93: 380‐385, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.016.
 380.Fabbri E, Zoli M, Gonzalez‐Freire M, Salive ME, Studenski SA, Ferrucci L. Aging and multimorbidity: New tasks, priorities, and frontiers for integrated gerontological and clinical research. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16: 640‐647, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.03.013.
 381.Faigenbaum AD. Youth resistance training: The good, the bad, and the ugly‐the year that was 2017. Pediatr Exerc Sci 30: 19‐24, 2018. DOI: 10.1123/pes.2017‐0290.
 382.Falk B, Haddad F, Klentrou P, Ward W, Kish K, Mezil Y, Radom‐Aizik S. Differential sclerostin and parathyroid hormone response to exercise in boys and men. Osteoporos Int 27: 1245‐1249, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐015‐3310‐z.
 383.Fan X, Hussien R, Brooks GA. H2O2‐induced mitochondrial fragmentation in c2c12 myocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 49: 1646‐1654, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.024.
 384.Faraco G, Iadecola C. Hypertension: A harbinger of stroke and dementia. Hypertension 62: 810‐817, 2013. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01063.
 385.Fealy CE, Mulya A, Lai N, Kirwan JP. Exercise training decreases activation of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin‐related protein‐1 in insulin‐resistant human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 117: 239‐245, 2014. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2013.
 386.Fedewa MV, Gist NH, Evans EM, Dishman RK. Exercise and insulin resistance in youth: A meta‐analysis. Pediatrics 133: e163‐e174, 2014. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013‐2718.
 387.Fell J, Williams D. The effect of aging on skeletal‐muscle recovery from exercise: Possible implications for aging athletes. J Aging Phys Act 16: 97‐115, 2008. DOI: 10.1123/japa.16.1.97.
 388.Fell RD, McLane JA, Winder WW, Holloszy JO. Preferential resynthesis of muscle glycogen in fasting rats after exhausting exercise. Am J Phys 238: R328‐R332, 1980. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1980.238.5.R328.
 389.Fenesi B, Fang H, Kovacevic A, Oremus M, Raina P, Heisz JJ. Physical exercise moderates the relationship of apolipoprotein e (apoe) genotype and dementia risk: A population‐based study. J Alzheimers Dis 56: 297‐303, 2017. DOI: 10.3233/JAD‐160424.
 390.Feng X, Naz F, Juan AH, Dell'Orso S, Sartorelli V. Identification of skeletal muscle satellite cells by immunofluorescence with pax7 and laminin antibodies. J Vis Exp, 2018. DOI: 10.3791/57212.
 391.Fenton SAM, van Zanten JJCSV, Kitas GD, Duda JL, Rouse PC, Yu C‐A, Metsios GS. Sedentary behaviour is associated with increased long‐term cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis independently of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 18: 131, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12891‐017‐1473‐9.
 392.Ferdinand KC, Nasser SA. Management of essential hypertension. Cardiol Clin 35: 231‐246, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2016.12.005.
 393.Ferreira JP, Ghiarone T, J'unior CRC, Furtado GE, Carvalho HM, Rodrigues AM, Toscano CVA. Effects of physical exercise on the stereotyped behavior of children with autism spectrum disorders. Medicina (Kaunas) 55, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100685.
 394.Fiest KM, Roberts JI, Maxwell CJ, Hogan DB, Smith EE, Frolkis A, Cohen A, Kirk A, Pearson D, Pringsheim T, Venegas‐Torres A, Jetté N. The prevalence and incidence of dementia due to alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Can J Neurol Sci 43 (Suppl 1): S51‐S82, 2016. DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2016.36.
 395.Figueiredo VC, McCarthy JJ. Regulation of ribosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Physiology (Bethesda) 34: 30‐42, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00034.2018.
 396.Figueiredo VC, Caldow MK, Massie V, Markworth JF, Cameron‐Smith D, Blazevich AJ. Ribosome biogenesis adaptation in resistance training‐induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 309: E72‐E83, 2015. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00050.2015.
 397.Figueiredo VC, Roberts LA, Markworth JF, Barnett MPG, Coombes JS, Raastad T, Peake JM, Cameron‐Smith D. Impact of resistance exercise on ribosome biogenesis is acutely regulated by post‐exercise recovery strategies. Physiol Rep 4, 2016. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12670.
 398.Fiorenza M, Gunnarsson TP, Hostrup M, Iaia FM, Schena F, Pilegaard H, Bangsbo J. Metabolic stress‐dependent regulation of the mitochondrial biogenic molecular response to high‐intensity exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 596: 2823‐2840, 2018. DOI: 10.1113/JP275972.
 399.Firth J, Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Schuch F, Lagopoulos J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB. Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. NeuroImage 166: 230‐238, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007.
 400.Fischer CP, Hiscock NJ, Basu S, Vessby B, Kallner A, Sjöberg L‐B, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK. Vitamin e isoform‐specific inhibition of the exercise‐induced heat shock protein 72 expression in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 100: 1679‐1687, 2006. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00421.2005.
 401.Fischer CP, Hiscock NJ, Penkowa M, Basu S, Vessby B, Kallner A, Sjöberg L‐B, Pedersen BK. Supplementation with vitamins c and e inhibits the release of interleukin‐6 from contracting human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 558: 633‐645, 2004. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.066779.
 402.Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Hansen AK, Pilegaard H, Saltin B, Pedersen BK. Endurance training reduces the contraction‐induced interleukin‐6 mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 287: E1189‐E1194, 2004. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00206.2004.
 403.Fisher‐Wellman K, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: A 30 year history. Dynamic Med 8: 1, 2009. DOI: 10.1186/1476‐5918‐8‐1.
 404.Fitts RH. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 74: 49‐94, 1994. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1994.74.1.49.
 405.Fitts RH, Costill DL, Gardetto PR. Effect of swim exercise training on human muscle fiber function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 66: 465‐475, 1989. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.465.
 406.Fiuza‐Luces C, Garatachea N, Berger NA, Lucia A. Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology (Bethesda) 28: 330‐358, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00019.2013.
 407.Florencio‐Silva R, da Silva Sasso GR, Sasso‐Cerri E, Simões MJ, Cerri PS. Biology of bone tissue: Structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells. Biomed Res Int 2015: 421746, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/421746.
 408.Foley TR, Armstrong EJ, Waldo SW. Contemporary evaluation and management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Heart 102: 1436‐1441, 2016. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl‐2015‐309076.
 409.Folk GE. The harvard fatigue laboratory: Contributions to world war ii. Adv Physiol Educ 34: 119‐127, 2010. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00041.2010.
 410.Formosa LE, Ryan MT. Mitochondrial fusion: Reaching the end of mitofusin's tether. J Cell Biol 215: 597‐598, 2016. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611048.
 411.Forti LN, Van Roie E, Njemini R, Coudyzer W, Beyer I, Delecluse C, Bautmans I. High versus low load resistance training: The effect of 24 weeks detraining on serum brain derived‐neurotrophic factor (bdnf) in older adults. J Frailty Aging 6: 53‐58, 2017. DOI: 10.14283/jfa.2017.2.
 412.Forti LN, Van Roie E, Njemini R, Coudyzer W, Beyer I, Delecluse C, Bautmans I. Dose‐and gender‐specific effects of resistance training on circulating levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) in community‐dwelling older adults. Exp Gerontol 70: 144‐149, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.08.004.
 413.Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Pou KM, Maurovich‐Horvat P, Liu C‐Y, Vasan RS, Murabito JM, Meigs JB, Cupples LA, D'Agostino RB, O'Donnell CJ. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: Association with metabolic risk factors in the framingham heart study. Circulation 116: 39‐48, 2007. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355.
 414.Fox J, Rioux BV, Goulet EDB, Johanssen NM, Swift DL, Bouchard DR, Loewen H, Sénéchal M. Effect of an acute exercise bout on immediate post‐exercise irisin concentration in adults: A meta‐analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 28: 16‐28, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12904.
 415.Fox KAA, Metra M, Morais J, Atar D. The myth of 'stable' coronary artery disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 17: 9‐21, 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41569‐019‐0233‐y.
 416.Fragala MS, Cadore EL, Dorgo S, Izquierdo M, Kraemer WJ, Peterson MD, Ryan ED. Resistance training for older adults: Position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res 33: 2019‐2052, 2019. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003230.
 417.Franklin BA, Thompson PD, Al‐Zaiti SS, Albert CM, Hivert M‐F, Levine BD, Lobelo F, Madan K, Sharrief AZ, Eijsvogels TMH. Exercise‐related acute cardiovascular events and potential deleterious adaptations following long‐term exercise training: Placing the risks into perspective‐an update: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation 141: e705‐e736, 2020. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000749.
 418.Fransen M, McConnell S. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD004376, 2008. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004376.pub2.
 419.Fraser BJ, Schmidt MD, Huynh QL, Dwyer T, Venn AJ, Magnussen CG. Tracking of muscular strength and power from youth to young adulthood: Longitudinal findings from the childhood determinants of adult health study. J Sci Med Sport 20: 927‐931, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.021.
 420.Frasier CR, Moore RL, Brown DA. Exercise‐induced cardiac preconditioning: How exercise protects your achy‐breaky heart. J Appl Physiol (1985) 111: 905‐915, 2011. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00004.2011.
 421.Freiberger E, Häberle L, Spirduso WW, Zijlstra GAR. Long‐term effects of three multicomponent exercise interventions on physical performance and fall‐related psychological outcomes in community‐dwelling older adults: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 60: 437‐446, 2012. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532‐5415.2011.03859.x.
 422.Freidenreich DJ, Volek JS. Immune responses to resistance exercise [Online]. Exerc Immunol Rev 18: 8‐41, 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22876721.
 423.Freund BJ, Wade CE, Claybaugh JR. Effects of exercise on atrial natriuretic factor. Release mechanisms and implications for fluid homeostasis. Sports Med 6: 364‐377, 1988. DOI: 10.2165/00007256‐198806060‐00003.
 424.Freyssenet D, Berthon P, Denis C. Mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to endurance exercises. Arch Physiol Biochem 104: 129‐141, 1996. DOI: 10.1076/apab.104.2.129.12878.
 425.Friedrich MJ. Depression is the leading cause of disability around the world. JAMA 317: 1517, 2017. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.3826.
 426.Fritzen AM, Thøgersen FB, Thybo K, Vissing CR, Krag TO, Ruiz‐Ruiz C, Risom L, Wibrand F, Høeg LD, Kiens B, Duno M, Vissing J, Jeppesen TD. Adaptations in mitochondrial enzymatic activity occurs independent of genomic dosage in response to aerobic exercise training and deconditioning in human skeletal muscle. Cell 8, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/cells8030237.
 427.Frizziero A, Salamanna F, Bella ED, Vittadini F, Gasparre G, Aldini NN, Masiero S, Fini M. The role of detraining in tendon mechanobiology. Front Aging Neurosci 8: 43, 2016. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00043.
 428.Frontera WR, Ochala J. Skeletal muscle: A brief review of structure and function. Calcif Tissue Int 96: 183‐195, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s00223‐014‐9915‐y.
 429.Fry CS, Lee JD, Jackson JR, Kirby TJ, Stasko SA, Liu H, Dupont‐Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Regulation of the muscle fiber microenvironment by activated satellite cells during hypertrophy. FASEB J 28: 1654‐1665, 2014. DOI: 10.1096/fj.13‐239426.
 430.Fukai T, Siegfried MR, Ushio‐Fukai M, Cheng Y, Kojda G, Harrison DG. Regulation of the vascular extracellular superoxide dismutase by nitric oxide and exercise training. J Clin Invest 105: 1631‐1639, 2000. DOI: 10.1172/JCI9551.
 431.Fulghum K, Hill BG. Metabolic mechanisms of exercise‐induced cardiac remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 5: 127, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00127.
 432.Fuller SE, Huang T‐Y, Simon J, Batdorf HM, Essajee NM, Scott MC, Waskom CM, Brown JM, Burke SJ, Collier JJ, Noland RC. Low‐intensity exercise induces acute shifts in liver and skeletal muscle substrate metabolism but not chronic adaptations in tissue oxidative capacity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 127: 143‐156, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00820.2018.
 433.Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, Carrera‐Bastos P, Targ S, Franceschi C, Ferrucci L, Gilroy DW, Fasano A, Miller GW, Miller AH, Mantovani A, Weyand CM, Barzilai N, Goronzy JJ, Rando TA, Effros RB, Lucia A, Kleinstreuer N, Slavich GM. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med 25: 1822‐1832, 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41591‐019‐0675‐0.
 434.Furst DE, Emery P. Rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology: Update on emerging cytokine and cytokine‐associated cell targets. Rheumatology (Oxford) 53: 1560‐1569, 2014. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket414.
 435.Furuichi Y, Manabe Y, Takagi M, Aoki M, Fujii NL. Evidence for acute contraction‐induced myokine secretion by c2c12 myotubes. PLoS One 13: e0206146, 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206146.
 436.Fuss J, Steinle J, Bindila L, Auer MK, Kirchherr H, Lutz B, Gass P. A runner's high depends on cannabinoid receptors in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112: 13105‐13108, 2015. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514996112.
 437.Galpin AJ, Raue U, Jemiolo B, Trappe TA, Harber MP, Minchev K, Trappe S. Human skeletal muscle fiber type specific protein content. Anal Biochem 425: 175‐182, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.03.018.
 438.Galvão DA, Newton RU. Review of exercise intervention studies in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 23: 899‐909, 2005. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.06.085.
 439.Galvão DA, Nosaka K, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Kristjanson LJ, McGuigan MR, Suzuki K, Yamaya K, Newton RU. Resistance training and reduction of treatment side effects in prostate cancer patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: 2045‐2052, 2006. DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000233803.48691.8b.
 440.Gan Z, Fu T, Kelly DP, Vega RB. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling in exercise and diseases. Cell Res 28: 969‐980, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41422‐018‐0078‐7.
 441.Ganter U, Arcone R, Toniatti C, Morrone G, Ciliberto G. Dual control of c‐reactive protein gene expression by interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐6 [Online]. EMBO J 8: 3773‐3779, 1989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2555173.
 442.Garc'ıa‐Hermoso A, Ramirez‐Vélez R, de Asteasu MLS, Mart'ınez‐Velilla N, Zambom‐Ferraresi F, Valenzuela PL, Lucia A, Izquierdo M. Safety and effectiveness of long‐term exercise interventions in older adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med 50: 1095‐1106, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐020‐01259‐y.
 443.Garg MK, Kharb S. Dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry: Pitfalls in measurement and interpretation of bone mineral density. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 17: 203‐210, 2013. DOI: 10.4103/2230‐8210.109659.
 444.Garner RT, Solfest JS, Nie Y, Kuang S, Stout J, Gavin TP. Multivesicular body and exosome pathway responses to acute exercise. Exp Physiol 105: 511‐521, 2020. DOI: 10.1113/EP088017.
 445.Gäbler M, Prieske O, Hortob'agyi T, Granacher U. The effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on physical fitness and athletic performance in youth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Front Physiol 9: 1057, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01057.
 446.Gea JG, Pasto M, Carmona MA, Orozco‐Levi M, Palomeque J, Broquetas J. Metabolic characteristics of the deltoid muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 17: 939‐945, 2001. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.01.17509390.
 447.Geard D, Reaburn PRJ, Rebar AL, Dionigi RA. Masters athletes: Exemplars of successful aging? J Aging Phys Act 25: 490‐500, 2017. DOI: 10.1123/japa.2016‐0050.
 448.Geard D, Rebar AL, Reaburn P, Dionigi RA. Testing a model of successful aging in a cohort of masters swimmers. J Aging Phys Act 26: 183‐193, 2018. DOI: 10.1123/japa.2016‐0357.
 449.Geertsen SS, Thomas R, Larsen MN, Dahn IM, Andersen JN, Krause‐Jensen M, Korup V, Nielsen CM, Wienecke J, Ritz C, Krustrup P, Lundbye‐Jensen J. Motor skills and exercise capacity are associated with objective measures of cognitive functions and academic performance in preadolescent children. PLoS One 11: e0161960, 2016. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161960.
 450.Geffken DF, Cushman M, Burke GL, Polak JF, Sakkinen PA, Tracy RP. Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 153: 242‐250, 2001. DOI: 10.1093/aje/153.3.242.
 451.Gehlert S, Bungartz G, Willkomm L, Korkmaz Y, Pfannkuche K, Schiffer T, Bloch W, Suhr F. Intense resistance exercise induces early and transient increases in ryanodine receptor 1 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. PLoS One 7: e49326, 2012. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049326.
 452.Geisler M, Eichelkraut L, Miltner WHR, Weiss T. Expectation of exercise in trained athletes results in a reduction of central processing to nociceptive stimulation. Behav Brain Res 356: 314‐321, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.036.
 453.Gejl KD, Ørtenblad N, Andersson E, Plomgaard P, Holmberg H‐C, Nielsen J. Local depletion of glycogen with supramaximal exercise in human skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol 595: 2809‐2821, 2017. DOI: 10.1113/JP273109.
 454.George EK, Reddy PH. Can healthy diets, regular exercise, and better lifestyle delay the progression of dementia in elderly individuals? J Alzheimers Dis 72: S37‐S58, 2019. DOI: 10.3233/JAD‐190232.
 455.Georgoulis AD, Kiapidou I‐S, Velogianni L, Stergiou N, Boland A. Herodicus, the father of sports medicine. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15: 315‐318, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s00167‐006‐0149‐z.
 456.Gerich JE, Meyer C, Woerle HJ, Stumvoll M. Renal gluconeogenesis: Its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care 24: 382‐391, 2001. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.2.382.
 457.Ghafourifar P, Cadenas E. Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26: 190‐195, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2005.02.005.
 458.Gibson ASC, Schabort EJ, Noakes TD. Reduced neuromuscular activity and force generation during prolonged cycling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281: R187‐R196, 2001. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.1.R187.
 459.Gielen S, Laughlin MH, O'Conner C, Duncker DJ. Exercise training in patients with heart disease: Review of beneficial effects and clinical recommendations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 57: 347‐355, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2014.10.001.
 460.Ginter E, Simko V. Recent data on obesity research: B‐aminoisobutyric acid. Bratisl Lek Listy 115: 492‐493, 2014. DOI: 10.4149/bll_2014_095.
 461.Giordani L, He GJ, Negroni E, Sakai H, Law JYC, Siu MM, Wan R, Corneau A, Tajbakhsh S, Cheung TH, Le Grand F. High‐dimensional single‐cell cartography reveals novel skeletal muscle‐resident cell populations. Mol Cell 74: 609‐621.e6, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.026.
 462.Giovannini S, Onder G, Liperoti R, Russo A, Carter C, Capoluongo E, Pahor M, Bernabei R, Landi F. Interleukin‐6, c‐reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha as predictors of mortality in frail, community‐living elderly individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc 59: 1679‐1685, 2011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532‐5415.2011.03570.x.
 463.Giralt M, Villarroya F. White, brown, beige/brite: Different adipose cells for different functions? Endocrinology 154: 2992‐3000, 2013. DOI: 10.1210/en.2013‐1403.
 464.Gjedde A. Diffusive insights: On the disagreement of christian bohr and august krogh at the centennial of the seven little devils. Adv Physiol Educ 34: 174‐185, 2010. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00092.2010.
 465.Gleyzer N, Vercauteren K, Scarpulla RC. Control of mitochondrial transcription specificity factors (tfb1m and tfb2m) by nuclear respiratory factors (nrf‐1 and nrf‐2) and pgc‐1 family coactivators. Mol Cell Biol 25: 1354‐1366, 2005. DOI: 10.1128/MCB.25.4.1354‐1366.2005.
 466.Glovaci D, Fan W, Wong ND. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 21: 21, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11886‐019‐1107‐y.
 467.Glynn EL, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Dhanani S, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Muscle protein breakdown has a minor role in the protein anabolic response to essential amino acid and carbohydrate intake following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299: R533‐R540, 2010. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00077.2010.
 468.Goh S‐L, Persson MSM, Stocks J, Hou Y, Welton NJ, Lin J, Hall MC, Doherty M, Zhang W. Relative efficacy of different exercises for pain, function, performance and quality of life in knee and hip osteoarthritis: Systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Sports Med 49: 743‐761, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐019‐01082‐0.
 469.Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saltin B, Saubert CW, Sembrowich WL, Shepherd RE. Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 34: 107‐111, 1973. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1973.34.1.107.
 470.Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saubert CW, Piehl K, Saltin B. Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men. J Appl Physiol 33: 312‐319, 1972. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1972.33.3.312.
 471.Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Sembrowich WL, Shepherd RE, Saltin B. Glycogen depletion pattern in human skeletal muscle fibers after heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 34: 615‐618, 1973. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1973.34.5.615.
 472.Gollnick PD, King DW. Effect of exercise and training on mitochondria of rat skeletal muscle. Am J Phys 216: 1502‐1509, 1969. DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.216.6.1502.
 473.Gollnick PD, Sjödin B, Karlsson J, Jansson E, Saltin B. Human soleus muscle: A comparison of fiber composition and enzyme activities with other leg muscles. Pflugers Arch—Eur J Physiol 348: 247‐255, 1974. DOI: 10.1007/BF00587415.
 474.Gomes FGN, Fernandes J, Campos DV, Cassilhas RC, Viana GM, D'Almeida V, de Moraes Rêgo MK, Buainain PI, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM. The beneficial effects of strength exercise on hippocampal cell proliferation and apoptotic signaling is impaired by anabolic androgenic steroids. Psychoneuroendocrinology 50: 106‐117, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.009.
 475.Gomes‐Neto M, Durães AR, Reis HFCD, Neves VR, Martinez BP, Carvalho VO. High‐intensity interval training versus moderate‐intensity continuous training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 24: 1696‐1707, 2017. DOI: 10.1177/2047487317728370.
 476.Gonçalves A, Resende ES, Fernandes MLMP, da Costa AM. Effect of thyroid hormones on cardiovascular and muscle systems and on exercise tolerance: A brief review. Arq Bras Cardiol 87: e45‐e47, 2006. DOI: 10.1590/s0066‐782x2006001600033.
 477.Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, Betts JA, van Loon LJC. Liver glycogen metabolism during and after prolonged endurance‐type exercise. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 311: E543‐E553, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00232.2016.
 478.Gonzalez‐Freire M, Semba RD, Ubaida‐Mohien C, Fabbri E, Scalzo P, Højlund K, Dufresne C, Lyashkov A, Ferrucci L. The human skeletal muscle proteome project: A reappraisal of the current literature. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 8: 5‐18, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12121.
 479.Gonzalo‐Encabo P, McNeil J, Boyne DJ, Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM. Dose‐response effects of exercise on bone mineral density and content in post‐menopausal women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 29: 1121‐1129, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/sms.13443.
 480.Goodman CA, Hornberger TA, Robling AG. Bone and skeletal muscle: Key players in mechanotransduction and potential overlapping mechanisms. Bone 80: 24‐36, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.014.
 481.Goodpaster BH, Thaete FL, Simoneau JA, Kelley DE. Subcutaneous abdominal fat and thigh muscle composition predict insulin sensitivity independently of visceral fat. Diabetes 46: 1579‐1585, 1997. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.46.10.1579.
 482.Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt M, Schwartz AV, Simonsick EM, Tylavsky FA, Visser M, Newman AB. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: The health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61: 1059‐1064, 2006. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.10.1059.
 483.Goodyear LJ. The exercise pill–too good to be true? N Engl J Med 359: 1842‐1844, 2008. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcibr0806723.
 484.Gordon AM, Homsher E, Regnier M. Regulation of contraction in striated muscle. Physiol Rev 80: 853‐924, 2000. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.2.853.
 485.Gordon BR, McDowell CP, Lyons M, Herring MP. The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety: A meta‐analysis and meta‐regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med 47: 2521‐2532, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐017‐0769‐0.
 486.Gordt K, Gerhardy T, Najafi B, Schwenk M. Effects of wearable sensor‐based balance and gait training on balance, gait, and functional performance in healthy and patient populations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gerontology 64: 74‐89, 2018. DOI: 10.1159/000481454.
 487.Gram M, Vigelsø A, Yokota T, Helge JW, Dela F, Hey‐Mogensen M. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial h2 o2 emission increases with immobilization and decreases after aerobic training in young and older men. J Physiol 593: 4011‐4027, 2015. DOI: 10.1113/JP270211.
 488.Granacher U, Lesinski M, Büsch D, Muehlbauer T, Prieske O, Puta C, Gollhofer A, Behm DG. Effects of resistance training in youth athletes on muscular fitness and athletic performance: A conceptual model for long‐term athlete development. Front Physiol 7: 164, 2016. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00164.
 489.Granata C, Oliveira RSF, Little JP, Renner K, Bishop DJ. Mitochondrial adaptations to high‐volume exercise training are rapidly reversed after a reduction in training volume in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 30: 3413‐3423, 2016. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500100R.
 490.Granata C, Oliveira RSF, Little JP, Renner K, Bishop DJ. Training intensity modulates changes in pgc‐1α and p53 protein content and mitochondrial respiration, but not markers of mitochondrial content in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 30: 959‐970, 2016. DOI: 10.1096/fj.15‐276907.
 491.Green DJ, Hopkins ND, Jones H, Thijssen DHJ, Eijsvogels TMH, Yeap BB. Sex differences in vascular endothelial function and health in humans: Impacts of exercise. Exp Physiol 101: 230‐242, 2016. DOI: 10.1113/EP085367.
 492.Green DJ, Hopman MTE, Padilla J, Laughlin MH, Thijssen DHJ. Vascular adaptation to exercise in humans: Role of hemodynamic stimuli. Physiol Rev 97: 495‐528, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2016.
 493.Green DJ, Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Taylor R. Effect of exercise training on endothelium‐derived nitric oxide function in humans. J Physiol 561: 1‐25, 2004. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068197.
 494.Green DJ, Smith KJ. Effects of exercise on vascular function, structure, and health in humans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8, 2018. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029819.
 495.Green S, Askew C. Vo2peak is an acceptable estimate of cardiorespiratory fitness but not vo2max. J Appl Physiol (1985) 125: 229‐232, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00850.2017.
 496.Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ. Are the hypertrophic adaptations to high and low‐load resistance training muscle fiber type specific? Front Physiol 9: 402, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00402.
 497.Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Davies TB, Lazinica B, Krieger JW, Pedisic Z. Effect of resistance training frequency on gains in muscular strength: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Sports Med 48: 1207‐1220, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐018‐0872‐x.
 498.Gries KJ, Minchev K, Raue U, Grosicki GJ, Begue G, Finch WH, Graham B, Trappe TA, Trappe S. Single‐muscle fiber contractile properties in lifelong aerobic exercising women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 127: 1710‐1719, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00459.2019.
 499.Gries KJ, Raue U, Perkins RK, Lavin KM, Overstreet BS, D'Acquisto LJ, Graham B, Finch WH, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, Trappe S. Cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health with lifelong exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 125: 1636‐1645, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00174.2018.
 500.Grindberg RV, Yee‐Greenbaum JL, McConnell MJ, Novotny M, O'Shaughnessy AL, Lambert GM, Ara'uzo‐Bravo MJ, Lee J, Fishman M, Robbins GE, Lin X, Venepally P, Badger JH, Galbraith DW, Gage FH, Lasken RS. RNA‐sequencing from single nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: 19802‐19807, 2013. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319700110.
 501.Gruber R. Molecular and cellular basis of bone resorption. Wien Med Wochenschr 165: 48‐53, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s10354‐014‐0310‐0.
 502.Gudsoorkar PS, Tobe SW. Changing concepts in hypertension management. J Hum Hypertens 31: 763‐767, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2017.57.
 503.Gump BS, McMullan DR, Cauthon DJ, Whitt JA, Mundo JDD, Letham T, Kim PJ, Friedlander GN, Pingel J, Langberg H, Carroll CC. Short‐term acetaminophen consumption enhances the exercise‐induced increase in achilles peritendinous il‐6 in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 115: 929‐936, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00219.2013.
 504.Guure CB, Ibrahim NA, Adam MB, Said SM. Impact of physical activity on cognitive decline, dementia, and its subtypes: Meta‐analysis of prospective studies. Biomed Res Int 2017: 9016924, 2017. DOI: 10.1155/2017/9016924.
 505.Guzzini M, Raffa S, Geuna S, Nicolino S, Torrisi MR, Tos P, Battiston B, Grassi F, Ferretti A. Denervation‐related changes in acetylcholine receptor density and distribution in the rat flexor digitorum sublimis muscle [Online]. Ital J Anat Embryol 113: 209‐216, 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19507461.
 506.Haakstad LAH, Kissel I, Bø K. Long‐term effects of participation in a prenatal exercise intervention on body weight, body mass index, and physical activity level: A 6‐year follow‐up study of a randomized controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 34 (9): 1347‐1355.
 507.Hackney AC, Kallman AL, Ağgön E. Female sex hormones and the recovery from exercise: Menstrual cycle phase affects responses. Biomed Hum Kinet 11: 87‐89, 2019. DOI: 10.2478/bhk‐2019‐0011.
 508.Haddad F, Zaldivar F, Cooper DM, Adams GR. IL‐6‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 98: 911‐917, 2005. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01026.2004.
 509.Hagberg JM, Coyle EF, Baldwin KM, Cartee GD, Fontana L, Joyner MJ, Kirwan JP, Seals DR, Weiss EP. The historical context and scientific legacy of john o. Holloszy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 127: 277‐305, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00669.2018.
 510.Hagstrom AD, Marshall PW, Halaki M, Hackett DA. The effect of resistance training in women on dynamic strength and muscular hypertrophy: A systematic review with meta‐analysis. Sports Med 50: 1075‐1093, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐019‐01247‐x.
 511.Hajjar I, Lackland DT, Cupples LA, Lipsitz LA. Association between concurrent and remote blood pressure and disability in older adults. Hypertension 50: 1026‐1032, 2007. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.097667.
 512.Hajjar I, Wharton W, Mack WJ, Levey AI, Goldstein FC. Racial disparity in cognitive and functional disability in hypertension and all‐cause mortality. Am J Hypertens 29: 185‐193, 2016. DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv084.
 513.Haldane J. A new form of apparatus for measuring the respiratory exchange of animals. J Physiol 13: 419‐430, 1892. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1892.sp000417.
 514.Hambrecht R, Adams V, Erbs S, Linke A, Kränkel N, Shu Y, Baither Y, Gielen S, Thiele H, Gummert JF, Mohr FW, Schuler G. Regular physical activity improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease by increasing phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 107: 3152‐3158, 2003. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000074229.93804.5C.
 515.Hamed A, Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Follow‐up efficacy of physical exercise interventions on fall incidence and fall risk in healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Sports Med Open 4: 56, 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s40798‐018‐0170‐z.
 516.Hamilton MT, Booth FW. Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise: A century of progress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 88: 327‐331, 2000. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.327.
 517.Hammarström D, Øfsteng S, Koll L, Hanestadhaugen M, Hollan I, Apr'o W, Whist JE, Blomstrand E, Rønnestad BR, Ellefsen S. Benefits of higher resistance‐training volume are related to ribosome biogenesis. J Physiol 598: 543‐565, 2020. DOI: 10.1113/JP278455.
 518.Hammett CJK, Oxenham HC, Baldi JC, Doughty RN, Ameratunga R, French JK, White HD, Stewart RAH. Effect of six months' exercise training on c‐reactive protein levels in healthy elderly subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 44: 2411‐2413, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.030.
 519.Han X, Gross RW. Global analyses of cellular lipidomes directly from crude extracts of biological samples by esi mass spectrometry: A bridge to lipidomics. J Lipid Res 44: 1071‐1079, 2003. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R300004‐JLR200.
 520.Han X, Yang K, Gross RW. Multi‐dimensional mass spectrometry‐based shotgun lipidomics and novel strategies for lipidomic analyses. Mass Spectrom Rev 31: 134‐178, 2011. DOI: 10.1002/mas.20342.
 521.Harber MP, Crane JD, Dickinson JM, Jemiolo B, Raue U, Trappe TA, Trappe SW. Protein synthesis and the expression of growth‐related genes are altered by running in human vastus lateralis and soleus muscles. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R708‐R714, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90906.2008.
 522.Harber M, Trappe S. Single muscle fiber contractile properties of young competitive distance runners. J Appl Physiol 105: 629‐636, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00995.2007.
 523.Harber MP, Gallagher PM, Creer AR, Minchev KM, Trappe SW. Single muscle fiber contractile properties during a competitive season in male runners. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287: R1124‐R1131, 2004. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00686.2003.
 524.Harrison AL, Shields N, Taylor NF, Frawley HC. Exercise improves glycaemic control in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. J Physiother 62: 188‐196, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2016.08.003.
 525.Harry LE, Sandison A, Paleolog EM, Hansen U, Pearse MF, Nanchahal J. Comparison of the healing of open tibial fractures covered with either muscle or fasciocutaneous tissue in a murine model. J Orthop Res 26: 1238‐1244, 2008. DOI: 10.1002/jor.20649.
 526.Harston RK, Kuppuswamy D. Integrins are the necessary links to hypertrophic growth in cardiomyocytes. J Signal Transduct 2011: 521742, 2011. DOI: 10.1155/2011/521742.
 527.Harveson AT, Hannon JC, Brusseau TA, Podlog L, Papadopoulos C, Hall MS, Celeste E. Acute exercise and academic achievement in middle school students. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193527.
 528.Harvey SB, Øverland S, Hatch SL, Wessely S, Mykletun A, Hotopf M. Exercise and the prevention of depression: Results of the hunt cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 175: 28‐36, 2018. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16111223.
 529.Hattori N, Hayashi T, Nakachi K, Ichikawa H, Goto C, Tokudome Y, Kuriki K, Hoshino H, Shibata K, Yamada N, Tokudome M, Suzuki S, Nagaya T, Kobayashi M, Tokudome S. Changes of ros during a two‐day ultra‐marathon race. Int J Sports Med 30: 426‐429, 2009. DOI: 10.1055/s‐0028‐1112144.
 530.Haun CT, Vann CG, Mobley CB, Osburn SC, Mumford PW, Roberson PA, Romero MA, Fox CD, Parry HA, Kavazis AN, Moon JR, Young KC, Roberts MD. Pre‐training skeletal muscle fiber size and predominant fiber type best predict hypertrophic responses to 6 weeks of resistance training in previously trained young men. Front Physiol 10: 297, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00297.
 531.Haun CT, Vann CG, Roberts BM, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ, Roberts MD. A critical evaluation of the biological construct skeletal muscle hypertrophy: Size matters but so does the measurement. Front Physiol 10: 247, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00247.
 532.Hawe JS, Theis FJ, Heinig M. Inferring interaction networks from multi‐omics data. Front Genet 10: 535, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00535.
 533.Hawke TJ. Muscle stem cells and exercise training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 33: 63‐68, 2005. DOI: 10.1097/00003677‐200504000‐00002.
 534.Hawke TJ, Garry DJ. Myogenic satellite cells: Physiology to molecular biology. J Appl Physiol (1985) 91: 534‐551, 2001. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.534.
 535.Hawley JA, Hargreaves M, Joyner MJ, Zierath JR. Integrative biology of exercise. Cell 159: 738‐749, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.029.
 536.Hawley JA, Joyner MJ, Green DJ. Mimicking exercise: What matters most and where to next? J Physiol 599: 791‐802, 2021. DOI: 10.1113/JP278761.
 537.Hayes K, Leet AS, Bradley SJ, Holland AE. Effects of exercise training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with a left ventricular assist device: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. J Heart Lung Transplant 31: 729‐734, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.02.021.
 538.Hayot M, Michaud A, Koechlin C, Caron M‐A, Leblanc P, Préfaut C, Maltais F. Skeletal muscle microbiopsy: A validation study of a minimally invasive technique. Eur Respir J 25: 431‐440, 2005. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00053404.
 539.Hazell TJ, Macpherson REK, Gravelle BMR, Lemon PWR. 10 or 30‐s sprint interval training bouts enhance both aerobic and anaerobic performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 110: 153‐160, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐010‐1474‐y.
 540.Häkkinen A, Pakarinen A, Hannonen P, Kautiainen H, Nyman K, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K. Effects of prolonged combined strength and endurance training on physical fitness, body composition and serum hormones in women with rheumatoid arthritis and in healthy controls [Online]. Clin Exp Rheumatol 23: 505‐512, 2005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16095120.
 541.Hänggi J, Koeneke S, Bezzola L, Jäncke L. Structural neuroplasticity in the sensorimotor network of professional female ballet dancers. Hum Brain Mapp 31: 1196‐1206, 2010. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20928.
 542.Hänggi J, Langer N, Lutz K, Birrer K, Mérillat S, Jäncke L. Structural brain correlates associated with professional handball playing. PLoS One 10: e0124222, 2015. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124222.
 543.Hebert AS, Dittenhafer‐Reed KE, Yu W, Bailey DJ, Selen ES, Boersma MD, Carson JJ, Tonelli M, Balloon AJ, Higbee AJ, Westphall MS, Pagliarini DJ, Prolla TA, Assadi‐Porter F, Roy S, Denu JM, Coon JJ. Calorie restriction and sirt3 trigger global reprogramming of the mitochondrial protein acetylome. Mol Cell 49: 186‐199, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.024.
 544.Heden TD, Ryan TE, Ferrara PJ, Hickner RC, Brophy PM, Neufer PD, McClung JM, Funai K. Greater oxidative capacity in primary myotubes from endurance‐trained women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 49: 2151‐2157, 2017. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001352.
 545.Heineke J, Molkentin JD. Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy by intracellular signalling pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 589‐600, 2006. DOI: 10.1038/nrm1983.
 546.Heinemeier K, Langberg H, Olesen JL, Kjaer M. Role of tgf‐beta1 in relation to exercise‐induced type i collagen synthesis in human tendinous tissue. J Appl Physiol (1985) 95: 2390‐2397, 2003. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00403.2003.
 547.Heinemeier KM, Schjerling P, Heinemeier J, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. Lack of tissue renewal in human adult achilles tendon is revealed by nuclear bomb (14)C. FASEB J 27: 2074‐2079, 2013. DOI: 10.1096/fj.12‐225599.
 548.Heinonen I, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC, Duncker DJ, Nuutila P, Knuuti J. Organ‐specific physiological responses to acute physical exercise and long‐term training in humans. Physiology (Bethesda) 29: 421‐436, 2014. DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00067.2013.
 549.Helge JW, Stallknecht B, Pedersen BK, Galbo H, Kiens B, Richter EA. The effect of graded exercise on il‐6 release and glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 546: 299‐305, 2003. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.030437.
 550.Helgerud J, Høydal K, Wang E, Karlsen T, Berg P, Bjerkaas M, Simonsen T, Helgesen C, Hjorth N, Bach R, Hoff J. Aerobic high‐intensity intervals improve vo2max more than moderate training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39: 665‐671, 2007. DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3180304570.
 551.Hellsten Y, Nyberg M. Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training. Compr Physiol 6: 1‐32, 2015. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140080.
 552.Hely MA, Reid WGJ, Adena MA, Halliday GM, Morris JGL. The sydney multicenter study of parkinson's disease: The inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord 23: 837‐844, 2008. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21956.
 553.Hemmings BA, Restuccia DF. PI3K‐pkb/akt pathway. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4: a011189, 2012. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011189.
 554.Henneman E, Somjen G, Carpenter DO. Excitability and inhibitability of motoneurons of different sizes. J Neurophysiol 28: 599‐620, 1965. DOI: 10.1152/jn.1965.28.3.599.
 555.Henriksson KG. “Semi‐open” muscle biopsy technique. A simple outpatient procedure [Online]. Acta Neurol Scand 59: 317‐323, 1979. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/484204.
 556.Heo M, Murphy CF, Fontaine KR, Bruce ML, Alexopoulos GS. Population projection of us adults with lifetime experience of depressive disorder by age and sex from year 2005 to 2050. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23: 1266‐1270, 2008. DOI: 10.1002/gps.2061.
 557.Hepple RT, Rice CL. Innervation and neuromuscular control in ageing skeletal muscle. J Physiol 594: 1965‐1978, 2016. DOI: 10.1113/JP270561.
 558.Hernlund E, Svedbom A, Ivergård M, Compston J, Cooper C, Stenmark J, McCloskey EV, Jönsson B, Kanis JA. Osteoporosis in the european union: Medical management, epidemiology and economic burden. A report prepared in collaboration with the international osteoporosis foundation (iof) and the european federation of pharmaceutical industry associations (efpia). Arch Osteoporos 8: 136, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/S11657‐013‐0136‐1.
 559.Herold F, Müller P, Gronwald T, Müller NG. Dose‐response matters!—a perspective on the exercise prescription in exercise‐cognition research. Front Psychol 10: 2338, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338.
 560.Herold F, Törpel A, Schega L, Müller NG. Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements—a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 16: 10, 2019. DOI: 10.1186/s11556‐019‐0217‐2.
 561.Herting MM, Chu X. Exercise, cognition, and the adolescent brain. Birth Defects Res 109: 1672‐1679, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1178.
 562.Herting MM, Nagel BJ. Aerobic fitness relates to learning on a virtual morris water task and hippocampal volume in adolescents. Behav Brain Res 233: 517‐525, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.012.
 563.Heyman E, Gamelin F‐X, Goekint M, Piscitelli F, Roelands B, Leclair E, Marzo VD, Meeusen R. Intense exercise increases circulating endocannabinoid and bdnf levels in humans–possible implications for reward and depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37: 844‐851, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.017.
 564.Hildebrandt AL, Pilegaard H, Neufer PD. Differential transcriptional activation of select metabolic genes in response to variations in exercise intensity and duration. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 285: E1021‐E1027, 2003. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00234.2003.
 565.Hill AV. The revolution in muscle physiology. Physiol Rev 12: 56‐67, 1932.
 566.Hill AV, Long CNH, Lupton H. Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilisation of oxygen.– Parts VII–VIII. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 97: 155‐176, 1924. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1924.0048.
 567.Hill AV. A challenge to biochemists. Biochim Biophys Acta 4: 4‐11, 1950. DOI: 10.1016/0006‐3002(50)90003‐5.
 568.Hill EE, Zack E, Battaglini C, Viru M, Viru A, Hackney AC. Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: The intensity threshold effect. J Endocrinol Investig 31: 587‐591, 2008. DOI: 10.1007/BF03345606.
 569.Hillard CJ. Circulating endocannabinoids: From whence do they come and where are they going? Neuropsychopharmacology 43: 155‐172, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.130.
 570.Hinkley JM, Konopka AR, Suer MK, Harber MP. Short‐term intense exercise training reduces stress markers and alters the transcriptional response to exercise in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 312: R426‐R433, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00356.2016.
 571.Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M, Laveder A, Kano M, Peake J, Suzuki K. Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors [Online]. Exerc Immunol Rev 10: 75‐90, 2004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15633588.
 572.Hivert M‐F, Arena R, Forman DE, Kris‐Etherton PM, McBride PE, Pate RR, Spring B, Trilk J, Van Horn LV, Kraus WE. Medical training to achieve competency in lifestyle counseling: An essential foundation for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and other chronic medical conditions: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation 134: e308‐e327, 2016. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000442.
 573.Hodes RJ, Sierra F, Austad SN, Epel E, Neigh GN, Erlandson KM, Schafer MJ, LeBrasseur NK, Wiley C, Campisi J, Sehl ME, Scalia R, Eguchi S, Kasinath BS, Halter JB, Cohen HJ, Demark‐Wahnefried W, Ahles TA, Barzilai N, Hurria A, Hunt PW. Disease drivers of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1386: 45‐68, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13299.
 574.Hoekstra SP, Leicht CA, Kamijo Y‐I, Kinoshita T, Stephenson BT, Goosey‐Tolfrey VL, Bishop NC, Tajima F. The inflammatory response to a wheelchair half‐marathon in people with a spinal cord injury—the role of autonomic function. J Sports Sci 37: 1717‐1724, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1586296.
 575.Hoene M, Weigert C. The stress response of the liver to physical exercise [Online]. Exerc Immunol Rev 16: 163‐183, 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839498.
 576.Hoffman NJ, Parker BL, Chaudhuri R, Fisher‐Wellman KH, Kleinert M, Humphrey SJ, Yang P, Holliday M, Trefely S, Fazakerley DJ, Stöckli J, Burchfield JG, Jensen TE, Jothi R, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, James DE. Global phosphoproteomic analysis of human skeletal muscle reveals a network of exercise‐regulated kinases and ampk substrates. Cell Metab 22: 922‐935, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.001.
 577.Hoffmann C, Weigert C. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: The role of myokines in exercise adaptations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 7, 2017. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029793.
 578.Hofmann P. Cancer and exercise: Warburg hypothesis, tumour metabolism and high‐intensity anaerobic exercise. Sports 6, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/sports6010010.
 579.Hoier B, Hellsten Y. Exercise‐induced capillary growth in human skeletal muscle and the dynamics of vegf. Microcirculation 21: 301‐314, 2014. DOI: 10.1111/micc.12117.
 580.Hollings M, Mavros Y, Freeston J, Singh MF. The effect of progressive resistance training on aerobic fitness and strength in adults with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol 24: 1242‐1259, 2017. DOI: 10.1177/2047487317713329.
 581.Holloszy JO. Biochemical adaptations in muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle [Online]. J Biol Chem 242: 2278‐2282, 1967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4290225.
 582.Holloszy JO, Coyle EF. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 56: 831‐838, 1984. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1984.56.4.831.
 583.Holloszy JO. A forty‐year memoir of research on the regulation of glucose transport into muscle. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 284: E453‐E467, 2003. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00463.2002.
 584.Holloszy JO, Kohrt WM, Hansen PA. The regulation of carbohydrate and fat metabolism during and after exercise. Front Biosci 3: D1011‐D1027, 1998. DOI: 10.2741/a342.
 585.Holloszy JO, Oscai LB, Don IJ, Molé PA. Mitochondrial citric acid cycle and related enzymes: Adaptive response to exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 40: 1368‐1373, 1970. DOI: 10.1016/0006‐291x(70)90017‐3.
 586.Holloway KV, O'Gorman M, Woods P, Morton JP, Evans L, Cable NT, Goldspink DF, Burniston JG. Proteomic investigation of changes in human vastus lateralis muscle in response to interval‐exercise training. Proteomics 9: 5155‐5174, 2009. DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900068.
 587.Holloway TM, Snijders T, Kranenburg JV, Loon LJCV, Verdijk LB. Temporal response of angiogenesis and hypertrophy to resistance training in young men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50: 36‐45, 2018. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001409.
 588.Hong AR, Kim SW. Effects of resistance exercise on bone health. Endocrinol Metab 33: 435‐444, 2018. DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2018.33.4.435.
 589.Hoogkamer W, Kram R, Arellano CJ. How biomechanical improvements in running economy could break the 2‐hour marathon barrier. Sports Med 47: 1739‐1750, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐017‐0708‐0.
 590.Horak M, Zlamal F, Iliev R, Kucera J, Cacek J, Svobodova L, Hlavonova Z, Kalina T, Slaby O, Bienertova‐Vasku J. Exercise‐induced circulating microRNA changes in athletes in various training scenarios. PLoS One 13: e0191060, 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191060.
 591.Horowitz JF, Leone TC, Feng W, Kelly DP, Klein S. Effect of endurance training on lipid metabolism in women: A potential role for pparalpha in the metabolic response to training. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 279: E348‐E355, 2000. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.2.E348.
 592.Hosker DK, Elkins RM, Potter MP. Promoting mental health and wellness in youth through physical activity, nutrition, and sleep. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 28: 171‐193, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2018.11.010.
 593.Hostler D, Crill MT, Hagerman FC, Staron RS. The effectiveness of 0.5‐lb increments in progressive resistance exercise [Online]. J Strength Cond Res 15: 86‐91, 2001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11708713.
 594.Hou Z, Qin X, Hu Y, Zhang X, Li G, Wu J, Li J, Sha J, Chen J, Xia J, Wang L, Gao F. Longterm exercise‐derived exosomal miR‐342‐5p: A novel exerkine for cardioprotection. Circ Res 124: 1386‐1400, 2019. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.314635.
 595.Howard VJ, McDonnell MN. Physical activity in primary stroke prevention: Just do it! Stroke 46: 1735‐1739, 2015. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.006317.
 596.Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, Downie F, Murray A, Ross C, Harbour RT, Caldwell LM, Creed G. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD000333, 2011. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000333.pub2.
 597.Hu P, Fabyanic E, Kwon DY, Tang S, Zhou Z, Wu H. Dissecting cell‐type composition and activity‐dependent transcriptional state in mammalian brains by massively parallel single‐nucleus rna‐seq. Mol Cell 68: 1006‐1015.e7, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.11.017.
 598.Huang P‐H, Chen Y‐H, Wang C‐H, Chen J‐S, Tsai H‐Y, Lin F‐Y, Lo W‐Y, Wu T‐C, Sata M, Chen J‐W, Lin S‐J. Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 is essential for ischemia‐induced neovascularization by modulating bone marrow‐derived endothelial progenitor cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29: 1179‐1184, 2009. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.189175.
 599.Huang R, Lu M, Song Z, Wang J. Long‐term intensive training induced brain structural changes in world class gymnasts. Brain Struct Funct 220: 625‐644, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s00429‐013‐0677‐5.
 600.Huang T‐Y, Zheng D, Houmard JA, Brault JJ, Hickner RC, Cortright RN. Overexpression of pgc‐1α increases peroxisomal activity and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in human primary myotubes. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 312: E253‐E263, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00331.2016.
 601.Huang W‐S, Yu M‐D, Lee M‐S, Cheng C‐Y, Yang S‐P, Chin H‐ML, Wu S‐Y. Effect of treadmill exercise on circulating thyroid hormone measurements. Med Princ Pract 13: 15‐19, 2003. DOI: 10.1159/000074045.
 602.Hubal MJ, Chen TC, Thompson PD, Clarkson PM. Inflammatory gene changes associated with the repeated‐bout effect. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294: R1628‐R1637, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00853.2007.
 603.Huffman KM, Koves TR, Hubal MJ, Abouassi H, Beri N, Bateman LA, Stevens RD, Ilkayeva OR, Hoffman EP, Muoio DM, Kraus WE. Metabolite signatures of exercise training in human skeletal muscle relate to mitochondrial remodelling and cardiometabolic fitness. Diabetologia 57: 2282‐2295, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s00125‐014‐3343‐4.
 604.Huffman KM, Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Thompson D, Muehlbauer MJ, Bain JR, Stevens RD, Wenner BR, Kraus VB, Newgard CB, Kraus WE. Exercise‐induced changes in metabolic intermediates, hormones, and inflammatory markers associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 34: 174‐176, 2011. DOI: 10.2337/dc10‐0709.
 605.Hughes JMB, Bates DV. Historical review: The carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (dlco) and its membrane (dm) and red cell (theta.vc) components. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 138: 115‐142, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2003.08.004.
 606.Hughes MC, Ramos SV, Turnbull PC, Nejatbakhsh A, Baechler BL, Tahmasebi H, Laham R, Gurd BJ, Quadrilatero J, Kane DA, Perry CGR. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and fiber type assessments in microbiopsy vs. Bergstrom percutaneous sampling of human skeletal muscle. Front Physiol 6: 360, 2015. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00360.
 607.Hulston CJ, Woods RM, Dewhurst‐Trigg R, Parry SA, Gagnon S, Baker L, James LJ, Markey O, Martin NRW, Ferguson RA, van Hall G. Resistance exercise stimulates mixed muscle protein synthesis in lean and obese young adults. Physiol Rep 6: e13799, 2018. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13799.
 608.Hunter DJ, Bierma‐Zeinstra S. Osteoarthritis. Lancet 393: 1745‐1759, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/s0140‐6736(19)30417‐9.
 609.Hunter DJ, Schofield D, Callander E. The individual and socioeconomic impact of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 10: 437‐441, 2014. DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.44.
 610.Hunter SK. Sex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractions. Exp Physiol 101: 250‐255, 2016. DOI: 10.1113/EP085370.
 611.Hunter SK, Butler JE, Todd G, Gandevia SC, Taylor JL. Supraspinal fatigue does not explain the sex difference in muscle fatigue of maximal contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 101: 1036‐1044, 2006. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00103.2006.
 612.Hunter SK. Sex differences in human fatigability: Mechanisms and insight to physiological responses. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 210: 768‐789, 2014. DOI: 10.1111/apha.12234.
 613.Hurkmans E, van der Giesen FJ, Vlieland TPV, Schoones J, Van den Ende ECHM. Dynamic exercise programs (aerobic capacity and/or muscle strength training) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD006853, 2009. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006853.pub2.
 614.Hurley BF, Nemeth PM, Martin WH, Hagberg JM, Dalsky GP, Holloszy JO. Muscle triglyceride utilization during exercise: Effect of training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 60: 562‐567, 1986. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1986.60.2.562.
 615.Hussain SR, Macaluso A, Pearson SJ. High‐intensity interval training versus moderate‐intensity continuous training in the prevention/management of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev 24: 273‐281, 2016. DOI: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000124.
 616.Huxley H, Hanson J. Changes in the cross‐striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation. Nature 173: 973‐976, 1954. DOI: 10.1038/173973a0.
 617.Hvid LG, Nielsen MKF, Simonsen C, Andersen M, Caserotti P. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) serum basal levels is not affected by power training in mobility‐limited older adults—a randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 93: 29‐35, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.019.
 618.Høeg L, Roepstorff C, Thiele M, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP, Kiens B. Higher intramuscular triacylglycerol in women does not impair insulin sensitivity and proximal insulin signaling. J Appl Physiol (1985) 107: 824‐831, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91382.2008.
 619.Igarashi Y, Nogami Y. Running to lower resting blood pressure: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Sports Med 50: 531‐541, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐019‐01209‐3.
 620.Igarashi Y, Nogami Y. The effect of regular aquatic exercise on blood pressure: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol 25: 190‐199, 2018. DOI: 10.1177/2047487317731164.
 621.Iizuka K, Machida T, Hirafuji M. Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ. J Pharmacol Sci 125: 125‐131, 2014. DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14r02cp.
 622.Ikedo A, Kido K, Ato S, Sato K, Lee J‐W, Fujita S, Imai Y. The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density and bone quality in type 2 diabetic rats. Physiol Rep 7: e14046, 2019. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14046.
 623.Ingalls CP. Nature vs. Nurture: Can exercise really alter fiber type composition in human skeletal muscle? J Appl Physiol (1985) 97: 1591‐1592, 2004. DOI: 10.1152/classicessays.00010.2004.
 624.Ingerslev B, Hansen JS, Hoffmann C, Clemmesen JO, Secher NH, Scheler M, de Angelis MH, Häring HU, Pedersen BK, Weigert C, Plomgaard P. Angiopoietin‐like protein 4 is an exercise‐induced hepatokine in humans, regulated by glucagon and cAMP. Mol Metab 6: 1286‐1295, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.018.
 625.Ingle L, Mellis M, Brodie D, Sandercock GR. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and the metabolic syndrome in british men. Heart 103: 524‐528, 2017. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl‐2016‐310142.
 626.Inskip M, Mavros Y, Sachdev PS, Singh MAF. Exercise for individuals with lewy body dementia: A systematic review. PLoS One 11: e0156520, 2016. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156520.
 627.Inzlicht M, Marcora SM. The central governor model of exercise regulation teaches us precious little about the nature of mental fatigue and self‐control failure. Front Psychol 7: 656, 2016. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00656.
 628.Iqbal S, Hood DA. Oxidative stress‐induced mitochondrial fragmentation and movement in skeletal muscle myoblasts. Am J Phys Cell Phys 306: C1176‐C1183, 2014. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00017.2014.
 629.Irrcher I, Ljubicic V, Hood DA. Interactions between ros and amp kinase activity in the regulation of pgc‐1alpha transcription in skeletal muscle cells. Am J Phys Cell Phys 296: C116‐C123, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00267.2007.
 630.Izard RM, Fraser WD, Negus C, Sale C, Greeves JP. Increased density and periosteal expansion of the tibia in young adult men following short‐term arduous training. Bone 88: 13‐19, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.03.015.
 631.Jabbar A, Pingitore A, Pearce SHS, Zaman A, Iervasi G, Razvi S. Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 14: 39‐55, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.174.
 632.Jackson JR, Kirby TJ, Fry CS, Cooper RL, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA, Dupont‐Versteegden EE. Reduced voluntary running performance is associated with impaired coordination as a result of muscle satellite cell depletion in adult mice. Skelet Muscle 5: 41, 2015. DOI: 10.1186/s13395‐015‐0065‐3.
 633.Jacobs RA, Flück D, Bonne TC, Bürgi S, Christensen PM, Toigo M, Lundby C. Improvements in exercise performance with high‐intensity interval training coincide with an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 115: 785‐793, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00445.2013.
 634.James MM‐S, Carroll S. Effects of different impact exercise modalities on bone mineral density in premenopausal women: A meta‐analysis. J Bone Miner Metab 28: 251‐267, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s00774‐009‐0139‐6.
 635.James MM‐S, Carroll S. High‐intensity resistance training and postmenopausal bone loss: A meta‐analysis. Osteoporos Int 17: 1225‐1240, 2006. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐006‐0083‐4.
 636.James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison‐Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, LeFevre ML, MacKenzie TD, Ogedegbe O, Smith SC, Svetkey LP, Taler SJ, Townsend RR, Wright JT, Narva AS, Ortiz E. 2014 evidence‐based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the eighth joint national committee (jnc 8). JAMA 311: 507‐520, 2014. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.284427.
 637.Janez A, Guja C, Mitrakou A, Lalic N, Tankova T, Czupryniak L, Tabak AG, Prazny M, Martinka E, Smircic‐Duvnjak L. Insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review. Diabetes Ther 11: 387‐409, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s13300‐019‐00743‐7.
 638.Janssen JAMJL. Impact of physical exercise on endocrine aging. Front Horm Res 47: 68‐81, 2016. DOI: 10.1159/000445158.
 639.Jansson E, Kaijser L. Substrate utilization and enzymes in skeletal muscle of extremely endurance‐trained men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 62: 999‐1005, 1987. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1987.62.3.999.
 640.Janzen NR, Whitfield J, Hoffman NJ. Interactive roles for ampk and glycogen from cellular energy sensing to exercise metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 19, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113344.
 641.Javanshiri K, Waldö ML, Friberg N, Sjövall F, Wickerström K, Haglund M, Englund E. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes in alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia: Prevalence and presentation. J Alzheimers Dis 65: 1247‐1258, 2018. DOI: 10.3233/JAD‐180644.
 642.Järvinen TL, Kannus P, Sievänen H. Have the dxa‐based exercise studies seriously underestimated the effects of mechanical loading on bone? J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 14: 1634‐1635, 1999. DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.9.1634.
 643.Jenkins NT, Martin JS, Laughlin MH, Padilla J. Exercise‐induced signals for vascular endothelial adaptations: Implications for cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 6: 331‐346, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s12170‐012‐0241‐5.
 644.Jensen J, Rustad PI, Kolnes AJ, Lai Y‐C. The role of skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown for regulation of insulin sensitivity by exercise. Front Physiol 2: 112, 2011. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00112.
 645.Jensen TE, Richter EA. Regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism during and after exercise. J Physiol 590: 1069‐1076, 2012. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224972.
 646.Jeong HS, Lee S‐C, Jee H, Song JB, Chang HS, Lee SY. Proprioceptive training and outcomes of patients with knee osteoarthritis: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Athl Train 54: 418‐428, 2019. DOI: 10.4085/1062‐6050‐329‐17.
 647.Joanisse S, Lim C, McKendry J, Mcleod JC, Stokes T, Phillips SM. Recent advances in understanding resistance exercise training‐induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans. F1000Research 9, 2020. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21588.1.
 648.Joanisse S, Nederveen JP, Snijders T, McKay BR, Parise G. Skeletal muscle regeneration, repair and remodelling in aging: The importance of muscle stem cells and vascularization. Gerontology 63: 91‐100, 2017. DOI: 10.1159/000450922.
 649.John K, Marino JS, Sanchez ER, Hinds TD. The glucocorticoid receptor: Cause of or cure for obesity? Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 310: E249‐E257, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00478.2015.
 650.Johnson A. “They sweat for science”: The harvard fatigue laboratory and self‐experimentation in american exercise physiology. J Hist Biol 48: 425‐454, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s10739‐014‐9387‐y.
 651.Johnson CP, Myers SM. Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 120: 1183‐1215, 2007. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007‐2361.
 652.Johnson DS, Mortazavi A, Myers RM, Wold B. Genome‐wide mapping of in vivo protein‐dna interactions. Science (New York, NY) 316: 1497‐1502, 2007. DOI: 10.1126/science.1141319.
 653.Johnson NA, van Overbeek D, Chapman PG, Thompson MW, Sachinwalla T, George J. Effect of prolonged exercise and pre‐exercise dietary manipulation on hepatic triglycerides in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 112: 1817‐1825, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐011‐2158‐y.
 654.Jones LW, Habel LA, Weltzien E, Castillo A, Gupta D, Kroenke CH, Kwan ML, Quesenberry CP, Scott J, Sternfeld B, Yu A, Kushi LH, Caan BJ. Exercise and risk of cardiovascular events in women with nonmetastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 34: 2743‐2749, 2016. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.65.6603.
 655.Jonge XJD, Thompson B, Han A. Methodological recommendations for menstrual cycle research in sports and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 51: 2610‐2617, 2019. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002073.
 656.Joseph A‐M, Adhihetty PJ, Leeuwenburgh C. Beneficial effects of exercise on age‐related mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. J Physiol 594: 5105‐5123, 2016. DOI: 10.1113/JP270659.
 657.Joyner MJ. Standing up for exercise: Should deconditioning be medicalized? J Physiol 590: 3413‐3414, 2012. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.238550.
 658.Joyner MJ. Bengt saltin and exercise physiology: A perspective. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 42: 101‐103, 2017. DOI: 10.1139/apnm‐2016‐0314.
 659.Joyner MJ, Dietz NM, Shepherd JT. From belfast to mayo and beyond: The use and future of plethysmography to study blood flow in human limbs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 91: 2431‐2441, 2001. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2431.
 660.Joyner M, Kjaer M, Larsen PO. The copenhagen muscle research centre (cmrc) 1994‐2004. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25 (Suppl 4): 22‐28, 2015. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12598.
 661.Juneja P, Munjal A, Hubbard JB. Anatomy, joints [Online]. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, 2020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507893/ [1 Oct. 2020].
 662.Jung TW, Park HS, Choi GH, Kim D, Lee T. B‐aminoisobutyric acid attenuates lps‐induced inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes through ampk‐mediated pathway. J Biomed Sci 25: 27, 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s12929‐018‐0431‐7.
 663.Kadi F, Charifi N, Denis C, Lexell J, Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Olsen S, Kjaer M. The behaviour of satellite cells in response to exercise: What have we learned from human studies? Pflugers Arch—Eur J Physiol 451: 319‐327, 2005. DOI: 10.1007/s00424‐005‐1406‐6.
 664.Kadi F, Schjerling P, Andersen LL, Charifi N, Madsen JL, Christensen LR, Andersen JL. The effects of heavy resistance training and detraining on satellite cells in human skeletal muscles. J Physiol 558: 1005‐1012, 2004. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.065904.
 665.Kadir FH, Moore GR. Bacterial ferritin contains 24 haem groups. FEBS Lett 271: 141‐143, 1990. DOI: 10.1016/0014‐5793(90)80391‐u.
 666.Kallwitz ER. Sarcopenia and liver transplant: The relevance of too little muscle mass. World J Gastroenterol 21: 10982‐10993, 2015. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i39.10982.
 667.Kaminsky LA, Arena R, Myers J. Reference standards for cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing: Data from the fitness registry and the importance of exercise national database. Mayo Clin Proc 90: 1515‐1523, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.026.
 668.Kan L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wang P. The effects of yoga on pain, mobility, and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016: 6016532, 2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6016532.
 669.Kanaley JA, Shadid S, Sheehan MT, Guo Z, Jensen MD. Relationship between plasma free fatty acid, intramyocellular triglycerides and long‐chain acylcarnitines in resting humans. J Physiol 587: 5939‐5950, 2009. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.180695.
 670.Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J‐Y. Review of the guideline of the american college of physicians on the treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 29: 1505‐1510, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐018‐4504‐y.
 671.Kannangara TS, Vani MA. The muscles' grip on neurogenesis: Contributions of skeletal muscle‐derived vascular endothelial growth factor to running‐induced stem cell proliferation. J Physiol 595: 6821‐6822, 2017. DOI: 10.1113/JP275251.
 672.Karamanou M, Androutsos G. Antoine‐laurent de lavoisier (1743‐1794) and the birth of respiratory physiology. Thorax 68: 978‐979, 2013. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl‐2013‐203840.
 673.Karapolat H, Engin C, Eroglu M, Yagdi T, Zoghi M, Nalbantgil S, Durmaz B, Kirazlı Y, Ozbaran M. Efficacy of the cardiac rehabilitation program in patients with end‐stage heart failure, heart transplant patients, and left ventricular assist device recipients. Transplant Proc 45: 3381‐3385, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.06.009.
 674.Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievänen H, Uusi‐Rasi K, Pasanen M, Ojala K, Fogelholm M, Kannus P. A multi‐component exercise regimen to prevent functional decline and bone fragility in home‐dwelling elderly women: Randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 18: 453‐462, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐006‐0256‐1.
 675.Karlamangla AS, Burnett‐Bowie S‐AM, Crandall CJ. Bone health during the menopause transition and beyond. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 45: 695‐708, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.012.
 676.Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, Wilmore JH, Skinner JS, Rao DC, Rankinen T, Bouchard C. Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: Evidence from the heritage family study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35: 1703‐1709, 2003. DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000089337.73244.9B.
 677.Kaushal N, Rhodes RE, Meldrum JT, Spence JC. The role of habit in different phases of exercise. Br J Health Psychol 22: 429‐448, 2017. DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12237.
 678.Kavazis AN. Exercise preconditioning of the myocardium. Sports Med 39: 923‐935, 2009. DOI: 10.2165/11317870‐000000000‐00000.
 679.Kelley E, Imboden MT, Harber MP, Finch H, Kaminsky LA, Whaley MH. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors: The ball state adult fitness program longitudinal lifestyle study. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2: 155‐164, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2018.03.001.
 680.Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Resistance training and bone mineral density in women: A meta‐analysis of controlled trials. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 80: 65‐77, 2001. DOI: 10.1097/00002060‐200101000‐00017.
 681.Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Callahan LF. Aerobic exercise and fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis participants: A meta‐analysis using the minimal important difference approach. Arthritis Care Res 70: 1735‐1739, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23570.
 682.Kelly NA, Ford MP, Standaert DG, Watts RL, Bickel CS, Moellering DR, Tuggle SC, Williams JY, Lieb L, Windham ST, Bamman MM. Novel, high‐intensity exercise prescription improves muscle mass, mitochondrial function, and physical capacity in individuals with parkinson's disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116: 582‐592, 2014. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01277.2013.
 683.Kelly NA, Hammond KG, Bickel CS, Windham ST, Tuggle SC, Bamman MM. Effects of aging and parkinson's disease on motor unit remodeling: Influence of resistance exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 124: 888‐898, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00563.2017.
 684.Kelly NA, Hammond KG, Stec MJ, Bickel CS, Windham ST, Tuggle SC, Bamman MM. Quantification and characterization of grouped type i myofibers in human aging. Muscle Nerve 57: E52‐E59, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/mus.25711.
 685.Kelly NA, Wood KH, Allendorfer JB, Ford MP, Bickel CS, Marstrander J, Amara AW, Anthony T, Bamman MM, Skidmore FM. High‐intensity exercise acutely increases substantia nigra and prefrontal brain activity in parkinson's disease. Med Sci Monit 23: 6064‐6071, 2017. DOI: 10.12659/msm.906179.
 686.Kemi OJ, Haram PM, Wisløff U, Ellingsen Ø. Aerobic fitness is associated with cardiomyocyte contractile capacity and endothelial function in exercise training and detraining. Circulation 109: 2897‐2904, 2004. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000129308.04757.72.
 687.Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 2548‐2556, 2004. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004‐0395.
 688.Kersten S, Mandard S, Tan NS, Escher P, Metzger D, Chambon P, Gonzalez FJ, Desvergne B, Wahli W. Characterization of the fasting‐induced adipose factor fiaf, a novel peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor target gene. J Biol Chem 275: 28488‐28493, 2000. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M004029200.
 689.Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, Graaf RD, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, Girolamo GD, Gluzman S, Gureje O, Haro JM, Kawakami N, Karam A, Levinson D, Mora MEM, Browne MAO, Posada‐Villa J, Stein DJ, Tsang CHA, Aguilar‐Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Heeringa S, Pennell B‐E, Berglund P, Gruber MJ, Petukhova M, Chatterji S, Ustün TB. Lifetime prevalence and age‐of‐onset distributions of mental disorders in the world health organization's world mental health survey initiative [Online]. World Psychiatry 6: 168‐176, 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18188442.
 690.Khan MM, Lustrino D, Silveira WA, Wild F, Straka T, Issop Y, O'Connor E, Cox D, Reischl M, Marquardt T, Labeit D, Labeit S, Benoit E, Molg'o J, Lochmüller H, Witzemann V, Kettelhut IC, Navegantes LCC, Pozzan T, Rudolf R. Sympathetic innervation controls homeostasis of neuromuscular junctions in health and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113: 746‐750, 2016. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524272113.
 691.Kharraz Y, Guerra J, Mann CJ, Serrano AL, Muñoz‐C'anoves P. Macrophage plasticity and the role of inflammation in skeletal muscle repair. Mediat Inflamm 2013: 491497, 2013. DOI: 10.1155/2013/491497.
 692.Khosla S, Shane E. A crisis in the treatment of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 31: 1485‐1487, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2888.
 693.Kiens B, Alsted TJ, Jeppesen J. Factors regulating fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle. Obes Rev 12: 852‐858, 2011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467‐789X.2011.00898.x.
 694.Kiens B, Richter EA. Utilization of skeletal muscle triacylglycerol during postexercise recovery in humans. Am J Phys 275: E332‐E337, 1998. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.2.E332.
 695.Kilic M. Effect of fatiguing bicycle exercise on thyroid hormone and testosterone levels in sedentary males supplemented with oral zinc [Online]. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 28: 681‐685, 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17984944.
 696.Kim I, Kim HG, Kim H, Kim HH, Park SK, Uhm CS, Lee ZH, Koh GY. Hepatic expression, synthesis and secretion of a novel fibrinogen/angiopoietin‐related protein that prevents endothelial‐cell apoptosis [Online]. Biochem J 346 (Pt 3): 603‐610, 2000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10698685.
 697.Kim J, Wende AR, Sena S, Theobald HA, Soto J, Sloan C, Wayment BE, Litwin SE, Holzenberger M, LeRoith D, Abel ED. Insulin‐like growth factor i receptor signaling is required for exercise‐induced cardiac hypertrophy. Mol Endocrinol 22: 2531‐2543, 2008. DOI: 10.1210/me.2008‐0265.
 698.Kim J, Son W‐M, Iii RJH, Pekas EJ, Noble JM, Park S‐Y. The effects of a 12‐week jump rope exercise program on body composition, insulin sensitivity, and academic self‐efficacy in obese adolescent girls. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 33: 129‐137, 2020. DOI: 10.1515/jpem‐2019‐0327.
 699.Kim Y, White T, Wijndaele K, Westgate K, Sharp SJ, Helge JW, Wareham NJ, Brage S. The combination of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength, and mortality risk. Eur J Epidemiol 33: 953‐964, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s10654‐018‐0384‐x.
 700.Kingsley JD, Figueroa A. Acute and training effects of resistance exercise on heart rate variability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 36: 179‐187, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12223.
 701.Kirk B, Feehan J, Lombardi G, Duque G. Muscle, bone, and fat crosstalk: The biological role of myokines, osteokines, and adipokines. Curr Osteoporos Rep 18: 388‐400, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s11914‐020‐00599‐y.
 702.Kirk B, Saedi AA, Duque G. Osteosarcopenia: A case of geroscience. Aging Med 2: 147‐156, 2019. DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12080.
 703.Kirkham AA, Eves ND, Shave RE, Bland KA, Bovard J, Gelmon KA, Virani SA, McKenzie DC, Stöhr EJ, Waburton DER, Campbell KL. The effect of an aerobic exercise bout 24 h prior to each doxorubicin treatment for breast cancer on markers of cardiotoxicity and treatment symptoms: A rct. Breast Cancer Res Treat 167: 719‐729, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s10549‐017‐4554‐4.
 704.Kirwan JP, Sacks J, Nieuwoudt S. The essential role of exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes. Cleve Clin J Med 84: S15‐S21, 2017. DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.84.s1.03.
 705.Kirwan JP, Solomon TPJ, Wojta DM, Staten MA, Holloszy JO. Effects of 7 days of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 297: E151‐E156, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00210.2009.
 706.Kitzman DW, Little WC, Brubaker PH, Anderson RT, Hundley WG, Marburger CT, Brosnihan B, Morgan TM, Stewart KP. Pathophysiological characterization of isolated diastolic heart failure in comparison to systolic heart failure. JAMA 288: 2144‐2150, 2002. DOI: 10.1001/jama.288.17.2144.
 707.Kjaer M, Engfred K, Fernandes A, Secher NH, Galbo H. Regulation of hepatic glucose production during exercise in humans: Role of sympathoadrenergic activity. Am J Phys 265: E275‐E283, 1993. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.2.E275.
 708.Klausen K, Andersen LB, Pelle I. Adaptive changes in work capacity, skeletal muscle capillarization and enzyme levels during training and detraining. Acta Physiol Scand 113: 9‐16, 1981. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748‐1716.1981.tb06854.x.
 709.Kleim JA, Lussnig E, Schwarz ER, Comery TA, Greenough WT. Synaptogenesis and fos expression in the motor cortex of the adult rat after motor skill learning [Online]. J Neurosci 16: 4529‐4535, 1996. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8699262.
 710.Klein MB, Yalamanchi N, Pham H, Longaker MT, Chang J. Flexor tendon healing in vitro: Effects of tgf‐beta on tendon cell collagen production. J Hand Surg Am 27: 615‐620, 2002. DOI: 10.1053/jhsu.2002.34004.
 711.Klop C, van Staa TP, Cooper C, Harvey NC, de Vries F. The epidemiology of mortality after fracture in england: Variation by age, sex, time, geographic location, and ethnicity. Osteoporos Int 28: 161‐168, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐016‐3787‐0.
 712.Knols R, Aaronson NK, Uebelhart D, Fransen J, Aufdemkampe G. Physical exercise in cancer patients during and after medical treatment: A systematic review of randomized and controlled clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 23: 3830‐3842, 2005. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.148.
 713.Knowlton AA, Lee AR. Estrogen and the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Ther 135: 54‐70, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.03.007.
 714.Kocahan S, Dundar A. Effects of different exercise loads on the thyroid hormone levels and serum lipid profile in swimmers. Horm Mol Biol Clin Invest 38, 2018. DOI: 10.1515/hmbci‐2018‐0025.
 715.Kohrt WM, Barry DW, Schwartz RS. Muscle forces or gravity: What predominates mechanical loading on bone? Med Sci Sports Exerc 41: 2050‐2055, 2009. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a8c717.
 716.Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE, Franke WD, Castillo MC, Reighard AE, Vanderah E. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum il‐18, crp, and il‐6 independent of beta‐blockers, bmi, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 20: 201‐209, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.12.002.
 717.Kokic IS, Ivanisevic M, Biolo G, Simunic B, Kokic T, Pisot R. Combination of a structured aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycaemic control in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. A randomised controlled trial. Women Birth 31: e232‐e238, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.10.004.
 718.Kokkinos PF, Faselis C, Myers J, Narayan P, Sui X, Zhang J, Lavie CJ, Moore H, Karasik P, Fletcher R. Cardiorespiratory fitness and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in us veterans: A cohort study. Mayo Clin Proc 92: 39‐48, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.013.
 719.Konda NN, Karri RS, Winnard A, Nasser M, Evetts S, Boudreau E, Caplan N, Gradwell D, Velho RM. A comparison of exercise interventions from bed rest studies for the prevention of musculoskeletal loss. NPJ Microgravity 5: 12, 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41526‐019‐0073‐4.
 720.Kongsgaard M, Reitelseder S, Pedersen TG, Holm L, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Region specific patellar tendon hypertrophy in humans following resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 191: 111‐121, 2007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748‐1716.2007.01714.x.
 721.Konopka AR, Suer MK, Wolff CA, Harber MP. Markers of human skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control: Effects of age and aerobic exercise training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69: 371‐378, 2014. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt107.
 722.Konopka AR, Wolff CA, Suer MK, Harber MP. Relationship between intermuscular adipose tissue infiltration and myostatin before and after aerobic exercise training. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 315: R461‐R468, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00030.2018.
 723.Konstam MA, Kiernan MS, Bernstein D, Bozkurt B, Jacob M, Kapur NK, Kociol RD, Lewis EF, Mehra MR, Pagani FD, Raval AN, Ward C. Evaluation and management of right‐sided heart failure: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation 137: e578‐e622, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000560.
 724.Kopin L, Lowenstein C. Dyslipidemia. Ann Intern Med 167: ITC81‐ITC96, 2017. DOI: 10.7326/AITC201712050.
 725.Kosaki K, Kamijo‐Ikemori A, Sugaya T, Tanahashi K, Sawano Y, Akazawa N, Ra S‐G, Kimura K, Shibagaki Y, Maeda S. Effect of habitual exercise on urinary liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein levels in middle‐aged and older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 28: 152‐160, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12867.
 726.Koster A, Ding J, Stenholm S, Caserotti P, Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, You T, Lee JS, Visser M, Newman AB, Schwartz AV, Cauley JA, Tylavsky FA, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Harris TB. Does the amount of fat mass predict age‐related loss of lean mass, muscle strength, and muscle quality in older adults? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 66: 888‐895, 2011. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr070.
 727.Kouvelioti R, Kurgan N, Falk B, Ward WE, Josse AR, Klentrou P. Response of sclerostin and bone turnover markers to high intensity interval exercise in young women: Does impact matter? Biomed Res Int 2018: 4864952, 2018. DOI: 10.1155/2018/4864952.
 728.Kouvelioti R, LeBlanc P, Falk B, Ward WE, Josse AR, Klentrou P. Effects of high‐intensity interval running versus cycling on sclerostin, and markers of bone turnover and oxidative stress in young men. Calcif Tissue Int 104: 582‐590, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00223‐019‐00524‐1.
 729.Koves TR, Sparks LM, Kovalik JP, Mosedale M, Arumugam R, DeBalsi KL, Everingham K, Thorne L, Phielix E, Meex RC, Kien CL, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Muoio DM. PPARÎ3 coactivator‐1α contributes to exercise‐induced regulation of intramuscular lipid droplet programming in mice and humans. J Lipid Res 54: 522‐534, 2013. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.P028910.
 730.Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Flanagan SD, Shurley JP, Todd JS, Todd TC. Understanding the science of resistance training: An evolutionary perspective. Sports Med 47: 2415‐2435, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐017‐0779‐y.
 731.Kram R, Roberts TJ. A. V. Hill sticks his neck out. J Exp Biol 219: 468‐469, 2016. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.123372.
 732.Kraniou GN, Cameron‐Smith D, Hargreaves M. Effect of short‐term training on glut‐4 mRNA and protein expression in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 89: 559‐563, 2004. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2004.027409.
 733.Kristensen MD, Petersen SM, Møller KE, Lund MT, Hansen M, Hansen CN, Courraud J, Helge JW, Dela F, Prats C. Obesity leads to impairments in the morphology and organization of human skeletal muscle lipid droplets and mitochondrial networks, which are resolved with gastric bypass surgery‐induced improvements in insulin sensitivity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 224: e13100, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/apha.13100.
 734.Kruse R, Pedersen AJT, Kristensen JM, Petersson SJ, Wojtaszewski JFP, Højlund K. Intact initiation of autophagy and mitochondrial fission by acute exercise in skeletal muscle of patients with typeâ 2 diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 131: 37‐47, 2017. DOI: 10.1042/CS20160736.
 735.Ku P‐W, Fox KR, Gardiner PA, Chen L‐J. Late‐life exercise and difficulty with activities of daily living: An 8‐year nationwide follow‐up study in taiwan. Ann Behav Med 50: 237‐246, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s12160‐015‐9749‐5.
 736.Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of resistance and stretching training programmes on the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo. J Physiol 538: 219‐226, 2002. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012703.
 737.Kuipers SD, Bramham CR. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor mechanisms and function in adult synaptic plasticity: New insights and implications for therapy [Online]. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 9: 580‐586, 2006. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17002218.
 738.Kukuljan S, Nowson CA, Bass SL, Sanders K, Nicholson GC, Seibel MJ, Salmon J, Daly RM. Effects of a multi‐component exercise program and calcium‐vitamin‐d3‐fortified milk on bone mineral density in older men: A randomised controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 20: 1241‐1251, 2009. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐008‐0776‐y.
 739.Kumar A, Accorsi A, Rhee Y, Girgenrath M. Do's and don'ts in the preparation of muscle cryosections for histological analysis. J Vis Exp: e52793, 2015. DOI: 10.3791/52793.
 740.Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: From epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 92: 251‐265, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017.
 741.Kumar V, Atherton P, Smith K, Rennie MJ. Human muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during and after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 106: 2026‐2039, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91481.2008.
 742.Kusminski CM, Bickel PE, Scherer PE. Targeting adipose tissue in the treatment of obesity‐associated diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 15: 639‐660, 2016. DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.75.
 743.Kvam S, Kleppe CL, Nordhus IH, Hovland A. Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta‐analysis. J Affect Disord 202: 67‐86, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.063.
 744.Lafontan M, Moro C, Berlan M, Crampes F, Sengenes C, Galitzky J. Control of lipolysis by natriuretic peptides and cyclic gmp. Trends Endocrinol Metab 19: 130‐137, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.11.006.
 745.Lai X, Price C, Lu XL, Wang L. Imaging and quantifying solute transport across periosteum: Implications for muscle‐bone crosstalk. Bone 66: 82‐89, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.002.
 746.Lane NE. Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194: S3‐S11, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.047.
 747.Langberg H, Skovgaard D, Asp S, Kjaer M. Time pattern of exercise‐induced changes in type i collagen turnover after prolonged endurance exercise in humans. Calcif Tissue Int 67: 41‐44, 2000. DOI: 10.1007/s00223001094.
 748.Langberg H, Skovgaard D, Petersen LJ, Bulow J, Kjaer M. Type i collagen synthesis and degradation in peritendinous tissue after exercise determined by microdialysis in humans. J Physiol 521 (Pt 1): 299‐306, 1999. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.1999.00299.x.
 749.Lanza IR, Short DK, Short KR, Raghavakaimal S, Basu R, Joyner MJ, McConnell JP, Nair KS. Endurance exercise as a countermeasure for aging. Diabetes 57: 2933‐2942, 2008. DOI: 10.2337/db08‐0349.
 750.Larmer PJ, Reay ND, Aubert ER, Kersten P. Systematic review of guidelines for the physical management of osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95: 375‐389, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.10.011.
 751.Larssen P, Wik L, Czarnewski P, Eldh M, Löf L, Ronquist KG, Dubois L, Freyhult E, Gallant CJ, Oelrich J, Larsson A, Ronquist G, Villablanca EJ, Landegren U, Gabrielsson S, Kamali‐Moghaddam M. Tracing cellular origin of human exosomes using multiplex proximity extension assays. Mol Cell Proteomics 16: 502‐511, 2017. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M116.064725.
 752.Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, Salviati L, Lee YI, Thompson W, Kirkland JL, Sandri M. Sarcopenia: Aging‐related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiol Rev 99: 427‐511, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00061.2017.
 753.Larsson L, Moss RL. Maximum velocity of shortening in relation to myosin isoform composition in single fibres from human skeletal muscles. J Physiol 472: 595‐614, 1993. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019964.
 754.Lauche R, Hunter DJ, Adams J, Cramer H. Yoga for osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 21: 47, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11926‐019‐0846‐5.
 755.Laufs U, Urhausen A, Werner N, Scharhag J, Heitz A, Kissner G, Böhm M, Kindermann W, Nickenig G. Running exercise of different duration and intensity: Effect on endothelial progenitor cells in healthy subjects. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 12: 407‐414, 2005. DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000174823.87269.2e.
 756.Laughlin MH, Armstrong RB. Muscle blood flow during locomotory exercise [Online]. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 13: 95‐136, 1985. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3891377.
 757.Lavin KM, Perkins RK, Jemiolo B, Raue U, Trappe SW, Trappe TA. Effects of aging and lifelong aerobic exercise on basal and exercise‐induced inflammation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 87‐99, 2020. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00495.2019.
 758.Lavin KM, Roberts BM, Fry CS, Moro T, Rasmussen BB, Bamman MM. The importance of resistance exercise training to combat neuromuscular aging. Physiology (Bethesda) 34: 112‐122, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00044.2018.
 759.Lavin KM, Sealfon SC, McDonald M‐LN, Roberts BM, Wilk K, Nair VD, Ge Y, Kumar PL, Windham ST, Bamman MM. Skeletal muscle transcriptional networks linked to type i myofiber grouping in parkinson's disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 229‐240, 2020. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00702.2019.
 760.Lawrie RA. The activity of the cytochrome system in muscle and its relation to myoglobin. Biochem J 55: 298‐305, 1953. DOI: 10.1042/bj0550298.
 761.Leal DV, Ferreira A, Watson EL, Wilund KR, Viana JL. Muscle‐bone crosstalk in chronic kidney disease: The potential modulatory effects of exercise. Calcif Tissue Int 108: 461‐475, 2021.
 762.Leal LG, Lopes MA, Batista ML. Physical exercise‐induced myokines and muscle‐adipose tissue crosstalk: A review of current knowledge and the implications for health and metabolic diseases. Front Physiol 9: 1307, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01307.
 763.LeBlanc AD, Spector ER, Evans HJ, Sibonga JD. Skeletal responses to space flight and the bed rest analog: A review [Online]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 7: 33‐47, 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396004.
 764.Leblanc A, Matsumoto T, Jones J, Shapiro J, Lang T, Shackelford L, Smith SM, Evans H, Spector E, Ploutz‐Snyder R, Sibonga J, Keyak J, Nakamura T, Kohri K, Ohshima H. Bisphosphonates as a supplement to exercise to protect bone during long‐duration spaceflight. Osteoporos Int 24: 2105‐2114, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐012‐2243‐z.
 765.Lee EY, Yoon K‐H. Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: Risk factors and prevention. Front Med 12: 658‐666, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s11684‐018‐0640‐1.
 766.Lee I‐M, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Effect of physical inactivity on major non‐communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 380: 219‐229, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/s0140‐6736(12)61031‐9.
 767.Lee JH, Jun H‐S. Role of myokines in regulating skeletal muscle mass and function. Front Physiol 10: 42, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00042.
 768.Lee S, Norheim F, Gulseth HL, Langleite TM, Aker A, Gundersen TE, Holen T, Birkeland KI, Drevon CA. Skeletal muscle phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine respond to exercise and influence insulin sensitivity in men. Sci Rep 8: 6531, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐018‐24976‐x.
 769.Lee S, Arslanian S. Body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness between metabolically healthy versus metabolically unhealthy obese black and white adolescents. J Adolesc Health 64: 327‐332, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.08.024.
 770.Lee S, Bacha F, Gungor N, Arslanian SA. Cardiorespiratory fitness in youth: Relationship to insulin sensitivity and beta‐cell function. Obesity 14: 1579‐1585, 2006. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.182.
 771.Lee S, Bacha F, Hannon T, Kuk JL, Boesch C, Arslanian S. Effects of aerobic versus resistance exercise without caloric restriction on abdominal fat, intrahepatic lipid, and insulin sensitivity in obese adolescent boys: A randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes 61: 2787‐2795, 2012. DOI: 10.2337/db12‐0214.
 772.Lee S, Deldin AR, White D, Kim Y, Libman I, Rivera‐Vega M, Kuk JL, Sandoval S, Boesch C, Arslanian S. Aerobic exercise but not resistance exercise reduces intrahepatic lipid content and visceral fat and improves insulin sensitivity in obese adolescent girls: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 305: E1222‐E1229, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00285.2013.
 773.Lee Y, Park HK, Kim WY, Kim MC, Jung W, Ko BS. Muscle mass depletion associated with poor outcome of sepsis in the emergency department. Ann Nutr Metab 72: 336‐344, 2018. DOI: 10.1159/000488994.
 774.Lee Y‐H, Mottillo EP, Granneman JG. Adipose tissue plasticity from wat to bat and in between. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842: 358‐369, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.011.
 775.Leek JT. Svaseq: Removing batch effects and other unwanted noise from sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 42, 2014. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku864.
 776.Lees SJ, Booth FW. Physical inactivity is a disease. World Rev Nutr Diet 95: 73‐79, 2005. DOI: 10.1159/000088274.
 777.Legerlotz K, Marzilger R, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Physiological adaptations following resistance training in youth athletes‐a narrative review. Pediatr Exerc Sci 28: 501‐520, 2016. DOI: 10.1123/pes.2016‐0023.
 778.Lehnig AC, Stanford KI. Exercise‐induced adaptations to white and brown adipose tissue. J Exp Biol 221, 2018. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161570.
 779.Leick L, Hellsten Y, Fentz J, Lyngby SS, Wojtaszewski JFP, Hidalgo J, Pilegaard H. PGC‐1alpha mediates exercise‐induced skeletal muscle vegf expression in mice. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 297: E92‐E103, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00076.2009.
 780.Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J. Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 141: 1117‐1134, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.011.
 781.Lemoine JK, Lee JD, Trappe TA. Impact of sex and chronic resistance training on human patellar tendon dry mass, collagen content, and collagen cross‐linking. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R119‐R124, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90607.2008.
 782.Leone AM, Valgimigli M, Giannico MB, Zaccone V, Perfetti M, D'Amario D, Rebuzzi AG, Crea F. From bone marrow to the arterial wall: The ongoing tale of endothelial progenitor cells. Eur Heart J 30: 890‐899, 2009. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp078.
 783.Leong DJ, Hardin JA, Cobelli NJ, Sun HB. Mechanotransduction and cartilage integrity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1240: 32‐37, 2011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749‐6632.2011.06301.x.
 784.Lerchenmüller C, Rosenzweig A. Mechanisms of exercise‐induced cardiac growth. Drug Discov Today 19: 1003‐1009, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.010.
 785.Leung AA, Daskalopoulou SS, Dasgupta K, McBrien K, Butalia S, Zarnke KB, Nerenberg K, Harris KC, Nakhla M, Cloutier L, Gelfer M, Lamarre‐Cliche M, Milot A, Bolli P, Tremblay G, McLean D, Tran KC, Tobe SW, Ruzicka M, Burns KD, Vallée M, Prasad GVR, Gryn SE, Feldman RD, Selby P, Pipe A, Schiffrin EL, McFarlane PA, Oh P, Hegele RA, Khara M, Wilson TW, Penner SB, Burgess E, Sivapalan P, Herman RJ, Bacon SL, Rabkin SW, Gilbert RE, Campbell TS, Grover S, Honos G, Lindsay P, Hill MD, Coutts SB, Gubitz G, Campbell NRC, Moe GW, Howlett JG, Boulanger J‐M, Prebtani A, Kline G, Leiter LA, Jones C, Côté A‐M, Woo V, Kaczorowski J, Trudeau L, Tsuyuki RT, Hiremath S, Drouin D, Lavoie KL, Hamet P, Grégoire JC, Lewanczuk R, Dresser GK, Sharma M, Reid D, Lear SA, Moullec G, Gupta M, Magee LA, Logan AG, Dionne J, Fournier A, Benoit G, Feber J, Poirier L, Padwal RS, Rabi DM. Hypertension canada's 2017 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults. Can J Cardiol 33: 557‐576, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.005.
 786.Lewis GD, Farrell L, Wood MJ, Martinovic M, Arany Z, Rowe GC, Souza A, Cheng S, McCabe EL, Yang E, Shi X, Deo R, Roth FP, Asnani A, Rhee EP, Systrom DM, Semigran MJ, Vasan RS, Carr SA, Wang TJ, Sabatine MS, Clish CB, Gerszten RE. Metabolic signatures of exercise in human plasma. Sci Transl Med 2: 33ra37, 2010. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001006.
 787.Lexell J, Downham DY. The occurrence of fibre‐type grouping in healthy human muscle: A quantitative study of cross‐sections of whole vastus lateralis from men between 15 and 83 years. Acta Neuropathol 81: 377‐381, 1991. DOI: 10.1007/BF00293457.
 788.Lexell J, Henriksson‐Larsén K, Sjöström M. Distribution of different fibre types in human skeletal muscles. 2. A study of cross‐sections of whole m. Vastus lateralis. Acta Physiol Scand 117: 115‐122, 1983. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748‐1716.1983.tb07185.x.
 789.Lexell J, Taylor C. Fiber density: A fast and accurate way to estimate human muscle fiber areas [Online]. Muscle Nerve 14: 476‐477, 1991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1870638.
 790.Lexell J, Taylor CC. A morphometrical comparison of right and left whole human vastus lateralis muscle: How to reduce sampling errors in biopsy techniques. Clin Physiol 11: 271‐276, 1991. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475‐097x.1991.tb00458.x.
 791.Lexell J, Taylor CC, Sjöström M. What is the cause of the ageing atrophy? Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15‐ to 83‐year‐old men. J Neurol Sci 84: 275‐294, 1988. DOI: 10.1016/0022‐510x(88)90132‐3.
 792.Lexell J, Taylor C, Sjöström M. Analysis of sampling errors in biopsy techniques using data from whole muscle cross sections. J Appl Physiol (1985) 59: 1228‐1235, 1985. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1985.59.4.1228.
 793.Li G, Liu H, Ma C, Chen Y, Wang J, Yang Y. Exosomes are the novel players involved in the beneficial effects of exercise on type 2 diabetes. J Cell Physiol 234 (9): 14896‐14905.
 794.Li L, Cheng S, Wang G, Duan G, Zhang Y. Tai chi chuan exercises improve functional outcomes and quality of life in patients with primary total knee arthroplasty due to knee osteoarthritis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 35: 121‐125, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.02.003.
 795.Li Y, Su Y, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Liu C, Lu M, Liu F, Li S, He Z, Wang Y, Sheng L, Wang W, Zhan Z, Wang X, Zheng N. The effects of resistance exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clin Rehabil 30: 947‐959, 2016. DOI: 10.1177/0269215515610039.
 796.Li Y, Hanssen H, Cordes M, Rossmeissl A, Endes S, Schmidt‐Trucksäss A. Aerobic, resistance and combined exercise training on arterial stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive adults: A review. Eur J Sport Sci 15: 443‐457, 2015. DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.955129.
 797.Liao P‐C, Lin H‐H, Chiang B‐L, Lee J‐H, Yu H‐H, Lin Y‐T, Yang Y‐H, Li P‐Y, Wang L‐C, Sun W‐Z. Tai chi chuan exercise improves lung function and asthma control through immune regulation in childhood asthma. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019: 9146827, 2019. DOI: 10.1155/2019/9146827.
 798.Liberman K, Forti LN, Beyer I, Bautmans I. The effects of exercise on muscle strength, body composition, physical functioning and the inflammatory profile of older adults: A systematic review. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 20: 30‐53, 2017. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000335.
 799.Liebner S, Dijkhuizen RM, Reiss Y, Plate KH, Agalliu D, Constantin G. Functional morphology of the blood‐brain barrier in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol 135: 311‐336, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00401‐018‐1815‐1.
 800.Lin H‐C, Lin H‐P, Yu H‐H, Wang L‐C, Lee J‐H, Lin Y‐T, Yang Y‐H, Li P‐Y, Sun W‐Z, Chiang B‐L. Tai‐chi‐chuan exercise improves pulmonary function and decreases exhaled nitric oxide level in both asthmatic and nonasthmatic children and improves quality of life in children with asthma. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017: 6287642, 2017. DOI: 10.1155/2017/6287642.
 801.Lin J, Wu H, Tarr PT, Zhang C‐Y, Wu Z, Boss O, Michael LF, Puigserver P, Isotani E, Olson EN, Lowell BB, Bassel‐Duby R, Spiegelman BM. Transcriptional co‐activator pgc‐1 alpha drives the formation of slow‐twitch muscle fibres. Nature 418: 797‐801, 2002. DOI: 10.1038/nature00904.
 802.Lin X, Eaton CB, Manson JE, Liu S. The genetics of physical activity. Curr Cardiol Rep 19: 119, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s11886‐017‐0938‐7.
 803.Lin X, Zhang X, Guo J, Roberts CK, McKenzie S, Wu W‐C, Liu S, Song Y. Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc 4, 2015. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002014.
 804.Lin Y‐Y, Lee S‐D. Cardiovascular benefits of exercise training in postmenopausal hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 19, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092523.
 805.Lindle RS, Metter EJ, Lynch NA, Fleg JL, Fozard JL, Tobin J, Roy TA, Hurley BF. Age and gender comparisons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20‐93 yr. J Appl Physiol (1985) 83: 1581‐1587, 1997. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.5.1581.
 806.Lindsten J. Schack August Steenberg Krogh – A versatile genius [Online]. The Nobel Prize, 2001. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1920/krogh/article/.
 807.Lira VA, Brown DL, Lira AK, Kavazis AN, Soltow QA, Zeanah EH, Criswell DS. Nitric oxide and ampk cooperatively regulate pgc‐1 in skeletal muscle cells. J Physiol 588: 3551‐3566, 2010. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.194035.
 808.Liss KHH, Finck BN. PPARs and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochimie 136: 65‐74, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.009.
 809.Little JP, Safdar A, Benton CR, Wright DC. Skeletal muscle and beyond: The role of exercise as a mediator of systemic mitochondrial biogenesis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 36: 598‐607, 2011. DOI: 10.1139/h11‐076.
 810.Liu H‐B, Yuan W‐X, Wang Q‐Y, Wang Y‐X, Cao H‐W, Xu J, Qin K‐R. Carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamic responses to acute cycling intervention at different times during 12‐week supervised exercise training period. Biomed Res Int 2018: 2907548, 2018. DOI: 10.1155/2018/2907548.
 811.Liu J‐X, Zhu L, Li P‐J, Li N, Xu Y‐B. Effectiveness of high‐intensity interval training on glycemic control and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res 31: 575‐593, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s40520‐018‐1012‐z.
 812.Liu PZ, Nusslock R. Exercise‐mediated neurogenesis in the hippocampus via bdnf. Front Neurosci 12: 52, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00052.
 813.Liu S, Zheng F, Cai Y, Zhang W, Dun Y. Effect of long‐term exercise training on lncRNAs expression in the vascular injury of insulin resistance. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 11: 459‐469, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s12265‐018‐9830‐0.
 814.Liu X, Xiao J, Zhu H, Wei X, Platt C, Damilano F, Xiao C, Bezzerides V, Boström P, Che L, Zhang C, Spiegelman BM, Rosenzweig A. MiR‐222 is necessary for exercise‐induced cardiac growth and protects against pathological cardiac remodeling. Cell Metab 21: 584‐595, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.014.
 815.Liu‐Ambrose TYL, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Heinonen A, McKay HA. Both resistance and agility training increase cortical bone density in 75‐ to 85‐year‐old women with low bone mass: A 6‐month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Densitom 7: 390‐398, 2004. DOI: 10.1385/jcd:7:4:390.
 816.Loeser RF, Collins JA, Diekman BO. Ageing and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 12: 412‐420, 2016. DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.65.
 817.Loeser RF, Goldring SR, Scanzello CR, Goldring MB. Osteoarthritis: A disease of the joint as an organ. Arthritis Rheum 64: 1697‐1707, 2012. DOI: 10.1002/art.34453.
 818.Long JZ, Svensson KJ, Tsai L, Zeng X, Roh HC, Kong X, Rao RR, Lou J, Lokurkar I, Baur W, Castellot JJ, Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM. A smooth muscle‐like origin for beige adipocytes. Cell Metab 19: 810‐820, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.025.
 819.Loprinzi PD. The effects of physical exercise on parahippocampal function. Physiol Int 106: 114‐127, 2019. DOI: 10.1556/2060.106.2019.10.
 820.Louis E, Raue U, Yang Y, Jemiolo B, Trappe S. Time course of proteolytic, cytokine, and myostatin gene expression after acute exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 103: 1744‐1751, 2007. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00679.2007.
 821.Lozano‐Montoya I, Correa‐Pérez A, Abraha I, Soiza RL, Cherubini A, O'Mahony D, Cruz‐Jentoft AJ. Nonpharmacological interventions to treat physical frailty and sarcopenia in older patients: A systematic overview—the senator project ontop series. Clin Interv Aging 12: 721‐740, 2017. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S132496.
 822.Lu M, Su Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang W, He Z, Liu F, Li Y, Liu C, Wang Y, Sheng L, Zhan Z, Wang X, Zheng N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Z Rheumatol 74: 543‐552, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s00393‐014‐1559‐9.
 823.Lucas JA, Moonie S, Hogan MB, Evans WN. Efficacy of an exercise intervention among children with comorbid asthma and obesity. Public Health 159: 123‐128, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.02.014.
 824.Luden N, Hayes E, Galpin A, Minchev K, Jemiolo B, Raue U, Trappe TA, Harber MP, Bowers T, Trappe S. Myocellular basis for tapering in competitive distance runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 108: 1501‐1509, 2010. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00045.2010.
 825.Luden N, Minchev K, Hayes E, Louis E, Trappe T, Trappe S. Human vastus lateralis and soleus muscles display divergent cellular contractile properties. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295: R1593‐R1598, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90564.2008.
 826.Ludyga S, Gronwald T, Hottenrott K. The athlete's brain: Cross‐sectional evidence for neural efficiency during cycling exercise. Neural Plast 2016: 4583674, 2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/4583674.
 827.Lundsgaard A‐M, Fritzen AM, Kiens B. Molecular regulation of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle during aerobic exercise. Trends Endocrinol Metab 29: 18‐30, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.011.
 828.Lynch NA, Metter EJ, Lindle RS, Fozard JL, Tobin JD, Roy TA, Fleg JL, Hurley BF. Muscle quality. I. Age‐associated differences between arm and leg muscle groups. J Appl Physiol (1985) 86: 188‐194, 1999. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.1.188.
 829.Lynch WJ, Peterson AB, Sanchez V, Abel J, Smith MA. Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: A neurobiological and stage‐dependent hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37: 1622‐1644, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011.
 830.Ma C, Wang J, Liu H, Chen Y, Ma X, Chen S, Chen Y, Bihl JI, Yang YI. Moderate exercise enhances endothelial progenitor cell exosomes release and function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50: 2024‐2032, 2018. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001672.
 831.MacDonell CW, Gardiner PF. Mechanisms and functional implications of motoneuron adaptations to increased physical activity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 1186‐1193, 2018. DOI: 10.1139/apnm‐2018‐0185.
 832.Macefield VG, Knellwolf TP. Functional properties of human muscle spindles. J Neurophysiol 120: 452‐467, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00071.2018.
 833.MacLean PS, Zheng D, Dohm GL. Muscle glucose transporter (glut 4) gene expression during exercise [Online]. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 28: 148‐152, 2000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11064847.
 834.MacPherson REK, Herbst EAF, Reynolds EJ, Vandenboom R, Roy BD, Peters SJ. Subcellular localization of skeletal muscle lipid droplets and plin family proteins oxpat and adrp at rest and following contraction in rat soleus muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302: R29‐R36, 2012. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2011.
 835.Macpherson REK, Huber JS, Frendo‐Cumbo S, Simpson JA, Wright DC. Adipose tissue insulin action and il‐6 signaling after exercise in obese mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47: 2034‐2042, 2015. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000660.
 836.MacVicar T, Langer T. OPA1 processing in cell death and disease—the long and short of it. J Cell Sci 129: 2297‐2306, 2016. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.159186.
 837.Magistris MR, Kohler A, Pizzolato G, Morris MA, Baroffio A, Bernheim L, Bader CR. Needle muscle biopsy in the investigation of neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve 21: 194‐200, 1998. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097‐4598(199802)21:2<194::aid‐mus6>3.0.co;2‐6.
 838.Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. The impact of loading, unloading, ageing and injury on the human tendon. J Physiol 597: 1283‐1298, 2019. DOI: 10.1113/JP275450.
 839.Mahoney DJ, Parise G, Melov S, Safdar A, Tarnopolsky MA. Analysis of global mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from endurance exercise. FASEB J 19: 1498‐1500, 2005. DOI: 10.1096/fj.04‐3149fje.
 840.Maillet M, van Berlo JH, Molkentin JD. Molecular basis of physiological heart growth: Fundamental concepts and new players. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14: 38‐48, 2013. DOI: 10.1038/nrm3495.
 841.Maiuolo J, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Scicchitano M, Carresi C, Scarano F, Bosco F, Nucera S, Ruga S, Zito MC, Mollace R, Palma E, Fini M, Muscoli C, Mollace V. The “frail” brain blood barrier in neurodegenerative diseases: Role of early disruption of endothelial cell‐to‐cell connections. Int J Mol Sci 19, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092693.
 842.Malek MH, Olfert IM, Esposito F. Detraining losses of skeletal muscle capillarization are associated with vascular endothelial growth factor protein expression in rats. Exp Physiol 95: 359‐368, 2010. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.050369.
 843.Malm C, Nyberg P, Engstrom M, Sjodin B, Lenkei R, Ekblom B, Lundberg I. Immunological changes in human skeletal muscle and blood after eccentric exercise and multiple biopsies. J Physiol 529 (Pt 1): 243‐262, 2000. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.2000.00243.x.
 844.Maly MR, Marriott KA, Chopp‐Hurley JN. Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: Rehabilitation and outcomes. Osteoarthr Cartil 28: 249‐266, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.11.008.
 845.Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, Phelan D, Nissen SE, Jaber W. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with long‐term mortality among adults undergoing exercise treadmill testing. JAMA Netw Open 1: e183605, 2018. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3605.
 846.Manini TM, Clark BC, Nalls MA, Goodpaster BH, Ploutz‐Snyder LL, Harris TB. Reduced physical activity increases intermuscular adipose tissue in healthy young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 85: 377‐384, 2007. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.377.
 847.Marini M, Lapalombella R, Margonato V, Ronchi R, Samaja M, Scapin C, Gorza L, Maraldi T, Carinci P, Ventura C, Veicsteinas A. Mild exercise training, cardioprotection and stress genes profile. Eur J Appl Physiol 99: 503‐510, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐006‐0369‐4.
 848.Markofski MM, Braun WA. Influence of menstrual cycle on indices of contraction‐induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 28: 2649‐2656, 2014. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000429.
 849.Markofski MM, Volpi E. Protein metabolism in women and men: Similarities and disparities. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 14: 93‐97, 2011. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283412343.
 850.Markworth JF, Vella L, Lingard BS, Tull DL, Rupasinghe TW, Sinclair AJ, Maddipati KR, Cameron‐Smith D. Human inflammatory and resolving lipid mediator responses to resistance exercise and ibuprofen treatment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 305: R1281‐R1296, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00128.2013.
 851.Maron BJ, Pelliccia A, Spataro A, Granata M. Reduction in left ventricular wall thickness after deconditioning in highly trained olympic athletes. Br Heart J 69: 125‐128, 1993. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.69.2.125.
 852.Maroni BJ, Haesemeyer R, Wilson LK, DiGirolamo M. Electronic determination of size and number in isolated unfixed adipocyte populations [Online]. J Lipid Res 31: 1703‐1709, 1990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246619.
 853.Martin B‐J, Arena R, Haykowsky M, Hauer T, Austford LD, Knudtson M, Aggarwal S, Stone JA. Cardiovascular fitness and mortality after contemporary cardiac rehabilitation. Mayo Clin Proc 88: 455‐463, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.02.013.
 854.Martin TR, Castile RG, Fredberg JJ, Wohl ME, Mead J. Airway size is related to sex but not lung size in normal adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 63: 2042‐2047, 1987. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1987.63.5.2042.
 855.Martinez‐Gomez D, Lavie CJ, Hamer M, Cabanas‐Sanchez V, Garcia‐Esquinas E, Pareja‐Galeano H, Struijk E, Sadarangani KP, Ortega FB, Rodr'ıguez‐Artalejo F. Physical activity without weight loss reduces the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors—a prospective cohort study of more than one hundred thousand adults. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 62: 522‐530, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.11.010.
 856.Mart'ınez‐Redondo V, Pettersson AT, Ruas JL. The hitchhiker's guide to pgc‐1α isoform structure and biological functions. Diabetologia 58: 1969‐1977, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s00125‐015‐3671‐z.
 857.Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, Cesari M, Bari MD, Cherubini A, Broccatelli M, Savera G, D'Elia M, Pahor M, Bernabei R, Landi F. Physical activity and exercise as countermeasures to physical frailty and sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res 29: 35‐42, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s40520‐016‐0705‐4.
 858.Mascio DD, Magro‐Malosso ER, Saccone G, Marhefka GD, Berghella V. Exercise during pregnancy in normal‐weight women and risk of preterm birth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 215: 561‐571, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.06.014.
 859.Matsuda N, Kitagaki K, Perrein E, Tsuboi Y, Ebina A, Kondo Y, Murata S, Isa T, Okumura M, Kawaharada R, Horibe K, Ono R. Association between excessive weight gain during pregnancy and persistent low back and pelvic pain after delivery. Spine 45: 319‐324, 2020. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003271.
 860.Matthews VB, Aström M‐B, Chan MHS, Bruce CR, Krabbe KS, Prelovsek O, Akerström T, Yfanti C, Broholm C, Mortensen OH, Penkowa M, Hojman P, Zankari A, Watt MJ, Bruunsgaard H, Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of amp‐activated protein kinase. Diabetologia 52: 1409‐1418, 2009. DOI: 10.1007/s00125‐009‐1364‐1.
 861.Mattson MP. Interventions that improve body and brain bioenergetics for parkinson's disease risk reduction and therapy. J Parkinsons Dis 4: 1‐13, 2014. DOI: 10.3233/JPD‐130335.
 862.Mauro A. Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9: 493‐495, 1961. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.9.2.493.
 863.Mavros Y, Gates N, Wilson GC, Jain N, Meiklejohn J, Brodaty H, Wen W, Singh N, Baune BT, Suo C, Baker MK, Foroughi N, Wang Y, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela M, Singh MAF. Mediation of cognitive function improvements by strength gains after resistance training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: Outcomes of the study of mental and resistance training. J Am Geriatr Soc 65: 550‐559, 2017. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14542.
 864.Małkiewicz MA, Szarmach A, Sabisz A, Cubała WJ, Szurowska E, Winklewski PJ. Blood‐brain barrier permeability and physical exercise. J Neuroinflammation 16: 15, 2019. DOI: 10.1186/s12974‐019‐1403‐x.
 865.McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.
 866.McCarthy JJ, Mula J, Miyazaki M, Erfani R, Garrison K, Farooqui AB, Srikuea R, Lawson BA, Grimes B, Keller C, Van Zant G, Campbell KS, Esser KA, Dupont‐Versteegden EE, Peterson CA. Effective fiber hypertrophy in satellite cell‐depleted skeletal muscle. Development 138: 3657‐3666, 2011. DOI: 10.1242/dev.068858.
 867.McDonagh B, Sakellariou GK, Smith NT, Brownridge P, Jackson MJ. Differential cysteine labeling and global label‐free proteomics reveals an altered metabolic state in skeletal muscle aging. J Proteome Res 13: 5008‐5021, 2014. DOI: 10.1021/pr5006394.
 868.McGlory C, Devries MC, Phillips SM. Skeletal muscle and resistance exercise training; the role of protein synthesis in recovery and remodeling. J Appl Physiol (1985) 122: 541‐548, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00613.2016.
 869.McGregor KM, Crosson B, Krishnamurthy LC, Krishnamurthy V, Hortman K, Gopinath K, Mammino KM, Omar J, Nocera JR. Effects of a 12‐week aerobic spin intervention on resting state networks in previously sedentary older adults. Front Psychol 9: 2376, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02376.
 870.McKay BR, Nederveen JP, Fortino SA, Snijders T, Joanisse S, Kumbhare DA, Parise G. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor is associated with human muscle satellite cell differentiation in response to muscle‐damaging exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 45: 581‐590, 2020. DOI: 10.1139/apnm‐2019‐0501.
 871.McKay BR, O'Reilly CE, Phillips SM, Tarnopolsky MA, Parise G. Co‐expression of igf‐1 family members with myogenic regulatory factors following acute damaging muscle‐lengthening contractions in humans. J Physiol 586: 5549‐5560, 2008. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.160176.
 872.McKendry J, Shad BJ, Smeuninx B, Oikawa SY, Wallis G, Greig C, Phillips SM, Breen L. Comparable rates of integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis between endurance‐trained master athletes and untrained older individuals. Front Physiol 10: 1084, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01084.
 873.McKenzie JA, Spielman LJ, Pointer CB, Lowry JR, Bajwa E, Lee CW, Klegeris A. Neuroinflammation as a common mechanism associated with the modifiable risk factors for alzheimer's and parkinson's diseases. Curr Aging Sci 10: 158‐176, 2017. DOI: 10.2174/1874609810666170315113244.
 874.McMillan LB, Zengin A, Ebeling PR, Scott D. Prescribing physical activity for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in older adults. Healthcare 5, 2017. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5040085.
 875.McMullen JR, Shioi T, Zhang L, Tarnavski O, Sherwood MC, Kang PM, Izumo S. Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase(p110alpha) plays a critical role for the induction of physiological, but not pathological, cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 12355‐12360, 2003. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1934654100.
 876.McNeil CJ, Doherty TJ, Stashuk DW, Rice CL. Motor unit number estimates in the tibialis anterior muscle of young, old, and very old men. Muscle Nerve 31: 461‐467, 2005. DOI: 10.1002/mus.20276.
 877.McNeil CJ, Rice CL. Neuromuscular adaptations to healthy aging. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 1158‐1165, 2018. DOI: 10.1139/apnm‐2018‐0327.
 878.McTiernan A, Friedenreich CM, Katzmarzyk PT, Powell KE, Macko R, Buchner D, Pescatello LS, Bloodgood B, Tennant B, Vaux‐Bjerke A, George SM, Troiano RP, Piercy KL. Physical activity in cancer prevention and survival: A systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 51: 1252‐1261, 2019. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001937.
 879.Mehana E‐SE, Khafaga AF, El‐Blehi SS. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in osteoarthritis pathogenesis: An updated review. Life Sci 234: 116786, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116786.
 880.Mendell LM. The size principle: A rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 93: 3024‐3026, 2005. DOI: 10.1152/classicessays.00025.2005.
 881.Meneghel AJ, Verlengia R, Crisp AH, Aoki MS, Nosaka K, da Mota GR, Lopes CR. Muscle damage of resistance‐trained men after two bouts of eccentric bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res 28: 2961‐2966, 2014. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000494.
 882.Menet R, Bernard M, ElAli A. Hyperlipidemia in stroke pathobiology and therapy: Insights and perspectives. Front Physiol 9: 488, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00488.
 883.Menshikova EV, Ritov VB, Fairfull L, Ferrell RE, Kelley DE, Goodpaster BH. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61: 534‐540, 2006. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.6.534.
 884.Menshikova EV, Ritov VB, Ferrell RE, Azuma K, Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE. Characteristics of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis induced by moderate‐intensity exercise and weight loss in obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 103: 21‐27, 2007. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01228.2006.
 885.Menshikova EV, Ritov VB, Dube JJ, Amati F, Stefanovic‐Racic M, Toledo FGS, Coen PM, Goodpaster BH. Calorie restriction‐induced weight loss and exercise have differential effects on skeletal muscle mitochondria despite similar effects on insulin sensitivity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 73: 81‐87, 2017. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw328.
 886.Merritt EK, Stec MJ, Thalacker‐Mercer A, Windham ST, Cross JM, Shelley DP, Tuggle SC, Kosek DJ, Kim J‐S, Bamman MM. Heightened muscle inflammation susceptibility may impair regenerative capacity in aging humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 115: 937‐948, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00019.2013.
 887.Mesquita ET, de Souza Júnior CV, Ferreira TR. Andreas vesalius 500 years–a renaissance that revolutionized cardiovascular knowledge. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 30: 260‐265, 2015. DOI: 10.5935/1678‐9741.20150024.
 888.Messerli FH, Rimoldi SF, Bangalore S. The transition from hypertension to heartâ failure: Contemporary update. JACC Heart Fail 5: 543‐551, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.04.012.
 889.Messi ML, Li T, Wang Z‐M, Marsh AP, Nicklas B, Delbono O. Resistance training enhances skeletal muscle innervation without modifying the number of satellite cells or their myofiber association in obese older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 71: 1273‐1280, 2016. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv176.
 890.Metsios GS, Kitas GD. Physical activity, exercise and rheumatoid arthritis: Effectiveness, mechanisms and implementation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 32: 669‐682, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.03.013.
 891.Metsios GS, Koutedakis Y, van Zanten JJCSV, Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou A, Vitalis P, Duda JL, Ntoumanis N, Rouse PC, Kitas GD. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels and their association with cardiovascular profile in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A cross‐sectional study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 54: 2215‐2220, 2015. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev035.
 892.Metsios GS, Moe RH, van der Esch M, van Zanten JJCSV, Fenton SAM, Koutedakis Y, Vitalis P, Kennedy N, Brodin N, Bostrom C, Swinnen TW, Tzika K, Niedermann K, Nikiphorou E, Fragoulis GE, Vlieland TPVM, Van den Ende CHM, Kitas GD. The effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors and cardiovascular physiology in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 40: 347‐357, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s00296‐019‐04483‐6.
 893.Metsios GS, Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou A, Treharne GJ, Nevill AM, Sandoo A, Panoulas VF, Toms TE, Koutedakis Y, Kitas GD. Disease activity and low physical activity associate with number of hospital admissions and length of hospitalisation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 13: R108, 2011. DOI: 10.1186/ar3390.
 894.Metsios GS, Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou A, Kitas GD. The role of exercise in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 11: 1121‐1130, 2015. DOI: 10.1586/1744666X.2015.1067606.
 895.Metsios GS, Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou A, Panoulas VF, Wilson M, Nevill AM, Koutedakis Y, Kitas GD. Association of physical inactivity with increased cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 16: 188‐194, 2009. DOI: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283271ceb.
 896.Meyer JD, Crombie KM, Cook DB, Hillard CJ, Koltyn KF. Serum endocannabinoid and mood changes after exercise in major depressive disorder. Med Sci Sports Exerc 51: 1909‐1917, 2019. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002006.
 897.Mihaylova MM, Shaw RJ. The ampk signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. Nat Cell Biol 13: 1016‐1023, 2011. DOI: 10.1038/ncb2329.
 898.Milanese M, Giudice EMD, Peroni DG. Asthma, exercise and metabolic dysregulation in paediatrics. Allergol Immunopathol 47: 289‐294, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.03.010.
 899.Miller BF, Konopka AR, Hamilton KL. The rigorous study of exercise adaptations: Why mRNA might not be enough. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121: 594, 6, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00137.2016.
 900.Miller BF, Olesen JL, Hansen M, Døssing S, Crameri RM, Welling RJ, Langberg H, Flyvbjerg A, Kjaer M, Babraj JA, Smith K, Rennie MJ. Coordinated collagen and muscle protein synthesis in human patella tendon and quadriceps muscle after exercise. J Physiol 567: 1021‐1033, 2005. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.093690.
 901.Miller KD, Siegel RL, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, Kramer JL, Rowland JH, Stein KD, Alteri R, Jemal A. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin 66: 271‐289, 2016. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21349.
 902.Miller WL. Fluid volume overload and congestion in heart failure: Time to reconsider pathophysiology and how volume is assessed. Circ Heart Fail 9: e002922, 2016. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002922.
 903.Millischer V, Erhardt S, Ekblom Ö, Forsell Y, Lavebratt C. Twelve‐week physical exercise does not have a long‐lasting effect on kynurenines in plasma of depressed patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 13: 967‐972, 2017. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S131746.
 904.Mills CD, Thomas AC, Lenz LL, Munder M. Macrophage: SHIP of immunity. Front Immunol 5: 620, 2014. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00620.
 905.Mitchell CJ, Churchward‐Venne TA, Parise G, Bellamy L, Baker SK, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Phillips SM. Acute post‐exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis is not correlated with resistance training‐induced muscle hypertrophy in young men. PLoS One 9: e89431, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089431.
 906.Mitchell L, Murray SB, Cobley S, Hackett D, Gifford J, Capling L, O'Connor H. Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non‐bodybuilder resistance trainers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Sports Med 47: 233‐259, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐016‐0564‐3.
 907.Miyachi M, Tanaka H, Yamamoto K, Yoshioka A, Takahashi K, Onodera S. Effects of one‐legged endurance training on femoral arterial and venous size in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 90: 2439‐2444, 2001. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2439.
 908.Mobley CB, Haun CT, Roberson PA, Mumford PW, Kephart WC, Romero MA, Osburn SC, Vann CG, Young KC, Beck DT, Martin JS, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. Biomarkers associated with low, moderate, and high vastus lateralis muscle hypertrophy following 12 weeks of resistance training. PLoS One 13: e0195203, 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195203.
 909.Montagne A, Barnes SR, Sweeney MD, Halliday MR, Sagare AP, Zhao Z, Toga AW, Jacobs RE, Liu CY, Amezcua L, Harrington MG, Chui HC, Law M, Zlokovic BV. Blood‐brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus. Neuron 85: 296‐302, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.032.
 910.Montoye AHK, Moore RW, Bowles HR, Korycinski R, Pfeiffer KA. Reporting accelerometer methods in physical activity intervention studies: A systematic review and recommendations for authors. Br J Sports Med 52: 1507‐1516, 2018. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2015‐095947.
 911.Montoye AH, Pfeiffer KA, Suton D, Trost SG. Evaluating the responsiveness of accelerometry to detect change in physical activity. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 18: 273‐285, 2014. DOI: 10.1080/1091367X.2014.942454.
 912.Moon HY, van Praag H. Muscle over mind. Cell Metab 20: 560‐562, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.09.012.
 913.Moor AE, Itzkovitz S. Spatial transcriptomics: Paving the way for tissue‐level systems biology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 46: 126‐133, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.02.004.
 914.Moore TM, Zhou Z, Cohn W, Norheim F, Lin AJ, Kalajian N, Strumwasser AR, Cory K, Whitney K, Ho T, Ho T, Lee JL, Rucker DH, Shirihai O, van der Bliek AM, Whitelegge JP, Seldin MM, Lusis AJ, Lee S, Drevon CA, Mahata SK, Turcotte LP, Hevener AL. The impact of exercise on mitochondrial dynamics and the role of drp1 in exercise performance and training adaptations in skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 21: 51‐67, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.012.
 915.Mora JC, Valencia WM. Exercise and older adults. Clin Geriatr Med 34: 145‐162, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.08.007.
 916.Moraes‐Silva IC, Mostarda CT, Silva‐Filho AC, Irigoyen MC. Hypertension and exercise training: Evidence from clinical studies. Adv Exp Med Biol 1000: 65‐84, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/978‐981‐10‐4304‐8_5.
 917.Morales PE, Bucarey JL, Espinosa A. Muscle lipid metabolism: Role of lipid droplets and perilipins. J Diabetes Res 2017: 1789395, 2017. DOI: 10.1155/2017/1789395.
 918.Moreira IS, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) inhibition–a critical review. Anti Cancer Agents Med Chem 7: 223‐245, 2007. DOI: 10.2174/187152007780058687.
 919.Morgan JA, Olagunju AT, Corrigan F, Baune BT. Does ceasing exercise induce depressive symptoms? A systematic review of experimental trials including immunological and neurogenic markers. J Affect Disord 234: 180‐192, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.058.
 920.Morigny P, Houssier M, Mouisel E, Langin D. Adipocyte lipolysis and insulin resistance. Biochimie 125: 259‐266, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.024.
 921.Morland C, Andersson KA, Haugen P, Hadzic A, Kleppa L, Gille A, Rinholm JE, Palibrk V, Diget EH, Kennedy LH, Stølen T, Hennestad E, Moldestad O, Cai Y, Puchades M, Offermanns S, Vervaeke K, Bjørås M, Wisløff U, Storm‐Mathisen J, Bergersen LH. Exercise induces cerebral vegf and angiogenesis via the lactate receptor hcar1. Nat Commun 8: 15557, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15557.
 922.Morley JE, Abbatecola AM, Argiles JM, Baracos V, Bauer J, Bhasin S, Cederholm T, Coats AJS, Cummings SR, Evans WJ, Fearon K, Ferrucci L, Fielding RA, Guralnik JM, Harris TB, Inui A, Kalantar‐Zadeh K, Kirwan B‐A, Mantovani G, Muscaritoli M, Newman AB, Rossi‐Fanelli F, Rosano GMC, Roubenoff R, Schambelan M, Sokol GH, Storer TW, Vellas B, von Haehling S, Yeh S‐S, Anker SD. Sarcopenia with limited mobility: An international consensus. J Am Med Dir Assoc 12: 403‐409, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2011.04.014.
 923.Moro T, Brightwell CR, Phalen DE, McKenna CF, Lane SJ, Porter C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB, Fry CS. Low skeletal muscle capillarization limits muscle adaptation to resistance exercise training in older adults. Exp Gerontol 127: 110723, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110723.
 924.Moro T, Brightwell CR, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB, Fry CS. Resistance exercise training promotes fiber type‐specific myonuclear adaptations in older adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 795‐804, 2020. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00723.2019.
 925.Moro T, Paoli A. When covid‐19 affects muscle: Effects of quarantine in older adults. Eur J Transl Myol 30: 9069, 2020. DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.9069.
 926.Morouço P, Fernandes C, Santos‐Rocha R. Osteoarthritis, exercise, and tissue engineering: A stimulating triad for health professionals. J Aging Res 2019: 1935806, 2019. DOI: 10.1155/2019/1935806.
 927.Morrison D, Hughes J, Gatta PAD, Mason S, Lamon S, Russell AP, Wadley GD. Vitamin c and e supplementation prevents some of the cellular adaptations to endurance‐training in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 89: 852‐862, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.412.
 928.Morrison PR, Biggs RB, Booth FW. Daily running for 2 wk and mRNAs for cytochrome c and alpha‐actin in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Phys 257: C936‐C939, 1989. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.5.C936.
 929.Mortazavi A, Williams BA, McCue K, Schaeffer L, Wold B. Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by rna‐seq. Nat Methods 5: 621‐628, 2008. DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1226.
 930.Mortensen SP, Saltin B. Regulation of the skeletal muscle blood flow in humans. Exp Physiol 99: 1552‐1558, 2014. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.081620.
 931.Morton JP, Croft L, Bartlett JD, Maclaren DPM, Reilly T, Evans L, McArdle A, Drust B. Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training‐induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 106: 1513‐1521, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00003.2009.
 932.Morton N. Despite intensive efforts, egg‐related salmonellosis outbreaks continue [Online]. J Ark Med Soc 90: 116‐118, 1993. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8226573.
 933.Morton RW, Sonne MW, Zuniga AF, Mohammad IYZ, Jones A, McGlory C, Keir PJ, Potvin JR, Phillips SM. Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure. J Physiol 597: 4601‐4613, 2019. DOI: 10.1113/JP278056.
 934.Mosole S, Carraro U, Kern H, Loefler S, Fruhmann H, Vogelauer M, Burggraf S, Mayr W, Krenn M, Paternostro‐Sluga T, Hamar D, Cvecka J, Sedliak M, Tirpakova V, Sarabon N, Musaró A, Sandri M, Protasi F, Nori A, Pond A, Zampieri S. Long‐term high‐level exercise promotes muscle reinnervation with age. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 73: 284‐294, 2014. DOI: 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000032.
 935.Mosole S, Carraro U, Kern H, Loefler S, Zampieri S. Use it or lose it: Tonic activity of slow motoneurons promotes their survival and preferentially increases slow fiber‐type groupings in muscles of old lifelong recreational sportsmen. Eur J Transl Myol 26: 5972, 2016. DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2016.5972.
 936.da Mota Gomes M, Moscovici M, Engelhardt E. Andreas vesalius as a renaissance innovative neuroanatomist: His 5th centenary of birth. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 73: 155‐158, 2015. DOI: 10.1590/0004‐282X20140201.
 937.Movin T. Tendon tissue sampling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 10: 368‐371, 2000. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600‐0838.2000.010006368.x.
 938.Moylan JS, Reid MB. Oxidative stress, chronic disease, and muscle wasting. Muscle Nerve 35: 411‐429, 2007. DOI: 10.1002/mus.20743.
 939.Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, de Ferranti S, Després J‐P, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Willey JZ, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2015 update: A report from the american heart association. Circulation 131: e29‐e322, 2015. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152.
 940.Mu L, Cohen AJ, Mukamal KJ. Prevalence and predictors of resistance and aerobic exercise among hypertensive adults in the united states. J Hum Hypertens 29: 394‐395, 2015. DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2014.104.
 941.Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Associations between measures of balance and lower‐extremity muscle strength/power in healthy individuals across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Sports Med 45: 1671‐1692, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐015‐0390‐z.
 942.Muise ES, Guan H‐P, Liu J, Nawrocki AR, Yang X, Wang C, Rodríguez CG, Zhou D, Gorski JN, Kurtz MM, Feng D, Leavitt KJ, Wei L, Wilkening RR, Apgar JM, Xu S, Lu K, Feng W, Li Y, He H, Previs SF, Shen X, van Heek M, Souza SC, Rosenbach MJ, Biftu T, Erion MD, Kelley DE, Kemp DM, Myers RW, Sebhat IK. Pharmacological ampk activation induces transcriptional responses congruent to exercise in skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose tissues and liver. PLoS One 14: e0211568, 2019. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211568.
 943.Mujika I, Padilla S. Detraining: Loss of training‐induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part i: Short term insufficient training stimulus. Sports Med 30: 79‐87, 2000. DOI: 10.2165/00007256‐200030020‐00002.
 944.Muñoz‐Durango N, Fuentes CA, Castillo AE, Gonz'alez‐G'omez LM, Vecchiola A, Fardella CE, Kalergis AM. Role of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system beyond blood pressure regulation: Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in end‐organ damage during arterial hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 17, 2016. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17070797.
 945.Murach KA, Dungan CM, Kosmac K, Voigt TB, Tourville TW, Miller MS, Bamman MM, Peterson CA, Toth MJ. Fiber typing human skeletal muscle with fluorescent immunohistochemistry. J Appl Physiol (1985) 127: 1632‐1639, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00624.2019.
 946.Murach KA, Englund DA, Dupont‐Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Myonuclear domain flexibility challenges rigid assumptions on satellite cell contribution to skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy. Front Physiol 9: 635, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00635.
 947.Murach K, Raue U, Wilkerson B, Minchev K, Jemiolo B, Bagley J, Luden N, Trappe S. Single muscle fiber gene expression with run taper. PLoS One 9: e108547, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108547.
 948.Murgia M, Nagaraj N, Deshmukh AS, Zeiler M, Cancellara P, Moretti I, Reggiani C, Schiaffino S, Mann M. Single muscle fiber proteomics reveals unexpected mitochondrial specialization. EMBO Rep 16: 387‐395, 2015. DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439757.
 949.Murgia M, Tan J, Geyer PE, Doll S, Mann M, Klopstock T. Proteomics of cytochrome c oxidase‐negative versus ‐positive muscle fiber sections in mitochondrial myopathy. Cell Rep 29: 3825‐3834.e4, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.055.
 950.Murgia M, Toniolo L, Nagaraj N, Ciciliot S, Vindigni V, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C, Mann M. Single muscle fiber proteomics reveals fiber‐type‐specific features of human muscle aging. Cell Rep 19: 2396‐2409, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.054.
 951.Muriel P. Liver Pathophysiology: Therapies and Antioxidants. Academic Press, 2017.
 952.Myers AM, Beam NW, Fakhoury JD. Resistance training for children and adolescents. Transl Pediatr 6: 137‐143, 2017. DOI: 10.21037/tp.2017.04.01.
 953.Myers J, Kokkinos P, Nyelin E. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 11, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/nu11071652.
 954.Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 346: 793‐801, 2002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa011858.
 955.Naci H, Ioannidis JPA. Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: Metaepidemiological study. BMJ 347: f5577, 2013. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f5577.
 956.Nader GA, McLoughlin TJ, Esser KA. MTOR function in skeletal muscle hypertrophy: Increased ribosomal rna via cell cycle regulators. Am J Phys Cell Phys 289: C1457‐C1465, 2005. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00165.2005.
 957.Nadruz W, West E, Sengeløv M, Santos M, Groarke JD, Forman DE, Claggett B, Skali H, Shah AM. Prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure with reduced, midrange, and preserved ejection fraction. J Am Heart Assoc 6, 2017. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006000.
 958.Nagle CA, Klett EL, Coleman RA. Hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation and insulin resistance. J Lipid Res 50 (Suppl): S74‐S79, 2009. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R800053‐JLR200.
 959.Nair VD, Ge Y, Li S, Pincas H, Jain N, Seenarine N, Amper MAS, Goodpaster BH, Walsh MJ, Coen PM, Sealfon SC. Sedentary and trained older men have distinct circulating exosomal microRNA profiles at baseline and in response to acute exercise. Front Physiol 11: 605, 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00605.
 960.Narici M, De Vito G, Franchi M, Paoli A, Moro T, Marcolin G, Grassi B, Baldassarre G, Zuccarelli L, Biolo G, di Girolamo FG, Fiotti N, Dela F, Greenhaff P, Maganaris C. Impact of sedentarism due to the covid‐19 home confinement on neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic health: Physiological and pathophysiological implications and recommendations for physical and nutritional countermeasures. Eur J Sport Sci 21 (4): 614‐635, 2021.
 961.Natali AJ, Wilson LA, Peckham M, Turner DL, Harrison SM, White E. Different regional effects of voluntary exercise on the mechanical and electrical properties of rat ventricular myocytes. J Physiol 541: 863‐875, 2002. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013415.
 962.National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection and Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Third report of the national cholesterol education program (ncep) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel iii) final report [Online]. Circulation 106: 3143‐3421, 2002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966.
 963.Nederveen JP, Joanisse S, Snijders T, Thomas ACQ, Kumbhare D, Parise G. The influence of capillarization on satellite cell pool expansion and activation following exercise‐induced muscle damage in healthy young men. J Physiol 596: 1063‐1078, 2018. DOI: 10.1113/JP275155.
 964.Nederveen JP, Joanisse S, Séguin CML, Bell KE, Baker SK, Phillips SM, Parise G. The effect of exercise mode on the acute response of satellite cells in old men. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 215: 177‐190, 2015. DOI: 10.1111/apha.12601.
 965.Neil‐Sztramko SE, Winters‐Stone KM, Bland KA, Campbell KL. Updated systematic review of exercise studies in breast cancer survivors: Attention to the principles of exercise training. Br J Sports Med 53: 504‐512, 2019. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2017‐098389.
 966.Nelson AE, Allen KD, Golightly YM, Goode AP, Jordan JM. A systematic review of recommendations and guidelines for the management of osteoarthritis: The chronic osteoarthritis management initiative of the u.s. Bone and joint initiative. Semin Arthritis Rheum 43: 701‐712, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.11.012.
 967.Nelson ME, Parker BL, Burchfield JG, Hoffman NJ, Needham EJ, Cooke KC, Naim T, Sylow L, Ling NX, Francis D, Norris DM, Chaudhuri R, Oakhill JS, Richter EA, Lynch GS, Stöckli J, James DE. Phosphoproteomics reveals conserved exercise‐stimulated signaling and ampk regulation of store‐operated calcium entry. EMBO J 38: e102578, 2019. DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102578.
 968.Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, Macera CA, Castaneda‐Sceppa C. Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the american college of sports medicine and the american heart association. Circulation 116: 1094‐1105, 2007. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185650.
 969.Neufer PD, Bamman MM, Muoio DM, Bouchard C, Cooper DM, Goodpaster BH, Booth FW, Kohrt WM, Gerszten RE, Mattson MP, Hepple RT, Kraus WE, Reid MB, Bodine SC, Jakicic JM, Fleg JL, Williams JP, Joseph L, Evans M, Maruvada P, Rodgers M, Roary M, Boyce AT, Drugan JK, Koenig JI, Ingraham RH, Krotoski D, Garcia‐Cazarin M, McGowan JA, Laughlin MR. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of physical activity‐induced health benefits. Cell Metab 22: 4‐11, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.011.
 970.Neufer PD, Dohm GL. Exercise induces a transient increase in transcription of the glut‐4 gene in skeletal muscle. Am J Phys 265: C1597‐C1603, 1993. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.6.C1597.
 971.Neurology TL. Response to the growing dementia burden must be faster. Lancet Neurol 17: 651, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/S1474‐4422(18)30256‐4.
 972.Ng QX, Ho CYX, Chan HW, Yong BZJ, Yeo W‐S. Managing childhood and adolescent attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) with exercise: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med 34: 123‐128, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.08.018.
 973.Nguyen C, Lefèvre‐Colau M‐M, Poiraudeau S, Rannou F. Rehabilitation (exercise and strength training) and osteoarthritis: A critical narrative review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 59: 190‐195, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.02.010.
 974.Nicklas BJ, Hsu F‐C, Brinkley TJ, Church T, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Pahor M. Exercise training and plasma c‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 56: 2045‐2052, 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532‐5415.2008.01994.x.
 975.Nielsen HG, Hagberg IA, Lyberg T. Marathon running leads to partial exhaustion of ros‐generating capacity in leukocytes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 68‐73, 2004. DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000106168.12113.95.
 976.Nielsen S, Åkerström T, Rinnov A, Yfanti C, Scheele C, Pedersen BK, Laye MJ. The miRNA plasma signature in response to acute aerobic exercise and endurance training. PLoS One 9: e87308, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087308.
 977.Nieman DC, Henson DA, Davis JM, Murphy EA, Jenkins DP, Gross SJ, Carmichael MD, Quindry JC, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Triplett NT, Mayer EP. Quercetin's influence on exercise‐induced changes in plasma cytokines and muscle and leukocyte cytokine mRNA. J Appl Physiol (1985) 103: 1728‐1735, 2007. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2007.
 978.Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Walberg‐Rankin J, Shute M, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Carson JA, Brown A, Lee WJ, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS. Carbohydrate ingestion influences skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels after a 3‐h run. J Appl Physiol (1985) 94: 1917‐1925, 2003. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01130.2002.
 979.Nilwik R, Snijders T, Leenders M, Groen BBL, van Kranenburg J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type ii muscle fiber size. Exp Gerontol 48: 492‐498, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.012.
 980.Nishimune H, Stanford JA, Mori Y. Role of exercise in maintaining the integrity of the neuromuscular junction. Muscle Nerve 49: 315‐324, 2014. DOI: 10.1002/mus.24095.
 981.Noakes TD, Peltonen JE, Rusko HK. Evidence that a central governor regulates exercise performance during acute hypoxia and hyperoxia [Online]. J Exp Biol 204: 3225‐3234, 2001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11581338.
 982.Nokia MS, Lensu S, Ahtiainen JP, Johansson PP, Koch LG, Britton SL, Kainulainen H. Physical exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis in male rats provided it is aerobic and sustained. J Physiol 594: 1855‐1873, 2016. DOI: 10.1113/JP271552.
 983.Novakova K, Kummer O, Bouitbir J, Stoffel SD, Hoerler‐Koerner U, Bodmer M, Roberts P, Urwyler A, Ehrsam R, Krähenbühl S. Effect of l‐carnitine supplementation on the body carnitine pool, skeletal muscle energy metabolism and physical performance in male vegetarians. Eur J Nutr 55: 207‐217, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00394‐015‐0838‐9.
 984.O'Brien T, Nguyen TT, Zimmerman BR. Hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc 73: 969‐976, 1998. DOI: 10.4065/73.10.969.
 985.Ochi E, Maruo M, Tsuchiya Y, Ishii N, Miura K, Sasaki K. Higher training frequency is important for gaining muscular strength under volume‐matched training. Front Physiol 9: 744, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00744.
 986.O'Doherty RM, Bracy DP, Osawa H, Wasserman DH, Granner DK. Rat skeletal muscle hexokinase ii mRNA and activity are increased by a single bout of acute exercise. Am J Phys 266: E171‐E178, 1994. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.2.E171.
 987.Ogawa T, Nakamura T, Banno M, Sasaki Y, Umemoto Y, Kouda K, Kawasaki T, Tajima F. Elevation of interleukin‐6 and attenuation of tumor necrosis factor‐α during wheelchair half marathon in athletes with cervical spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord 52: 601‐605, 2014. DOI: 10.1038/sc.2014.88.
 988.Oldenburg C, Lundin A, Edman G, Deboussard CN, Bartfai A. Emotional reserve and prolonged post‐concussive symptoms and disability: A swedish prospective 1‐year mild traumatic brain injury cohort study. BMJ Open 8: e020884, 2018. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen‐2017‐020884.
 989.Olesen J, Biensø RS, Meinertz S, van Hauen L, Rasmussen SM, Gliemann L, Plomgaard P, Pilegaard H. Impact of training status on lps‐induced acute inflammation in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 118: 818‐829, 2015. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00725.2014.
 990.Olfert IM, Howlett RA, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Myocyte vascular endothelial growth factor is required for exercise‐induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299: R1059‐R1067, 2010. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00347.2010.
 991.Olsson TT, Svensson M, Hållmarker U, James S, Deierborg T. Delayed clinical manifestation of parkinson's disease among physically active: Do participants in a long‐distance ski race have a motor reserve? J Parkinsons Dis 10: 267‐274, 2020. DOI: 10.3233/JPD‐191762.
 992.Oneda B, Cardoso CG, Forjaz CLM, Ara'ujo TG, Bernardo FR, de Gusmão JL, Pinto LG, Labes E, Abrahão SB, Mion D, Fonseca AM, Tinucci T. Effects of estrogen therapy and aerobic training on sympathetic activity and hemodynamics in healthy postmenopausal women: A double‐blind randomized trial. Menopause 21: 369‐375, 2014. DOI: 10.1097/GME.0b013e31829d2a00.
 993.O'Reilly C, McKay B, Phillips S, Tarnopolsky M, Parise G. Hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) and the satellite cell response following muscle lengthening contractions in humans. Muscle Nerve 38: 1434‐1442, 2008. DOI: 10.1002/mus.21146.
 994.Orfei CP, Vigano M, Pearson JR, Colombini A, De Luca P, Ragni E, Santos‐Ruiz L, de Girolamo L. In vitro induction of tendon‐specific markers in tendon cells, adipose‐ and bone marrow‐derived stem cells is dependent on tgfβ3, bmp‐12 and ascorbic acid stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 20, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010149.
 995.O'Rourke KS, Blaivas M, Ike RW. Utility of needle muscle biopsy in a university rheumatology practice [Online]. J Rheumatol 21: 413‐424, 1994. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006885.
 996.Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK. Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J Physiol 515 (Pt 1): 287‐291, 1999. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.1999.287ad.x.
 997.Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Zacho M, Asp S, Pedersen BK. Evidence that interleukin‐6 is produced in human skeletal muscle during prolonged running. J Physiol 508 (Pt 3): 949‐953, 1998. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.1998.949bp.x.
 998.Otera H, Wang C, Cleland MM, Setoguchi K, Yokota S, Youle RJ, Mihara K. Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 191: 1141‐1158, 2010. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201007152.
 999.Ozougwu JC. Physiology of the liver. Int J Res Pharm Biosci 4: 13‐24, 2017.
 1000.Pagnotti GM, Styner M, Uzer G, Patel VS, Wright LE, Ness KK, Guise TA, Rubin J, Rubin CT. Combating osteoporosis and obesity with exercise: Leveraging cell mechanosensitivity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 15: 339‐355, 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41574‐019‐0170‐1.
 1001.Palazzo C, Ravaud J‐F, Papelard A, Ravaud P, Poiraudeau S. The burden of musculoskeletal conditions. PLoS One 9: e90633, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090633.
 1002.Palmer K, Bowles K‐A, Paton M, Jepson M, Lane R. Chronic heart failure and exercise rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 99: 2570‐2582, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.03.015.
 1003.Pandey A, Allen NB, Ayers C, Reis JP, Moreira HT, Sidney S, Rana JS, Jacobs DR, Chow LS, de Lemos JA, Carnethon M, Berry JD. Fitness in young adulthood and long‐term cardiac structure and function: The cardia study. JACC Heart Fail 5: 347‐355, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.11.014.
 1004.Papaleontiou M, Cappola AR. Thyroid‐stimulating hormone in the evaluation of subclinical hypothyroidism. JAMA 316: 1592‐1593, 2016. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.9534.
 1005.Papapetropoulos A, Garc'ıa‐Cardeña G, Madri JA, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide production contributes to the angiogenic properties of vascular endothelial growth factor in human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 100: 3131‐3139, 1997. DOI: 10.1172/JCI119868.
 1006.Pareja‐Galeano H, Garatachea N, Lucia A. Exercise as a polypill for chronic diseases. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 135: 497‐526, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.019.
 1007.Park J, Kwon Y, Park H. Effects of 24‐week aerobic and resistance training on carotid artery intima‐media thickness and flow velocity in elderly women with sarcopenic obesity. J Atheroscler Thromb 24: 1117‐1124, 2017. DOI: 10.5551/jat.39065.
 1008.Pasarica M, Gowronska‐Kozak B, Burk D, Remedios I, Hymel D, Gimble J, Ravussin E, Bray GA, Smith SR. Adipose tissue collagen vi in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 5155‐5162, 2009. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009‐0947.
 1009.Pasipoularides A. Greek underpinnings to his methodology in unraveling de motu cordis and what harvey has to teach us still today. Int J Cardiol 168: 3173‐3182, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.253.
 1010.Pattyn N, Beulque R, Cornelissen V. Aerobic interval vs. Continuous training in patients with coronary artery disease or heart failure: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis with a focus on secondary outcomes. Sports Med 48: 1189‐1205, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐018‐0885‐5.
 1011.Pattyn N, Vanhees L, Cornelissen VA, Coeckelberghs E, De Maeyer C, Goetschalckx K, Possemiers N, Wuyts K, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers PJ. The long‐term effects of a randomized trial comparing aerobic interval versus continuous training in coronary artery disease patients: 1‐year data from the saintex‐cad study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23: 1154‐1164, 2016. DOI: 10.1177/2047487316631200.
 1012.Paul MH, Sperling E. Cyclophorase system. XXIII. Correlation of cyclophorase activity and mitochondrial density in striated muscle. Proc Soc Exp Biol Me 79: 352‐354, 1952. DOI: 10.3181/00379727‐79‐19375.
 1013.Paulsen G, Cumming KT, Holden G, Hallén J, Rønnestad BR, Sveen O, Skaug A, Paur I, Bastani NE, Østgaard HN, Buer C, Midttun M, Freuchen F, Wiig H, Ulseth ET, Garthe I, Blomhoff R, Benestad HB, Raastad T. Vitamin c and e supplementation hampers cellular adaptation to endurance training in humans: A double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Physiol 592: 1887‐1901, 2014. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267419.
 1014.Paulsen G, Mikkelsen UR, Raastad T, Peake JM. Leucocytes, cytokines and satellite cells: What role do they play in muscle damage and regeneration following eccentric exercise? [Online]. Exerc Immunol Rev 18: 42‐97, 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22876722.
 1015.Peake JM, Suzuki K, Hordern M, Wilson G, Nosaka K, Coombes JS. Plasma cytokine changes in relation to exercise intensity and muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol 95: 514‐521, 2005. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐005‐0035‐2.
 1016.Pearson AM. Muscle growth and exercise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 29: 167‐196, 1990. DOI: 10.1080/10408399009527522.
 1017.Pedersen BK. Muscle as a secretory organ. Compr Physiol 3: 1337‐1362, 2013. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120033.
 1018.Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscles, exercise and obesity: Skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8: 457‐465, 2012. DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.49.
 1019.Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an endocrine organ: Focus on muscle‐derived interleukin‐6. Physiol Rev 88: 1379‐1406, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.90100.2007.
 1020.Pedersen BK. Muscles and their myokines. J Exp Biol 214: 337‐346, 2011. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.048074.
 1021.Pedersen BK. Physical activity and muscle‐brain crosstalk. Nat Rev Endocrinol 15: 383‐392, 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41574‐019‐0174‐x.
 1022.Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine—evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25 (Suppl 3): 1‐72, 2015. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12581.
 1023.Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Keller P, Plomgaard P, Febbraio M, Saltin B. Searching for the exercise factor: Is il‐6 a candidate? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 24: 113‐119, 2003. DOI: 10.1023/a:1026070911202.
 1024.Pekkala S, Wiklund PK, Hulmi JJ, Ahtiainen JP, Horttanainen M, Pollanen E, Makela KA, Kainulainen H, Hakkinen K, Nyman K, Alen M, Herzig K‐H, Cheng S. Are skeletal muscle fndc5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health? J Physiol 591: 5393‐5400, 2013. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.263707.
 1025.Penninx BW, Messier SP, Rejeski WJ, Williamson JD, DiBari M, Cavazzini C, Applegate WB, Pahor M. Physical exercise and the prevention of disability in activities of daily living in older persons with osteoarthritis. Arch Intern Med 161: 2309‐2316, 2001. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.161.19.2309.
 1026.Peper E. Problems in biofeedback training: An experimential analogy‐urination. Perspect Biol Med 19: 404‐412, 1976. DOI: 10.1353/pbm.1976.0018.
 1027.Perales M, Santos‐Lozano A, Ruiz JR, Lucia A, Barakat R. Benefits of aerobic or resistance training during pregnancy on maternal health and perinatal outcomes: A systematic review. Early Hum Dev 94: 43‐48, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.01.004.
 1028.Perales M, Valenzuela PL, Barakat R, Cordero Y, Pel'aez M, L'opez C, Ruilope LM, Santos‐Lozano A, Lucia A. Gestational exercise and maternal and child health: Effects until delivery and at post‐natal follow‐up. J Clin Med 9, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020379.
 1029.Perez EC, Bravo DR, Rodgers SP, Khan AR, Leasure JL. Shaping the adult brain with exercise during development: Emerging evidence and knowledge gaps. Int J Dev Neurosci 78: 147‐155, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.06.006.
 1030.Perkins RK, Lavin KM, Raue U, Jemiolo B, Trappe SW, Trappe TA. Effects of aging and lifelong aerobic exercise on expression of innate immune components in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 129: 1483‐1492, 2020. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00615.2020.
 1031.Perko MJ, Nielsen HB, Skak C, Clemmesen JO, Schroeder TV, Secher NH. Mesenteric, coeliac and splanchnic blood flow in humans during exercise. J Physiol 513 (Pt 3): 907‐913, 1998. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.1998.907ba.x.
 1032.Perreault C, Bélanger R, Bonny Y, Gyger M, Roy DC. Critical issues in bone marrow transplantation immunology [Online]. Bone Marrow Transplant 7 (Suppl 1): 24‐25, 1991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2043881.
 1033.Perry CGR, Lally J, Holloway GP, Heigenhauser GJF, Bonen A, Spriet LL. Repeated transient mRNA bursts precede increases in transcriptional and mitochondrial proteins during training in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 588: 4795‐4810, 2010. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.199448.
 1034.Pescatello LS, Riebe D, Thompson PD. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
 1035.Petäjä EM, Yki‐Järvinen H. Definitions of normal liver fat and the association of insulin sensitivity with acquired and genetic nafld‐a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci 17, 2016. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050633.
 1036.Peters U, Dixon AE, Forno E. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 141: 1169‐1179, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.004.
 1037.Petersen N, Jaekel P, Rosenberger A, Weber T, Scott J, Castrucci F, Lambrecht G, Ploutz‐Snyder L, Damann V, Kozlovskaya I, Mester J. Exercise in space: The european space agency approach to in‐flight exercise countermeasures for long‐duration missions on iss. Extreme Physiol Med 5: 9, 2016. DOI: 10.1186/s13728‐016‐0050‐4.
 1038.Petrella JK, Kim J‐S, Cross JM, Kosek DJ, Bamman MM. Efficacy of myonuclear addition may explain differential myofiber growth among resistance‐trained young and older men and women. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 291: E937‐E946, 2006. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00190.2006.
 1039.Petrella JK, Kim J‐S, Mayhew DL, Cross JM, Bamman MM. Potent myofiber hypertrophy during resistance training in humans is associated with satellite cell‐mediated myonuclear addition: A cluster analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 104: 1736‐1742, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01215.2007.
 1040.Phillips BE, Williams JP, Gustafsson T, Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Knudsen S, Smith K, Timmons JA, Atherton PJ. Molecular networks of human muscle adaptation to exercise and age. PLoS Genet 9: e1003389, 2013. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003389.
 1041.Phillips C, Baktir MA, Srivatsan M, Salehi A. Neuroprotective effects of physical activity on the brain: A closer look at trophic factor signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 8: 170, 2014. DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00170.
 1042.Phillips MD, Patrizi RM, Cheek DJ, Wooten JS, Barbee JJ, Mitchell JB. Resistance training reduces subclinical inflammation in obese, postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44: 2099‐2110, 2012. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182644984.
 1043.Phillips SM, Parise G, Roy BD, Tipton KD, Wolfe RR, Tamopolsky MA. Resistance‐training‐induced adaptations in skeletal muscle protein turnover in the fed state. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 80: 1045‐1053, 2002. DOI: 10.1139/y02‐134.
 1044.Piasecki M, Ireland A, Piasecki J, Degens H, Stashuk DW, Swiecicka A, Rutter MK, Jones DA, McPhee JS. Long‐term endurance and power training may facilitate motor unit size expansion to compensate for declining motor unit numbers in older age. Front Physiol 10: 449, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00449.
 1045.Piasecki M, Ireland A, Piasecki J, Stashuk DW, Swiecicka A, Rutter MK, Jones DA, McPhee JS. Failure to expand the motor unit size to compensate for declining motor unit numbers distinguishes sarcopenic from non‐sarcopenic older men. J Physiol 596: 1627‐1637, 2018. DOI: 10.1113/JP275520.
 1046.Pickering M‐E, Simon M, Sornay‐Rendu E, Chikh K, Carlier M‐C, Raby A‐L, Szulc P, Confavreux CB. Serum sclerostin increases after acute physical activity. Calcif Tissue Int 101: 170‐173, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00223‐017‐0272‐5.
 1047.Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney M‐T, Corrà U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, FDR H, Løchen M‐L, Löllgen H, Marques‐Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, van der Worp HB, van Dis I, WMM V, Binno S. 2016 european guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The sixth joint task force of the european society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the european association for cardiovascular prevention & rehabilitation (eacpr). Eur Heart J 37: 2315‐2381, 2016. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106.
 1048.Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, George SM, Olson RD. The physical activity guidelines for americans. JAMA 320: 2020‐2028, 2018. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.14854.
 1049.Pilegaard H, Keller C, Steensberg A, Helge JW, Pedersen BK, Saltin B, Neufer PD. Influence of pre‐exercise muscle glycogen content on exercise‐induced transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes. J Physiol 541: 261‐271, 2002. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.016832.
 1050.Pilegaard H, Saltin B, Neufer PD. Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the pgc‐1alpha gene in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 546: 851‐858, 2003. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.034850.
 1051.Pillon NJ, Gabriel BM, Dollet L, Smith JAB, Puig LS, Botella J, Bishop DJ, Krook A, Zierath JR. Transcriptomic profiling of skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and inactivity. Nat Commun 11: 470, 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41467‐019‐13869‐w.
 1052.Pino MF, Parsons SA, Smith SR, Sparks LM. Active individuals have high mitochondrial content and oxidative markers in their abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Obesity 24: 2467‐2470, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/oby.21669.
 1053.Pino MF, Stephens NA, Eroshkin AM, Yi F, Hodges A, Cornnell HH, Pratley RE, Smith SR, Wang M, Han X, Coen PM, Goodpaster BH, Sparks LM. Endurance training remodels skeletal muscle phospholipid composition and increases intrinsic mitochondrial respiration in men with type 2 diabetes. Physiol Genomics 51: 586‐595, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00014.2019.
 1054.Pires FO, Anjos CASD, Covolan RJM, Pinheiro FA, Gibson ASC, Noakes TD, Magalhães FH, Ugrinowitsch C. Cerebral regulation in different maximal aerobic exercise modes. Front Physiol 7: 253, 2016. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00253.
 1055.Pitsiladis YP, Tanaka M, Eynon N, Bouchard C, North KN, Williams AG, Collins M, Moran CN, Britton SL, Fuku N, Ashley EA, Klissouras V, Lucia A, Ahmetov II, de Geus E, Alsayrafi M. Athlome project consortium: A concerted effort to discover genomic and other “omic” markers of athletic performance. Physiol Genomics 48: 183‐190, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00105.2015.
 1056.Pleis JR, Ward BW, Lucas JW. Summary health statistics for U.S. Adults: National health interview survey, 2009 [Online]. Vital Health Stat 10: 1‐207, 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21905346.
 1057.Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, van der Laarse A, van der Wall EE. The athlete's heart. A meta‐analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation 101: 336‐344, 2000. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.101.3.336.
 1058.Polaski AM, Phelps AL, Kostek MC, Szucs KA, Kolber BJ. Exercise‐induced hypoalgesia: A meta‐analysis of exercise dosing for the treatment of chronic pain. PLoS One 14: e0210418, 2019. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210418.
 1059.Polidoulis I, Beyene J, Cheung AM. The effect of exercise on pQCT parameters of bone structure and strength in postmenopausal women–a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 23: 39‐51, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐011‐1734‐7.
 1060.Poole DC, Jones AM. Measurement of the maximum oxygen uptake vo2max: VO2peak is no longer acceptable. J Appl Physiol (1985) 122: 997‐1002, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01063.2016.
 1061.Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Bokov RO, Volodina MA, Kurochkina NS, Makhnovskii PA, Vyssokikh MY, Vinogradova OL. Effect of aerobic training on baseline expression of signaling and respiratory proteins in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 6: e13868, 2018. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13868.
 1062.Popov DV, Makhnovskii PA, Shagimardanova EI, Gazizova GR, Lysenko EA, Gusev OA, Vinogradova OL. Contractile activity‐specific transcriptome response to acute endurance exercise and training in human skeletal muscle. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 316: E605‐E614, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00449.2018.
 1063.Potthoff MJ, Wu H, Arnold MA, Shelton JM, Backs J, McAnally J, Richardson JA, Bassel‐Duby R, Olson EN. Histone deacetylase degradation and mef2 activation promote the formation of slow‐twitch myofibers. J Clin Invest 117: 2459‐2467, 2007. DOI: 10.1172/JCI31960.
 1064.Pourteymour S, Eckardt K, Holen T, Langleite T, Lee S, Jensen J, Birkeland KI, Drevon CA, Hjorth M. Global mRNA sequencing of human skeletal muscle: Search for novel exercise‐regulated myokines. Mol Metab 6: 352‐365, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.01.007.
 1065.Power GA, Allen MD, Gilmore KJ, Stashuk DW, Doherty TJ, Hepple RT, Taivassalo T, Rice CL. Motor unit number and transmission stability in octogenarian world class athletes: Can age‐related deficits be outrun? J Appl Physiol (1985) 121: 1013‐1020, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00149.2016.
 1066.Powers SK. Exercise: Teaching myocytes new tricks. J Appl Physiol (1985) 123: 460‐472, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00418.2017.
 1067.Powers SK, Duarte J, Kavazis AN, Talbert EE. Reactive oxygen species are signalling molecules for skeletal muscle adaptation. Exp Physiol 95: 1‐9, 2010. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.050526.
 1068.Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise‐induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 88: 1243‐1276, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2007.
 1069.Powers SK, Ji LL, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercise training‐induced alterations in skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity: A brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 987‐997, 1999. DOI: 10.1097/00005768‐199907000‐00011.
 1070.Poyatos‐León R, García‐Hermoso A, Sanabria‐Martínez G, Álvarez‐Bueno C, Cavero‐Redondo I, Mart'ınez‐Vizca'ıno V. Effects of exercise‐based interventions on postpartum depression: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Birth 44: 200‐208, 2017. DOI: 10.1111/birt.12294.
 1071.Poyatos‐León R, García‐Hermoso A, Sanabria‐Martínez G, Álvarez‐Bueno C, Sánchez‐López M, Martínez‐Vizcaíno V. Effects of exercise during pregnancy on mode of delivery: A meta‐analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 94: 1039‐1047, 2015. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12675.
 1072.Prestes J, Shiguemoto G, Botero JP, Frollini A, Dias R, Leite R, Pereira G, Magosso R, Baldissera V, Cavaglieri C, Perez S. Effects of resistance training on resistin, leptin, cytokines, and muscle force in elderly post‐menopausal women. J Sports Sci 27: 1607‐1615, 2009. DOI: 10.1080/02640410903352923.
 1073.Price TB, Rothman DL, Taylor R, Avison MJ, Shulman GI, Shulman RG. Human muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise: Insulin‐dependent and ‐independent phases. J Appl Physiol (1985) 76: 104‐111, 1994. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.104.
 1074.Prior BM, Yang HT, Terjung RL. What makes vessels grow with exercise training? J Appl Physiol (1985) 97: 1119‐1128, 2004. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00035.2004.
 1075.Proctor DN, Sinning WE, Walro JM, Sieck GC, Lemon PW. Oxidative capacity of human muscle fiber types: Effects of age and training status. J Appl Physiol (1985) 78: 2033‐2038, 1995. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1995.78.6.2033.
 1076.Proske U. Exercise, fatigue and proprioception: A retrospective. Exp Brain Res 237: 2447‐2459, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00221‐019‐05634‐8.
 1077.Proske U, Allen T. The neural basis of the senses of effort, force and heaviness. Exp Brain Res 237: 589‐599, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00221‐018‐5460‐7.
 1078.Proud CG. Ras, pi3‐kinase and mTOR signaling in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 63: 403‐413, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.02.003.
 1079.Puntschart A, Claassen H, Jostarndt K, Hoppeler H, Billeter R. MRNAs of enzymes involved in energy metabolism and mtDNA are increased in endurance‐trained athletes. Am J Phys 269: C619‐C625, 1995. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.3.C619.
 1080.Puthucheary ZA, Rawal J, McPhail M, Connolly B, Ratnayake G, Chan P, Hopkinson NS, Phadke R, Padhke R, Dew T, Sidhu PS, Velloso C, Seymour J, Agley CC, Selby A, Limb M, Edwards LM, Smith K, Rowlerson A, Rennie MJ, Moxham J, Harridge SDR, Hart N, Montgomery HE. Acute skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness. JAMA 310: 1591‐1600, 2013. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.278481.
 1081.Qiu C, Zhao X, Zhou Q, Zhang Z. High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol efflux capacity is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Lipids Health Dis 16: 212, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12944‐017‐0604‐5.
 1082.Qu C, Wang J, Pu C, Xing Y, Shang K, Dong N, Li X. Efficiency of leukocyte differential using flow cytometry with cytodiff in different workflows. Clin Lab 63: 659‐668, 2017. DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2017.161221.
 1083.Racil G, Coquart JB, Elmontassar W, Haddad M, Goebel R, Chaouachi A, Amri M, Chamari K. Greater effects of high‐ compared with moderate‐intensity interval training on cardio‐metabolic variables, blood leptin concentration and ratings of perceived exertion in obese adolescent females. Biol Sport 33: 145‐152, 2016. DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1198633.
 1084.Radak Z, Chung HY, Goto S. Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 44: 153‐159, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.029.
 1085.Raichlen DA, Foster AD, Seillier A, Giuffrida A, Gerdeman GL. Exercise‐induced endocannabinoid signaling is modulated by intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 113: 869‐875, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐012‐2495‐5.
 1086.Rakobowchuk M, Harris E, Taylor A, Baliga V, Cubbon RM, Rossiter HB, Birch KM. Heavy and moderate interval exercise training alters low‐flow‐mediated constriction but does not increase circulating progenitor cells in healthy humans. Exp Physiol 97: 375‐385, 2012. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.062836.
 1087.Rall JA. What makes skeletal muscle striated? Discoveries in the endosarcomeric and exosarcomeric cytoskeleton. Adv Physiol Educ 42: 672‐684, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00152.2018.
 1088.Ramachandran K, Senagolage MD, Sommars MA, Futtner CR, Omura Y, Allred AL, Barish GD. Dynamic enhancers control skeletal muscle identity and reprogramming. PLoS Biol 17: e3000467, 2019. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000467.
 1089.Raschke S, Eckel J. Adipo‐myokines: Two sides of the same coin–mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise. Mediat Inflamm 2013: 320724, 2013. DOI: 10.1155/2013/320724.
 1090.Raue U, Slivka D, Minchev K, Trappe S. Improvements in whole muscle and myocellular function are limited with high‐intensity resistance training in octogenarian women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 106: 1611‐1617, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91587.2008.
 1091.Raue U, Trappe TA, Estrem ST, Qian H‐R, Helvering LM, Smith RC, Trappe S. Transcriptome signature of resistance exercise adaptations: Mixed muscle and fiber type specific profiles in young and old adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 112: 1625‐1636, 2012. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00435.2011.
 1092.Reeves ND, Maganaris CN, Narici MV. Effect of strength training on human patella tendon mechanical properties of older individuals. J Physiol 548: 971‐981, 2003. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.035576.
 1093.Rehberg PB. August krogh, november 15, 1874‐september 13, 1949 [Online]. Yale J Biol Med 24: 83‐102, 1951. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14901880.
 1094.Reidy PT, Fry CS, Dickinson JM, Drummond MJ, Rasmussen BB. Postexercise essential amino acid supplementation amplifies skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in older men 24 hours postexercise. Physiol Rep 5, 2017. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13269.
 1095.Reis E, Frick U, Schmidtbleicher D. Frequency variations of strength training sessions triggered by the phases of the menstrual cycle. Int J Sports Med 16: 545‐550, 1995. DOI: 10.1055/s‐2007‐973052.
 1096.Reuben DB, Judd‐Hamilton L, Harris TB, Seeman TE. The associations between physical activity and inflammatory markers in high‐functioning older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 51: 1125‐1130, 2003. DOI: 10.1046/j.1532‐5415.2003.51380.x.
 1097.Rêgo ML, Cabral DA, Costa EC, Fontes EB. Physical exercise for individuals with hypertension: It is time to emphasize its benefits on the brain and cognition. Clin Med Insights Cardiol 13: 1179546819839411, 2019. DOI: 10.1177/1179546819839411.
 1098.Rich B, Scadeng M, Yamaguchi M, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Skeletal myofiber vascular endothelial growth factor is required for the exercise training‐induced increase in dentate gyrus neuronal precursor cells. J Physiol 595: 5931‐5943, 2017. DOI: 10.1113/JP273994.
 1099.Rich MW, Chyun DA, Skolnick AH, Alexander KP, Forman DE, Kitzman DW, Maurer MS, McClurken JB, Resnick BM, Shen WK, Tirschwell DL. Knowledge gaps in cardiovascular care of the older adult population: A scientific statement from the american heart association, american college of cardiology, and american geriatrics society. J Am Coll Cardiol 67: 2419‐2440, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.004.
 1100.Riebe D, Ehrman JK, Ligouri G, Magal M, of Sports Medicine AC. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (10th ed). Lippincott williams & wilkins, 2017.
 1101.Rigdon B, Loprinzi PD. The association of cardiorespiratory fitness on memory function: Systematic review. Medicina (Kaunas) 55, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050127.
 1102.Ristow M, Zarse K, Oberbach A, Klöting N, Birringer M, Kiehntopf M, Stumvoll M, Kahn CR, Blüher M. Antioxidants prevent health‐promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 8665‐8670, 2009. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903485106.
 1103.Rix I, Nexøe‐Larsen C, Bergmann NC, Lund A, Knop FK. Glucagon physiology [Online]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, editors. Endotext. MDText.com, Inc, 2020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279127/ [1 Oct. 2020].
 1104.Roatta S, Farina D. Sympathetic actions on the skeletal muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 38: 31‐35, 2010. DOI: 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181c5cde7.
 1105.Roberts BM, Lavin KM, Many GM, Thalacker‐Mercer A, Merritt EK, Bickel CS, Mayhew DL, Tuggle SC, Cross JM, Kosek DJ, Petrella JK, Brown CJ, Hunter GR, Windham ST, Allman RM, Bamman MM. Human neuromuscular aging: Sex differences revealed at the myocellular level. Exp Gerontol 106: 116‐124, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.02.023.
 1106.Roberts LD, Boström P, O'Sullivan JF, Schinzel RT, Lewis GD, Dejam A, Lee Y‐K, Palma MJ, Calhoun S, Georgiadi A, Chen M‐H, Ramachandran VS, Larson MG, Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Souza AL, Clish CB, Wang TJ, Estall JL, Soukas AA, Cowan CA, Spiegelman BM, Gerszten RE. β‐Aminoisobutyric acid induces browning of white fat and hepatic β‐oxidation and is inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Cell Metab 19: 96‐108, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.003.
 1107.Roberts MD, Haun CT, Mobley CB, Mumford PW, Romero MA, Roberson PA, Vann CG, McCarthy JJ. Physiological differences between low versus high skeletal muscle hypertrophic responders to resistance exercise training: Current perspectives and future research directions. Front Physiol 9: 834, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00834.
 1108.Robinson MM, Dasari S, Konopka AR, Johnson ML, Manjunatha S, Esponda RR, Carter RE, Lanza IR, Nair KS. Enhanced protein translation underlies improved metabolic and physical adaptations to different exercise training modes in young and old humans. Cell Metab 25: 581‐592, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.009.
 1109.Robinson MM, Dasari S, Konopka AR, Johnson ML, Manjunatha S, Esponda RR, Carter RE, Lanza IR, Nair KS. Enhanced protein translation underlies improved metabolic and physical adaptations to different exercise training modes in young and old humans. Cell Metab 25: 581‐592, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.009.
 1110.Robison LS, Swenson S, Hamilton J, Thanos PK. Exercise reduces dopamine d1r and increases d2r in rats: Implications for addiction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50: 1596‐1602, 2018. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001627.
 1111.Roddy E, Zhang W, Doherty M. Aerobic walking or strengthening exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee? A systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 64: 544‐548, 2005. DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.028746.
 1112.Rodrigues ACZ, Messi ML, Wang Z‐M, Abba MC, Pereyra A, Birbrair A, Zhang T, O'Meara M, Kwan P, Lopez EIS, Willis MS, Mintz A, Files DC, Furdui C, Oppenheim RW, Delbono O. The sympathetic nervous system regulates skeletal muscle motor innervation and acetylcholine receptor stability. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 225: e13195, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/apha.13195.
 1113.Roepstorff C, Thiele M, Hillig T, Pilegaard H, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP, Kiens B. Higher skeletal muscle alpha2AMPK activation and lower energy charge and fat oxidation in men than in women during submaximal exercise. J Physiol 574: 125‐138, 2006. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.108720.
 1114.Romero SA, Minson CT, Halliwill JR. The cardiovascular system after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 122: 925‐932, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00802.2016.
 1115.Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Gastaldelli A, Horowitz JF, Endert E, Wolfe RR. Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. Am J Phys 265: E380‐E391, 1993. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.3.E380.
 1116.Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Rosenblatt J, Wolfe RR. Substrate metabolism during different exercise intensities in endurance‐trained women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 88: 1707‐1714, 2000. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.5.1707.
 1117.Rosager S, Aagaard P, Dyhre‐Poulsen P, Neergaard K, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Load‐displacement properties of the human triceps surae aponeurosis and tendon in runners and non‐runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 12: 90‐98, 2002. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600‐0838.2002.120205.x.
 1118.Rose AJ, Frøsig C, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA. Effect of endurance exercise training on ca2+ calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase ii expression and signalling in skeletal muscle of humans. J Physiol 583: 785‐795, 2007. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.138529.
 1119.Rose AJ, Hargreaves M. Exercise increases ca2+‐calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase ii activity in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 553: 303‐309, 2003. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.054171.
 1120.Rose AJ, Kiens B, Richter EA. Ca2+‐calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase expression and signalling in skeletal muscle during exercise. J Physiol 574: 889‐903, 2006. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.111757.
 1121.Rosenkranz SK, Rosenkranz RR, Hastmann TJ, Harms CA. High‐intensity training improves airway responsiveness in inactive nonasthmatic children: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 112: 1174‐1183, 2012. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00663.2011.
 1122.Ross MD, Wekesa AL, Phelan JP, Harrison M. Resistance exercise increases endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenic factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 46: 16‐23, 2014. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182a142da.
 1123.Rotondo F, Ho‐Palma AC, Remesar X, Fernández‐López JA, Romero MDM, Alemany M. Glycerol is synthesized and secreted by adipocytes to dispose of excess glucose, via glycerogenesis and increased acyl‐glycerol turnover. Sci Rep 7: 8983, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐017‐09450‐4.
 1124.Rowell LB, Rowell BLB. Human Cardiovascular Control. Oxford University Press, 1993.
 1125.Römisch‐Margl W, Prehn C, Bogumil R, Röhring C, Suhre K, Adamski J. Procedure for tissue sample preparation and metabolite extraction for high‐throughput targeted metabolomics. Metabolomics 8: 133‐142, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s11306‐011‐0293‐4.
 1126.Ruas JL, White JP, Rao RR, Kleiner S, Brannan KT, Harrison BC, Greene NP, Wu J, Estall JL, Irving BA, Lanza IR, Rasbach KA, Okutsu M, Nair KS, Yan Z, Leinwand LA, Spiegelman BM. A pgc‐1α isoform induced by resistance training regulates skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Cell 151: 1319‐1331, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.050.
 1127.Rubenstein AB, Smith GR, Raue U, Begue G, Minchev K, Ruf‐Zamojski F, Nair VD, Wang X, Zhou L, Zaslavsky E, Trappe TA, Trappe S, Sealfon SC. Single‐cell transcriptional profiles in human skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 10: 229, 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐019‐57110‐6.
 1128.Rubin RP. Carl and Gerty Cori: A collaboration that changed the face of biochemistry. J Med Biogr 29: 143‐148, 2019. DOI: 10.1177/0967772019866954.
 1129.Ruiz‐Ramie JJ, Barber JL, Sarzynski MA. Effects of exercise on hdl functionality. Curr Opin Lipidol 30: 16‐23, 2019. DOI: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000568.
 1130.Rullman E, Fernandez‐Gonzalo R, Mekjavi'c IB, Gustafsson T, Eiken O. MEF2 as upstream regulator of the transcriptome signature in human skeletal muscle during unloading. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 315: R799‐R809, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00452.2017.
 1131.Russell AP, Feilchenfeldt J, Schreiber S, Praz M, Crettenand A, Gobelet C, Meier CA, Bell DR, Kralli A, Giacobino J‐P, Dériaz O. Endurance training in humans leads to fiber type‐specific increases in levels of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator‐1 and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐alpha in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 52: 2874‐2881, 2003. DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.12.2874.
 1132.Russell AP, Foletta VC, Snow RJ, Wadley GD. Skeletal muscle mitochondria: A major player in exercise, health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1840: 1276‐1284, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.016.
 1133.Saanijoki T, Tuominen L, Tuulari JJ, Nummenmaa L, Arponen E, Kalliokoski K, Hirvonen J. Opioid release after high‐intensity interval training in healthy human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 43: 246‐254, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.148.
 1134.Sachdev S, Davies KJA. Production, detection, and adaptive responses to free radicals in exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 44: 215‐223, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.019.
 1135.Sachs S, Zarini S, Kahn DE, Harrison KA, Perreault L, Phang T, Newsom SA, Strauss A, Kerege A, Schoen JA, Bessesen DH, Schwarzmayr T, Graf E, Lutter D, Krumsiek J, Hofmann SM, Bergman BC. Intermuscular adipose tissue directly modulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in humans. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 316: E866‐E879, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00243.2018.
 1136.Safdar A, Tarnopolsky MA. Exosomes as mediators of the systemic adaptations to endurance exercise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8, 2018. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029827.
 1137.Safieh M, Korczyn AD, Michaelson DM. ApoE4: An emerging therapeutic target for alzheimer's disease. BMC Med 17: 64, 2019. DOI: 10.1186/s12916‐019‐1299‐4.
 1138.Sah N, Peterson BD, Lubejko ST, Vivar C, van Praag H. Running reorganizes the circuitry of one‐week‐old adult‐born hippocampal neurons. Sci Rep 7: 10903, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐017‐11268‐z.
 1139.Sakellariou GK, McDonagh B. Redox homeostasis in age‐related muscle atrophy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1088: 281‐306, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/978‐981‐13‐1435‐3_13.
 1140.Sale DG. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 20: S135‐S145, 1988. DOI: 10.1249/00005768‐198810001‐00009.
 1141.Sallis R, Franklin B, Joy L, Ross R, Sabgir D, Stone J. Strategies for promoting physical activity in clinical practice. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 57: 375‐386, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2014.10.003.
 1142.Salva JE, Merrill AE. Signaling networks in joint development. Dev Dyn 246: 262‐274, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24472.
 1143.Sanabria‐Mart'ınez G, Garc'ıa‐Hermoso A, Poyatos‐Le'on R, Gonz'alez‐Garc'ıa A, S'anchez‐L'opez M, Mart'ınez‐Vizca'ıno V. Effects of exercise‐based interventions on neonatal outcomes: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Health Promot 30: 214‐223, 2016. DOI: 10.1177/0890117116639569.
 1144.Sanabria‐Martínez G, Poyatos‐León R, Notario‐Pacheco B, Álvarez‐Bueno C, Cavero‐Redondo I, Martinez‐Vizcaino V. Effects of physical exercise during pregnancy on mothers' and neonates' health: A protocol for an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 9: e030162, 2019. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen‐2019‐030162.
 1145.Sandri M, Barberi L, Bijlsma AY, Blaauw B, Dyar KA, Milan G, Mammucari C, Meskers CGM, Pallafacchina G, Paoli A, Pion D, Roceri M, Romanello V, Serrano AL, Toniolo L, Larsson L, Maier AB, Munoz‐Canoves P, Musaro A, Pende M, Reggiani C, Rizzuto R, Schiaffino S. Signalling pathways regulating muscle mass in ageing skeletal muscle: The role of the igf1‐akt‐mTOR‐foxo pathway. Biogerontology 14: 303‐323, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s10522‐013‐9432‐9.
 1146.Sanford JA, Nogiec CD, Lindholm ME, Adkins JN, Amar D, Dasari S, Drugan JK, Fern'andez FM, Radom‐Aizik S, Schenk S, Snyder MP, Tracy RP, Vanderboom P, Trappe S, Walsh MJ. Molecular transducers of physical activity consortium (motrpac): Mapping the dynamic responses to exercise. Cell 181: 1464‐1474, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.004.
 1147.Santos L, Elliott‐Sale KJ, Sale C. Exercise and bone health across the lifespan. Biogerontology 18: 931‐946, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s10522‐017‐9732‐6.
 1148.Santos‐Concejero J, Billaut F, Grobler L, Oliv'an J, Noakes TD, Tucker R. Brain oxygenation declines in elite kenyan runners during a maximal interval training session. Eur J Appl Physiol 117: 1017‐1024, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐017‐3590‐4.
 1149.Santos‐Parker JR, Santos‐Parker KS, McQueen MB, Martens CR, Seals DR. Habitual aerobic exercise and circulating proteomic patterns in healthy adults: Relation to indicators of healthspan. J Appl Physiol (1985) 125: 1646‐1659, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00458.2018.
 1150.Santos‐Parker JR, Strahler TR, Vorwald VM, Pierce GL, Seals DR. Habitual aerobic exercise does not protect against micro‐ or macrovascular endothelial dysfunction in healthy estrogen‐deficient postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 122: 11‐19, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00732.2016.
 1151.Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Qi X, Locke J, Rehman S. Childhood and adolescent obesity in the united states: A public health concern. Glob Pediatr Health 6: 2333794X19891305, 2019. DOI: 10.1177/2333794X19891305.
 1152.Sañudo B, de Hoyo M, Pozo‐Cruz JD, Carrasco L, Pozo‐Cruz BD, Tejero S, Firth E. A systematic review of the exercise effect on bone health: The importance of assessing mechanical loading in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause 24: 1208‐1216, 2017. DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000872.
 1153.Sari S, Bilberg R, Nielsen AS, Roessler KK. The effect of exercise as adjunctive treatment on quality of life for individuals with alcohol use disorders: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 19: 727, 2019. DOI: 10.1186/s12889‐019‐7083‐8.
 1154.Scarpulla RC. Nuclear activators and coactivators in mammalian mitochondrial biogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1576: 1‐14, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0167‐4781(02)00343‐3.
 1155.Scarvell J, Elkins MR. Aerobic exercise is beneficial for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Sports Med 45: 1008‐1009, 2011. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2011‐090388.
 1156.Schantz P. Along paths converging to bengt saltin's early contributions in exercise physiology. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25 (Suppl 4): 7‐15, 2015. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12594.
 1157.Scheffler RW. The power of exercise and the exercise of power: The harvard fatigue laboratory, distance running, and the disappearance of work, 1919‐1947. J Hist Biol 48: 391‐423, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s10739‐014‐9392‐1.
 1158.Schenkman M, Moore CG, Kohrt WM, Hall DA, Delitto A, Comella CL, Josbeno DA, Christiansen CL, Berman BD, Kluger BM, Melanson EL, Jain S, Robichaud JA, Poon C, Corcos DM. Effect of high‐intensity treadmill exercise on motor symptoms in patients with de novo parkinson disease: A phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 75: 219‐226, 2018. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3517.
 1159.Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles. Physiol Rev 91: 1447‐1531, 2011. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2010.
 1160.Schild M, Ruhs A, Beiter T, Zügel M, Hudemann J, Reimer A, Krumholz‐Wagner I, Wagner C, Keller J, Eder K, Krüger K, Krüger M, Braun T, Nieß A, Steinacker J, Mooren FC. Basal and exercise induced label‐free quantitative protein profiling of m. Vastus lateralis in trained and untrained individuals. J Proteome 122: 119‐132, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.028.
 1161.Schlittler M, Goiny M, Agudelo LZ, Venckunas T, Brazaitis M, Skurvydas A, Kamandulis S, Ruas JL, Erhardt S, Westerblad H, Andersson DC. Endurance exercise increases skeletal muscle kynurenine aminotransferases and plasma kynurenic acid in humans. Am J Phys Cell Phys 310: C836‐C840, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00053.2016.
 1162.Schmidt‐Arras D, Rose‐John S. IL‐6 pathway in the liver: From physiopathology to therapy. J Hepatol 64: 1403‐1415, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.004.
 1163.Schmidt‐Nielsen B. August and marie krogh and respiratory physiology. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 57: 293‐303, 1984. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1984.57.2.293.
 1164.Schmidt‐Nielsen K. Per fredrik thorkelsson scholander: November 29, 1905‐june 13, 1980 [Online]. Biogr Mem Natl Acad Sci 56: 387‐412, 1986. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11621210.
 1165.Schmitz B, Rolfes F, Schelleckes K, Mewes M, Thorwesten L, Krüger M, Klose A, Brand S‐M. Longer work/rest intervals during high‐intensity interval training (hiit) lead to elevated levels of miR‐222 and miR‐29c. Front Physiol 9: 395, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00395.
 1166.Schnohr P, O'Keefe JH, Marott JL, Lange P, Jensen GB. Dose of jogging and long‐term mortality: The copenhagen city heart study. J Am Coll Cardiol 65: 411‐419, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.023.
 1167.Schoenfeld BJ. Is there a minimum intensity threshold for resistance training‐induced hypertrophic adaptations? Sports Med 43: 1279‐1288, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐013‐0088‐z.
 1168.Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn D, Krieger JW. Dose‐response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Sports Sci 35: 1073‐1082, 2017. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1210197.
 1169.Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Krieger J. How many times per week should a muscle be trained to maximize muscle hypertrophy? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies examining the effects of resistance training frequency. J Sports Sci 37: 1286‐1295, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1555906.
 1170.Schultz SG. William harvey and the circulation of the blood: The birth of a scientific revolution and modern physiology. News Physiol Sci 17: 175‐180, 2002. DOI: 10.1152/nips.01391.2002.
 1171.Schwarb H, Johnson CL, Daugherty AM, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Cohen NJ, Barbey AK. Aerobic fitness, hippocampal viscoelasticity, and relational memory performance. NeuroImage 153: 179‐188, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.061.
 1172.Sciarretta S, Volpe M, Sadoshima J. Mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in cardiac physiology and disease. Circ Res 114: 549‐564, 2014. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.302022.
 1173.Seals DR, Justice JN, LaRocca TJ. Physiological geroscience: Targeting function to increase healthspan and achieve optimal longevity. J Physiol 594: 2001‐2024, 2016. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282665.
 1174.Seferovic PM, Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Bauersachs J, Chioncel O, Cleland JGF, de Boer RA, Drexel H, Gal TB, Hill L, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Anker MS, Lainscak M, Lewis BS, McDonagh T, Metra M, Milicic D, Mullens W, Piepoli MF, Rosano G, Ruschitzka F, Volterrani M, Voors AA, Filippatos G, Coats AJS. Clinical practice update on heart failure 2019: Pharmacotherapy, procedures, devices and patient management. An expert consensus meeting report of the heart failure association of the european society of cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 21: 1169, 2019‐1186. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1531.
 1175.Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Prud'Homme DG, Malone SC, Wells GA, Scott CG, D'Angelo MES. Randomized controlled trial of resistance or aerobic exercise in men receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 27: 344‐351, 2009. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.4963.
 1176.Seip RL, Mair K, Cole TG, Semenkovich CF. Induction of human skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase gene expression by short‐term exercise is transient. Am J Phys 272: E255‐E261, 1997. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.2.E255.
 1177.Sen EI, Esmaeilzadeh S, Eskiyurt N. Effects of whole‐body vibration and high impact exercises on the bone metabolism and functional mobility in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab 38: 392‐404, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s00774‐019‐01072‐2.
 1178.Senoo N, Miyoshi N, Goto‐Inoue N, Minami K, Yoshimura R, Morita A, Sawada N, Matsuda J, Ogawa Y, Setou M, Kamei Y, Miura S. PGC‐1α‐mediated changes in phospholipid profiles of exercise‐trained skeletal muscle. J Lipid Res 56: 2286‐2296, 2015. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M060533.
 1179.Seo DY, Kwak H‐B, Kim AH, Park SH, Heo JW, Kim HK, Ko JR, Lee SJ, Bang HS, Sim JW, Kim M, Han J. Cardiac adaptation to exercise training in health and disease. Pflugers Arch—Eur J Physiol 472: 155‐168, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s00424‐019‐02266‐3.
 1180.Seravalle G, Grassi G. Obesity and hypertension. Pharmacol Res 122: 1‐7, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.013.
 1181.Serneri GGN, Boddi M, Modesti PA, Cecioni I, Coppo M, Padeletti L, Michelucci A, Colella A, Galanti G. Increased cardiac sympathetic activity and insulin‐like growth factor‐i formation are associated with physiological hypertrophy in athletes. Circ Res 89: 977‐982, 2001. DOI: 10.1161/hh2301.100982.
 1182.Severinghaus JW. The most important discovery of science. Adv Exp Med Biol 876: 1‐16, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978‐1‐4939‐3023‐4_1.
 1183.Severinghaus JW. Fire‐air and dephlogistication. Revisionisms of oxygen's discovery [Online]. Adv Exp Med Biol 543: 7‐19, 2003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14713111.
 1184.Shadick NA, Katz P, Iannaccone CI, Maica G, Coblyn J, Weinblatt ME, Cui J. The impact of exercise, lifestyle, and clinical factors on perceived cognitive function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from a prospective cohort study. ACR Open Rheumatol 1: 620‐626, 2019. DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11088.
 1185.Shah T, Palaskas N, Ahmed A. An update on gender disparities in coronary heart disease care. Curr Atheroscler Rep 18: 28, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s11883‐016‐0574‐5.
 1186.Shapiro E. Adolf fickForgotten genius of cardiology. Am J Cardiol 30: 662‐665, 1972. DOI: 10.1016/0002‐9149(72)90606‐6.
 1187.Shephard RJ. Open‐circuit respirometry: A brief historical review of the use of douglas bags and chemical analyzers. Eur J Appl Physiol 117: 381‐387, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐017‐3556‐6.
 1188.Shephard RJ. Is it time to retire the 'central governor'? Sports Med 39: 709‐721, 2009. DOI: 10.2165/11315130‐000000000‐00000.
 1189.Shephard RJ, Johnson N. Effects of physical activity upon the liver. Eur J Appl Physiol 115: 1‐46, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐014‐3031‐6.
 1190.Shepherd SO, Cocks M, Meikle PJ, Mellett NA, Ranasinghe AM, Barker TA, Wagenmakers AJM, Shaw CS. Lipid droplet remodelling and reduced muscle ceramides following sprint interval and moderate‐intensity continuous exercise training in obese males. Int J Obes 41: 1745‐1754, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.170.
 1191.Sherling DH, Perumareddi P, Hennekens CH. Metabolic syndrome. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 22: 365‐367, 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1074248416686187.
 1192.Sherrington C, Michaleff ZA, Fairhall N, Paul SS, Tiedemann A, Whitney J, Cumming RG, Herbert RD, Close JCT, Lord SR. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Sports Med 51: 1750‐1758, 2017. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2016‐096547.
 1193.Shibata S, Fujimoto N, Hastings JL, Carrick‐Ranson G, Bhella PS, Hearon CM, Levine BD. The effect of lifelong exercise frequency on arterial stiffness. J Physiol 596: 2783‐2795, 2018. DOI: 10.1113/JP275301.
 1194.Shim JW, Madsen JR. VEGF signaling in neurological disorders. Int J Mol Sci 19, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010275.
 1195.Shimada H, Ishii K, Makizako H, Ishiwata K, Oda K, Suzukawa M. Effects of exercise on brain activity during walking in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 14: 50, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12984‐017‐0263‐9.
 1196.Shotwell RA. Animals, pictures, and skeletons: Andreas vesalius's reinvention of the public anatomy lesson. J Hist Med Allied Sci 71: 1‐18, 2016. DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrv001.
 1197.Sibonga J, Matsumoto T, Jones J, Shapiro J, Lang T, Shackelford L, Smith SM, Young M, Keyak J, Kohri K, Ohshima H, Spector E, LeBlanc A. Resistive exercise in astronauts on prolonged spaceflights provides partial protection against spaceflight‐induced bone loss. Bone 128: 112037, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.013.
 1198.Sidossis L, Kajimura S. Brown and beige fat in humans: Thermogenic adipocytes that control energy and glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest 125: 478‐486, 2015. DOI: 10.1172/JCI78362.
 1199.Sidossis LS, Porter C, Saraf MK, Børsheim E, Radhakrishnan RS, Chao T, Ali A, Chondronikola M, Mlcak R, Finnerty CC, Hawkins HK, Toliver‐Kinsky T, Herndon DN. Browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in humans after severe adrenergic stress. Cell Metab 22: 219‐227, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.06.022.
 1200.Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin 70: 7‐30, 2020. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21590.
 1201.Sieljacks P, Wang J, Groennebaek T, Rindom E, Jakobsgaard JE, Herskind J, Gravholt A, Møller AB, Musci RV, de Paoli FV, Hamilton KL, Miller BF, Vissing K. Six weeks of low‐load blood flow restricted and high‐load resistance exercise training produce similar increases in cumulative myofibrillar protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis in healthy males. Front Physiol 10: 649, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00649.
 1202.Sigal RJ, Alberga AS, Goldfield GS, Prud'homme D, Hadjiyannakis S, Gougeon R, Phillips P, Tulloch H, Malcolm J, Doucette S, Wells GA, Ma J, Kenny GP. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on percentage body fat and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adolescents: The healthy eating aerobic and resistance training in youth randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 168: 1006‐1014, 2014. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1392.
 1203.Silva GJJ, Bye A, Azzouzi HE, Wisløff U. MicroRNAs as important regulators of exercise adaptation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 60: 130‐151, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.06.003.
 1204.Silva NDD, Fernandes T, Soci UPR, Monteiro AWA, Phillips MI, Oliveira EMD. Swimming training in rats increases cardiac microrna‐126 expression and angiogenesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44: 1453‐1462, 2012. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31824e8a36.
 1205.Silva‐Batista C, Corcos DM, Roschel H, Kanegusuku H, Gobbi LTB, Piemonte MEP, Mattos ECT, Mello MTD, Forjaz CLM, Tricoli V, Ugrinowitsch C. Resistance training with instability for patients with parkinson's disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48: 1678‐1687, 2016. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000945.
 1206.Simon J, Young JL, Blood DK, Segal KR, Case RB, Gutin B. Plasma lactate and ventilation thresholds in trained and untrained cyclists. J Appl Physiol (1985) 60: 777‐781, 1986. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1986.60.3.777.
 1207.Simpson RJ, Lowder TW, Spielmann G, Bigley AB, LaVoy EC, Kunz H. Exercise and the aging immune system. Ageing Res Rev 11: 404‐420, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.003.
 1208.Simsch C, Lormes W, Petersen KG, Baur S, Liu Y, Hackney AC, Lehmann M, Steinacker JM. Training intensity influences leptin and thyroid hormones in highly trained rowers. Int J Sports Med 23: 422‐427, 2002. DOI: 10.1055/s‐2002‐33738.
 1209.Singh JA, Yu S. Septic arthritis in emergency departments in the us: A national study of health care utilization and time trends. Arthritis Care Res 70: 320‐326, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23270.
 1210.Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease‐2019 (covid‐19). Indian J Pediatr 87: 281‐286, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s12098‐020‐03263‐6.
 1211.Sipilä S, Törmäkangas T, Sillanpää E, Aukee P, Kujala UM, Kovanen V, Laakkonen EK. Muscle and bone mass in middle‐aged women: Role of menopausal status and physical activity. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 11: 698‐709, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12547.
 1212.Siu PM, Donley DA, Bryner RW, Alway SE. Citrate synthase expression and enzyme activity after endurance training in cardiac and skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 94: 555‐560, 2003. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2002.
 1213.Siu PM, Donley DA, Bryner RW, Alway SE. Myogenin and oxidative enzyme gene expression levels are elevated in rat soleus muscles after endurance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 97: 277‐285, 2004. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00534.2004.
 1214.Sjøgaard G. The august krogh institute: Capillaries and beyond. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25 (Suppl 4): 16‐21, 2015. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12552.
 1215.Skovgaard C, Almquist NW, Kvorning T, Christensen PM, Bangsbo J. Effect of tapering after a period of high‐volume sprint interval training on running performance and muscular adaptations in moderately trained runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 124: 259‐267, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00472.2017.
 1216.Slivka D, Raue U, Hollon C, Minchev K, Trappe S. Single muscle fiber adaptations to resistance training in old (>80 yr) men: Evidence for limited skeletal muscle plasticity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295: R273‐R280, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00093.2008.
 1217.Sloth M, Sloth D, Overgaard K, Dalgas U. Effects of sprint interval training on vo2max and aerobic exercise performance: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 23: e341‐e352, 2013. DOI: 10.1111/sms.12092.
 1218.Sluka KA, Frey‐Law L, Bement MH. Exercise‐induced pain and analgesia? Underlying mechanisms and clinical translation. Pain 159 (Suppl 1): S91‐S97, 2018. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001235.
 1219.Smaglik P, Butler D. Celera turns to public genome data to speed up endgame. Nature 403: 119, 2000. DOI: 10.1038/35003269.
 1220.Smith GI, Atherton P, Reeds DN, Mohammed BS, Jaffery H, Rankin D, Rennie MJ, Mittendorfer B. No major sex differences in muscle protein synthesis rates in the postabsorptive state and during hyperinsulinemia‐hyperaminoacidemia in middle‐aged adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 107: 1308‐1315, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00348.2009.
 1221.Smith NT, Soriano‐Arroquia A, Goljanek‐Whysall K, Jackson MJ, McDonagh B. Redox responses are preserved across muscle fibres with differential susceptibility to aging. J Proteome 177: 112‐123, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.015.
 1222.Smith SM, Heer MA, Shackelford LC, Sibonga JD, Ploutz‐Snyder L, Zwart SR. Benefits for bone from resistance exercise and nutrition in long‐duration spaceflight: Evidence from biochemistry and densitometry. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 27: 1896‐1906, 2012. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1647.
 1223.Smith SM, Heer M, Shackelford LC, Sibonga JD, Spatz J, Pietrzyk RA, Hudson EK, Zwart SR. Bone metabolism and renal stone risk during international space station missions. Bone 81: 712‐720, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.002.
 1224.Smith SM, Abrams SA, Davis‐Street JE, Heer M, O'Brien KO, Wastney ME, Zwart SR. Fifty years of human space travel: Implications for bone and calcium research. Annu Rev Nutr 34: 377‐400, 2014. DOI: 10.1146/annurev‐nutr‐071813‐105440.
 1225.Smith TO, King JJ, Hing CB. The effectiveness of proprioceptive‐based exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Rheumatol Int 32: 3339‐3351, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s00296‐012‐2480‐7.
 1226.Snijders T, Nederveen JP, Joanisse S, Leenders M, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Parise G. Muscle fibre capillarization is a critical factor in muscle fibre hypertrophy during resistance exercise training in older men. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 8: 267‐276, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12137.
 1227.Snijders T, Nederveen JP, McKay BR, Joanisse S, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Parise G. Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle plasticity. Front Physiol 6: 283, 2015. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00283.
 1228.Snijders T, Verdijk LB, Smeets JSJ, McKay BR, Senden JMG, Hartgens F, Parise G, Greenhaff P, van Loon LJC. The skeletal muscle satellite cell response to a single bout of resistance‐type exercise is delayed with aging in men. Age (Dordr) 36: 9699, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s11357‐014‐9699‐z.
 1229.Snijders T, Smeets JSJ, van Kranenburg J, Kies AK, van Loon LJC, Verdijk LB. Changes in myonuclear domain size do not precede muscle hypertrophy during prolonged resistance‐type exercise training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 216: 231‐239, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/apha.12609.
 1230.Song M, Giovannucci E. Preventable incidence of carcinoma associated with adiposity, alcohol and physical inactivity according to smoking status in the united states. Int J Cancer 146: 2960‐2967, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32602.
 1231.Sparks LM. Exercise training response heterogeneity: Physiological and molecular insights. Diabetologia 60: 2329‐2336, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00125‐017‐4461‐6.
 1232.Sparks LM, Moro C, Ukropcova B, Bajpeyi S, Civitarese AE, Hulver MW, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC, Smith SR. Remodeling lipid metabolism and improving insulin responsiveness in human primary myotubes. PLoS One 6: e21068, 2011. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021068.
 1233.Spence AL, Carter HH, Murray CP, Oxborough D, Naylor LH, George KP, Green DJ. Magnetic resonance imaging‐derived right ventricular adaptations to endurance versus resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45: 534‐541, 2013. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182780b0e.
 1234.Spence AL, Carter HH, Naylor LH, Green DJ. A prospective randomized longitudinal study involving 6 months of endurance or resistance exercise. Conduit artery adaptation in humans. J Physiol 591: 1265‐1275, 2013. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.247387.
 1235.Spirduso WW, Cronin DL. Exercise dose‐response effects on quality of life and independent living in older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: S598‐608; discussion S609‐10, 2001. DOI: 10.1097/00005768‐200106001‐00028.
 1236.Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of c‐reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 9: 754, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754.
 1237.Standley RA, Liu SZ, Jemiolo B, Trappe SW, Trappe TA. Prostaglandin e2 induces transcription of skeletal muscle mass regulators interleukin‐6 and muscle ring finger‐1 in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 88: 361‐364, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.02.004.
 1238.Stanford KI, Goodyear LJ. Muscle‐adipose tissue cross talk. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8, 2018. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029801.
 1239.Stanford KI, Lynes MD, Takahashi H, Baer LA, Arts PJ, May FJ, Lehnig AC, Middelbeek RJW, Richard JJ, So K, Chen EY, Gao F, Narain NR, Distefano G, Shettigar VK, Hirshman MF, Ziolo MT, Kiebish MA, Tseng Y‐H, Coen PM, Goodyear LJ. 12,13‐diHOME: An exercise‐induced lipokine that increases skeletal muscle fatty acid uptake. Cell Metab 27: 1111‐1120.e3, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.020.
 1240.Stanghelle B, Bentzen H, Giangregorio L, Pripp AH, Skelton DA, Bergland A. Effects of a resistance and balance exercise programme on physical fitness, health‐related quality of life and fear of falling in older women with osteoporosis and vertebral fracture: A randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 31: 1069‐1078, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐019‐05256‐4.
 1241.Starkie RL, Arkinstall MJ, Koukoulas I, Hawley JA, Febbraio MA. Carbohydrate ingestion attenuates the increase in plasma interleukin‐6, but not skeletal muscle interleukin‐6 mRNA, during exercise in humans. J Physiol 533: 585‐591, 2001. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.2001.0585a.x.
 1242.Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Gordon SE, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS. Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy‐resistance training in men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 76: 1247‐1255, 1994. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247.
 1243.Ståhl PL, Salmén F, Vickovic S, Lundmark A, Navarro JF, Magnusson J, Giacomello S, Asp M, Westholm JO, Huss M, Mollbrink A, Linnarsson S, Codeluppi S, Borg Å, Pontén F, Costea PI, Sahlén P, Mulder J, Bergmann O, Lundeberg J, Frisén J. Visualization and analysis of gene expression in tissue sections by spatial transcriptomics. Science (New York, NY) 353: 78‐82, 2016. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2403.
 1244.Stec MJ, Kelly NA, Many GM, Windham ST, Tuggle SC, Bamman MM. Ribosome biogenesis may augment resistance training‐induced myofiber hypertrophy and is required for myotube growth in vitro. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 310: E652‐E661, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00486.2015.
 1245.Stec MJ, Mayhew DL, Bamman MM. The effects of age and resistance loading on skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 119: 851‐857, 2015. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00489.2015.
 1246.Stec MJ, Thalacker‐Mercer A, Mayhew DL, Kelly NA, Tuggle SC, Merritt EK, Brown CJ, Windham ST, Dell'Italia LJ, Bickel CS, Roberts BM, Vaughn KM, Isakova‐Donahue I, Many GM, Bamman MM. Randomized, four‐arm, dose‐response clinical trial to optimize resistance exercise training for older adults with age‐related muscle atrophy. Exp Gerontol 99: 98‐109, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.018.
 1247.Steell L, Ho FK, Sillars A, Petermann‐Rocha F, Li H, Lyall DM, Iliodromiti S, Welsh P, Anderson J, MacKay DF, Pell JP, Sattar N, Gill JM, Gray SR, Celis‐Morales CA. Dose‐response associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with all‐cause mortality and incidence and mortality of cancer and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases: The uk biobank cohort study. Br J Sports Med 53: 1371‐1378, 2019. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2018‐099093.
 1248.Steensberg A, Keller C, Starkie RL, Osada T, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK. IL‐6 and tnf‐alpha expression in, and release from, contracting human skeletal muscle. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 283: E1272‐E1278, 2002. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00255.2002.
 1249.Steensberg A, Febbraio MA, Osada T, Schjerling P, van Hall G, Saltin B, Pedersen BK. Interleukin‐6 production in contracting human skeletal muscle is influenced by pre‐exercise muscle glycogen content. J Physiol 537: 633‐639, 2001. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.2001.00633.x.
 1250.Steensberg A, van Hall G, Osada T, Sacchetti M, Saltin B, Pedersen BK. Production of interleukin‐6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise‐induced increase in plasma interleukin‐6. J Physiol 529 (Pt 1): 237‐242, 2000. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.2000.00237.x.
 1251.Steffensen CH, Roepstorff C, Madsen M, Kiens B. Myocellular triacylglycerol breakdown in females but not in males during exercise. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 282: E634‐E642, 2002. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00078.2001.
 1252.Steib S, Schoene D, Pfeifer K. Dose‐response relationship of resistance training in older adults: A meta‐analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42: 902‐914, 2010. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c34465.
 1253.Stengel SV, Kemmler W, Pintag R, Beeskow C, Weineck J, Lauber D, Kalender WA, Engelke K. Power training is more effective than strength training for maintaining bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 99: 181‐188, 2005. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01260.2004.
 1254.Stevens‐Lapsley JE, Kohrt WM. Osteoarthritis in women: Effects of estrogen, obesity and physical activity. Women's Health (Lond Engl) 6: 601‐615, 2010. DOI: 10.2217/whe.10.38.
 1255.Stewart RAH, Held C, Hadziosmanovic N, Armstrong PW, Cannon CP, Granger CB, Hagström E, Hochman JS, Koenig W, Lonn E, Nicolau JC, Steg PG, Vedin O, Wallentin L, White HD. Physical activity and mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 70: 1689‐1700, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.017.
 1256.Stokes T, Hector AJ, Morton RW, McGlory C, Phillips SM. Recent perspectives regarding the role of dietary protein for the promotion of muscle hypertrophy with resistance exercise training. Nutrients 10, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/nu10020180.
 1257.Stone MH, Fleck SJ, Triplett NT, Kraemer WJ. Health‐ and performance‐related potential of resistance training. Sports Med 11: 210‐231, 1991. DOI: 10.2165/00007256‐199111040‐00002.
 1258.Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Goff DC, Lloyd‐Jones DM, Smith SC, Blum C, Schwartz JS. Treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in adults: Synopsis of the 2013 american college of cardiology/american heart association cholesterol guideline. Ann Intern Med 160: 339‐343, 2014. DOI: 10.7326/M14‐0126.
 1259.Stout RD, Jiang C, Matta B, Tietzel I, Watkins SK, Suttles J. Macrophages sequentially change their functional phenotype in response to changes in microenvironmental influences. J Immunol 175: 342‐349, 2005. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.342.
 1260.Strain WD, Pald'anius PM. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease and the microcirculation. Cardiovasc Diabetol 17: 57, 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s12933‐018‐0703‐2.
 1261.Straka T, Vita V, Prokshi K, Hörner SJ, Khan MM, Pirazzini M, Williams MPI, Hafner M, Zaglia T, Rudolf R. Postnatal development and distribution of sympathetic innervation in mouse skeletal muscle. Int J Mol Sci 19, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071935.
 1262.Strasser B. Physical activity in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1281: 141‐159, 2013. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749‐6632.2012.06785.x.
 1263.Strasser B, Steindorf K, Wiskemann J, Ulrich CM. Impact of resistance training in cancer survivors: A meta‐analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45: 2080‐2090, 2013. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829a3b63.
 1264.Strating A, Bunn TO, Goff MT, Phillips CE. Efficacy of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine in dogs [Online]. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167: 809‐812, 1975. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1237485.
 1265.Stuart CA, Stone WL, Howell MEA, Brannon MF, Hall HK, Gibson AL, Stone MH. Myosin content of individual human muscle fibers isolated by laser capture microdissection. Am J Phys Cell Phys 310: C381‐C389, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00317.2015.
 1266.Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Firth J, Cosco T, Veronese N, Salum GA, Schuch FB. An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress‐related disorders: A meta‐analysis. Psychiatry Res 249: 102‐108, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020.
 1267.Studenski SA, Peters KW, Alley DE, Cawthon PM, McLean RR, Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Fragala MS, Kenny AM, Kiel DP, Kritchevsky SB, Shardell MD, Dam T‐TL, Vassileva MT. The fnih sarcopenia project: Rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69: 547‐558, 2014. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu010.
 1268.Støa EM, Meling S, Nyhus L‐K, Strømstad KMG, Mangerud J, Helgerud S, Bratland‐Sanda S, Støren EM. High‐intensity aerobic interval training improves aerobic fitness and hba1c among persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol 117: 455‐467, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐017‐3540‐1.
 1269.Sullivan BE, Carroll CC, Jemiolo B, Trappe SW, Magnusson SP, Døssing S, Kjaer M, Trappe TA. Effect of acute resistance exercise and sex on human patellar tendon structural and regulatory mRNA expression. J Appl Physiol (1985) 106: 468‐475, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91341.2008.
 1270.Sung E, Han A, Hinrichs T, Vorgerd M, Manchado C, Platen P. Effects of follicular versus luteal phase‐based strength training in young women. Springerplus 3: 668, 2014. DOI: 10.1186/2193‐1801‐3‐668.
 1271.Suo C, Singh MF, Gates N, Wen W, Sachdev P, Brodaty H, Saigal N, Wilson GC, Meiklejohn J, Singh N, Baune BT, Baker M, Foroughi N, Wang Y, Mavros Y, Lampit A, Leung I, Valenzuela MJ. Therapeutically relevant structural and functional mechanisms triggered by physical and cognitive exercise. Mol Psychiatry 21: 1633‐1642, 2016. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.19.
 1272.Supinski GS, Callahan LA. Free radical‐mediated skeletal muscle dysfunction in inflammatory conditions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 102: 2056‐2063, 2007. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01138.2006.
 1273.Suzuki J. Endurance performance is enhanced by intermittent hyperbaric exposure via up‐regulation of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in mice. Physiol Rep 5, 2017. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13349.
 1274.Svensson RB, Heinemeier KM, Couppé C, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Effect of aging and exercise on the tendon. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121: 1237‐1246, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00328.2016.
 1275.Swain DP, Leutholtz BC. Heart rate reserve is equivalent to. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29: 410‐414, 1997. DOI: 10.1097/00005768‐199703000‐00018.
 1276.Swain DP, Leutholtz BC, King ME, Haas LA, Branch JD. Relationship between. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: 318‐321, 1998. DOI: 10.1097/00005768‐199802000‐00022.
 1277.Szuhany KL, Bugatti M, Otto MW. A meta‐analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. J Psychiatr Res 60: 56‐64, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003.
 1278.Słomko W, Słomko J, Kowalik T, Klawe JJ, Tafil‐Klawe M, Cudnoch‐Jędrzejewska A, Newton JL, Zalewski P. Long‐term high intensity sport practice modulates adaptative changes in athletes' heart and in the autonomic nervous system profile. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 58: 1146‐1152, 2017. DOI: 10.23736/S0022‐4707.17.07230‐9.
 1279.Taaffe DR, Duret C, Wheeler S, Marcus R. Once‐weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 47: 1208‐1214, 1999. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532‐5415.1999.tb05201.x.
 1280.Taaffe DR, Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Rowe J, Seeman TE. Cross‐sectional and prospective relationships of interleukin‐6 and c‐reactive protein with physical performance in elderly persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55: M709‐M715, 2000. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/55.12.m709.
 1281.Tanai E, Frantz S. Pathophysiology of heart failure. Compr Physiol 6: 187‐214, 2015. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140055.
 1282.Tanaka H, Desouza CA, Jones PP, Stevenson ET, Davy KP, Seals DR. Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. Sedentary healthy women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 83: 1947‐1953, 1997. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1947.
 1283.Tanaka H, Seals DR. Invited review: Dynamic exercise performance in masters athletes: Insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 95: 2152‐2162, 2003. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00320.2003.
 1284.Tang K, Breen EC, Gerber H‐P, Ferrara NMA, Wagner PD. Capillary regression in vascular endothelial growth factor‐deficient skeletal muscle. Physiol Genomics 18: 63‐69, 2004. DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2004.
 1285.Taniguchi CM, Emanuelli B, Kahn CR. Critical nodes in signalling pathways: Insights into insulin action. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 85‐96, 2006. DOI: 10.1038/nrm1837.
 1286.Tao L, Bei Y, Zhang H, Xiao J, Li X. Exercise for the heart: Signaling pathways. Oncotarget 6: 20773‐20784, 2015. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4770.
 1287.Tarnopolsky LJ, MacDougall JD, Atkinson SA, Tarnopolsky MA, Sutton JR. Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 68: 302‐308, 1990. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1990.68.1.302.
 1288.Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, Phillips SM, MacDougall JD. Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 78: 1360‐1368, 1995. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1995.78.4.1360.
 1289.Tarnopolsky MA, Pearce E, Smith K, Lach B. Suction‐modified bergstrã¶m muscle biopsy technique: Experience with 13,500 procedures. Muscle Nerve 43: 717‐725, 2011. DOI: 10.1002/mus.21945.
 1290.Taubert M, Wenzel U, Draganski B, Kiebel SJ, Ragert P, Krug J, Villringer A. Investigating neuroanatomical features in top athletes at the single subject level. PLoS One 10: e0129508, 2015. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129508.
 1291.Tavella S, Ruggiu A, Giuliani A, Brun F, Canciani B, Manescu A, Marozzi K, Cilli M, Costa D, Liu Y, Piccardi F, Tasso R, Tromba G, Rustichelli F, Cancedda R. Bone turnover in wild type and pleiotrophin‐transgenic mice housed for three months in the international space station (iss). PLoS One 7: e33179, 2012. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033179.
 1292.Taylor CW, Ingham SA, Hunt JEA, Martin NRW, Pringle JSM, Ferguson RA. Exercise duration‐matched interval and continuous sprint cycling induce similar increases in ampk phosphorylation, pgc‐1α and vegf mRNA expression in trained individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 116: 1445‐1454, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐016‐3402‐2.
 1293.Taylor RS, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Briscoe S, Coats AJS, Dalal H, Lough F, Rees K, Singh S. Exercise‐based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003331, 2014. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub4.
 1294.Taylor SJ, Walker PS, Perry JS, Cannon SR, Woledge R. The forces in the distal femur and the knee during walking and other activities measured by telemetry. J Arthroplast 13: 428‐437, 1998. DOI: 10.1016/s0883‐5403(98)90009‐2.
 1295.ten Brinke LF, Bolandzadeh N, Nagamatsu LS, Hsu CL, Davis JC, Miran‐Khan K, Liu‐Ambrose T. Aerobic exercise increases hippocampal volume in older women with probable mild cognitive impairment: A 6‐month randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 49: 248‐254, 2015. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2013‐093184.
 1296.Teran‐Garcia M, Rankinen T, Koza RA, Rao DC, Bouchard C. Endurance training‐induced changes in insulin sensitivity and gene expression. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 288: E1168‐E1178, 2005. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00467.2004.
 1297.Terzis G, Georgiadis G, Stratakos G, Vogiatzis I, Kavouras S, Manta P, Mascher H, Blomstrand E. Resistance exercise‐induced increase in muscle mass correlates with p70S6 kinase phosphorylation in human subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 102: 145‐152, 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐007‐0564‐y.
 1298.Testa G, Ceccofiglio A, Mussi C, Bellelli G, Nicosia F, Bo M, Riccio D, Curcio F, Martone AM, Noro G, Landi F, Ungar A, Abete P. Hypotensive drugs and syncope due to orthostatic hypotension in older adults with dementia (syncope and dementia study). J Am Geriatr Soc 66: 1532‐1537, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15421.
 1299.Thalacker‐Mercer AE, Dell'Italia LJ, Cui X, Cross JM, Bamman MM. Differential genomic responses in old vs. Young humans despite similar levels of modest muscle damage after resistance loading. Physiol Genomics 40: 141‐149, 2010. DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00151.2009.
 1300.Thalacker‐Mercer A, Stec M, Cui X, Cross J, Windham S, Bamman M. Cluster analysis reveals differential transcript profiles associated with resistance training‐induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Physiol Genomics 45: 499‐507, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00167.2012.
 1301.Thapa M, Paneru R. Gestational weight gain and its relation with birth weight of the newborn [Online]. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 56: 309‐313, 2017. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29255311.
 1302.Thijssen DHJ, Redington A, George KP, Hopman MTE, Jones H. Association of exercise preconditioning with immediate cardioprotection: A review. JAMA Cardiol 3: 169‐176, 2018. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4495.
 1303.Thomas MH, Burns SP. Increasing lean mass and strength: A comparison of high frequency strength training to lower frequency strength training [Online]. Int J Exerc Sci 9: 159‐167, 2016. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27182422.
 1304.Thomason DB, Biggs RB, Booth FW. Protein metabolism and beta‐myosin heavy‐chain mRNA in unweighted soleus muscle. Am J Phys 257: R300‐R305, 1989. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.2.R300.
 1305.Thomopoulos S, Das R, Sakiyama‐Elbert S, Silva MJ, Charlton N, Gelberman RH. BFGF and pdgf‐bb for tendon repair: Controlled release and biologic activity by tendon fibroblasts in vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 38: 225‐234, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s10439‐009‐9844‐5.
 1306.Tikkanen E, Gustafsson S, Ingelsson E. Associations of fitness, physical activity, strength, and genetic risk with cardiovascular disease: Longitudinal analyses in the uk biobank study. Circulation 137: 2583‐2591, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032432.
 1307.Timmins KA, Leech RD, Batt ME, Edwards KL. Running and knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Am J Sports Med 45: 1447‐1457, 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0363546516657531.
 1308.Timmons JA, Knudsen S, Rankinen T, Koch LG, Sarzynski M, Jensen T, Keller P, Scheele C, Vollaard NBJ, Nielsen S, Akerström T, MacDougald OA, Jansson E, Greenhaff PL, Tarnopolsky MA, van Loon LJC, Pedersen BK, Sundberg CJ, Wahlestedt C, Britton SL, Bouchard C. Using molecular classification to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 108: 1487‐1496, 2010. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01295.2009.
 1309.Tinetti ME, Williams CS. Falls, injuries due to falls, and the risk of admission to a nursing home. N Engl J Med 337: 1279‐1284, 1997. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199710303371806.
 1310.Tinken TM, Thijssen DHJ, Hopkins N, Dawson EA, Cable NT, Green DJ. Shear stress mediates endothelial adaptations to exercise training in humans. Hypertension 55: 312‐318, 2010. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.146282.
 1311.Tintignac LA, Brenner H‐R, Rüegg MA. Mechanisms regulating neuromuscular junction development and function and causes of muscle wasting. Physiol Rev 95: 809‐852, 2015. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2014.
 1312.Tipton CM. The history of “exercise is medicine” in ancient civilizations. Adv Physiol Educ 38: 109‐117, 2014. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00136.2013.
 1313.Tipton CM. Susruta of india, an unrecognized contributor to the history of exercise physiology. J Appl Physiol (1985) 104: 1553‐1556, 2a008. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00925.2007.
 1314.Tipton CM. Contemporary exercise physiology: Fifty years after the closure of harvard fatigue laboratory [Online]. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 26: 315‐339, 1998. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9696994.
 1315.Torales J, O'Higgins M, Castaldelli‐Maia JM, Ventriglio A. The outbreak of covid‐19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatry 66: 317‐320, 2020. DOI: 10.1177/0020764020915212.
 1316.Torzilli PA, Bhargava M, Park S, Chen CTC. Mechanical load inhibits il‐1 induced matrix degradation in articular cartilage. Osteoarthr Cartil 18: 97‐105, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.07.012.
 1317.Toscano CVA, Carvalho HM, Ferreira JP. Exercise effects for children with autism spectrum disorder: Metabolic health, autistic traits, and quality of life. Percept Mot Skills 125: 126‐146, 2018. DOI: 10.1177/0031512517743823.
 1318.Törpel A, Herold F, Hamacher D, Müller NG, Schega L. Strengthening the brain‐is resistance training with blood flow restriction an effective strategy for cognitive improvement? J Clin Med 7, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100337.
 1319.Trappe S, Costill D, Thomas R. Effect of swim taper on whole muscle and single muscle fiber contractile properties [Online]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 48‐56, 2001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11194111.
 1320.Trappe S, Costill D, Thomas R. Effect of swim taper on whole muscle and single muscle fiber contractile properties [Online]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: 48‐56, 2000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11224794.
 1321.Trappe S, Gallagher P, Harber M, Carrithers J, Fluckey J, Trappe T. Single muscle fibre contractile properties in young and old men and women. J Physiol 552: 47‐58, 2003. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.044966.
 1322.Trappe S, Harber M, Creer A, Gallagher P, Slivka D, Minchev K, Whitsett D. Single muscle fiber adaptations with marathon training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 101: 721, 6, 2006. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01595.2005.
 1323.Trappe S, Hayes E, Galpin A, Kaminsky L, Jemiolo B, Fink W, Trappe T, Jansson A, Gustafsson T, Tesch P. New records in aerobic power among octogenarian lifelong endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 114: 3‐10, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01107.2012.
 1324.Trappe S, Trappe T, Gallagher P, Harber M, Alkner B, Tesch P. Human single muscle fibre function with 84 day bed‐rest and resistance exercise. J Physiol 557: 501‐513, 2004. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.062166.
 1325.Trappe S, Godard M, Gallagher P, Carroll C, Rowden G, Porter D. Resistance training improves single muscle fiber contractile function in older women. Am J Phys Cell Phys 281: C398‐C406, 2001. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.2.C398.
 1326.Trappe SW, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Pearson DR. Skeletal muscle characteristics among distance runners: A 20‐yr follow‐up study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 78: 823‐829, 1995. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.823.
 1327.Trappe SW, Costill DL, Goodpaster B, Vukovich MD, Fink WJ. The effects of l‐carnitine supplementation on performance during interval swimming. Int J Sports Med 15: 181‐185, 1994. DOI: 10.1055/s‐2007‐1021044.
 1328.Trappe S, Williamson D, Godard M, Porter D, Rowden G, Costill D. Effect of resistance training on single muscle fiber contractile function in older men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 89: 143‐152, 2000. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.143.
 1329.Trappe TA, Carroll CC, Jemiolo B, Trappe SW, Døssing S, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Cyclooxygenase mRNA expression in human patellar tendon at rest and after exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294: R192‐R199, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00669.2007.
 1330.Trefts E, Williams AS, Wasserman DH. Exercise and the regulation of hepatic metabolism. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 135: 203‐225, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.010.
 1331.Trevino MB, Zhang X, Standley RA, Wang M, Han X, Reis FCG, Periasamy M, Yu G, Kelly DP, Goodpaster BH, Vega RB, Coen PM. Loss of mitochondrial energetics is associated with poor recovery of muscle function but not mass following disuse atrophy. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 317: E899‐E910, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00161.2019.
 1332.Trivedi MH, Greer TL, Rethorst CD, Carmody T, Grannemann BD, Walker R, Warden D, Shores‐Wilson K, Stoutenberg M, Oden N, Silverstein M, Hodgkins C, Love L, Seamans C, Stotts A, Causey T, Szucs‐Reed RP, Rinaldi P, Myrick H, Straus M, Liu D, Lindblad R, Church T, Blair SN, Nunes EV. Randomized controlled trial comparing exercise to health education for stimulant use disorder: Results from the ctn‐0037 stimulant reduction intervention using dosed exercise (stride) study. J Clin Psychiatry 78: 1075‐1082, 2015. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.15m10591.
 1333.Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Mâsse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical activity in the united states measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40: 181‐188, 2008. DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a51b3.
 1334.Troy KL, Mancuso ME, Butler TA, Johnson JE. Exercise early and often: Effects of physical activity and exercise on women's bone health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050878.
 1335.Tsai C‐C, Wu S‐B, Kau H‐C, Wei Y‐H. Essential role of connective tissue growth factor (ctgf) in transforming growth factor‐β1 (tgf‐β1)‐induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from graves' orbital fibroblasts. Sci Rep 8: 7276, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐018‐25370‐3.
 1336.Tseng BY, Uh J, Rossetti HC, Cullum CM, Diaz‐Arrastia RF, Levine BD, Lu H, Zhang R. Masters athletes exhibit larger regional brain volume and better cognitive performance than sedentary older adults. J Magn Reson Imaging 38: 1169‐1176, 2013. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24085.
 1337.Tseng BY, Gundapuneedi T, Khan MA, Diaz‐Arrastia R, Levine BD, Lu H, Huang H, Zhang R. White matter integrity in physically fit older adults. NeuroImage 82: 510‐516, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.011.
 1338.Tsiloulis T, Carey AL, Bayliss J, Canny B, Meex RCR, Watt MJ. No evidence of white adipocyte browning after endurance exercise training in obese men. Int J Obes 42: 721‐727, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.295.
 1339.Tsoli M, Moore M, Burg D, Painter A, Taylor R, Lockie SH, Turner N, Warren A, Cooney G, Oldfield B, Clarke S, Robertson G. Activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and dysregulated lipid metabolism associated with cancer cachexia in mice. Cancer Res 72: 4372‐4382, 2012. DOI: 10.1158/0008‐5472.CAN‐11‐3536.
 1340.United States Bone and Joint Initiative. Musculoskeletal Diseases [Online]. The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the United States (BMUS), Fourth Edition: [date unknown]. https://www.boneandjointburden.org/ [15 Mar. 2020].
 1341.Urbanek K, Quaini F, Tasca G, Torella D, Castaldo C, Nadal‐Ginard B, Leri A, Kajstura J, Quaini E, Anversa P. Intense myocyte formation from cardiac stem cells in human cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 10440‐10445, 2003. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1832855100.
 1342.US Dept of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans [Online]. U.S. Department of Health; Human Services: 2008. https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019‐09/paguide.pdf.
 1343.Uthman OA, van der Windt DA, Jordan JL, Dziedzic KS, Healey EL, Peat GM, Foster NE. Exercise for lower limb osteoarthritis: Systematic review incorporating trial sequential analysis and network meta‐analysis. Br J Sports Med 48: 1579, 2014. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2014‐5555rep.
 1344.Vainshtein A, Tryon LD, Pauly M, Hood DA. Role of pgc‐1α during acute exercise‐induced autophagy and mitophagy in skeletal muscle. Am J Phys Cell Phys 308: C710‐C719, 2015. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00380.2014.
 1345.Valdez G, Tapia JC, Kang H, Clemenson GD, Gage FH, Lichtman JW, Sanes JR. Attenuation of age‐related changes in mouse neuromuscular synapses by caloric restriction and exercise. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 14863‐14868, 2010. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002220107.
 1346.Vandam LD, Fox JA. Adolf fick (1829‐1901), physiologist: A heritage for anesthesiology and critical care medicine. Anesthesiology 88: 514‐518, 1998. DOI: 10.1097/00000542‐199802000‐00030.
 1347.Van Der Heijden G‐J, Wang ZJ, Chu Z, Toffolo G, Manesso E, Sauer PJJ, Sunehag AL. Strength exercise improves muscle mass and hepatic insulin sensitivity in obese youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42: 1973‐1980, 2010. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181df16d9.
 1348.van Hall G, Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Moller K, Moseley P, Pedersen BK. Interleukin‐6 markedly decreases skeletal muscle protein turnover and increases nonmuscle amino acid utilization in healthy individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 2851‐2858, 2008. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007‐2223.
 1349.Van Hee R. Andreas vesalius: His surgical activities and influence on modern surgery. Acta Chir Belg 116: 62‐68, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2016.1140958.
 1350.van Loon LJC, Schrauwen‐Hinderling VB, Koopman R, Wagenmakers AJM, Hesselink MKC, Schaart G, Kooi ME, Saris WHM. Influence of prolonged endurance cycling and recovery diet on intramuscular triglyceride content in trained males. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 285: E804‐E811, 2003. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00112.2003.
 1351.van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat Neurosci 2: 266‐270, 1999. DOI: 10.1038/6368.
 1352.van Riet EES, Hoes AW, Wagenaar KP, Limburg A, Landman MAJ, Rutten FH. Epidemiology of heart failure: The prevalence of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail 18: 242‐252, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.483.
 1353.van Vugt JLA, Buettner S, Alferink LJM, Bossche N, de Bruin RWF, Murad SD, Polak WG, Metselaar HJ, IJzermans JNM. Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with increased hospital costs in patients with cirrhosis listed for liver transplantation‐a retrospective study. Transpl Int 31: 165‐174, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/tri.13048.
 1354.van Zanten JJCSV, Rouse PC, Hale ED, Ntoumanis N, Metsios GS, Duda JL, Kitas GD. Perceived barriers, facilitators and benefits for regular physical activity and exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A review of the literature. Sports Med 45: 1401‐1412, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐015‐0363‐2.
 1355.Vargas‐Castillo A, Fuentes‐Romero R, Rodriguez‐Lopez LA, Torres N, Tovar AR. Understanding the biology of thermogenic fat: Is browning a new approach to the treatment of obesity? Arch Med Res 48: 401‐413, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.10.002.
 1356.Varghese T, Schultz WM, McCue AA, Lambert CT, Sandesara PB, Eapen DJ, Gordon NF, Franklin BA, Sperling LS. Physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease: Implications for the clinician. Heart 102: 904‐909, 2016. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl‐2015‐308773.
 1357.Vassalle C, Turco SD, Sabatino L, Basta G, Maltinti M, Sbrana F, Ndreu R, Mastorci F, Pingitore A. New inflammatory and oxidative stress‐based biomarker changes in response to a half‐marathon in recreational athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 60: 1390‐1395, 2020. DOI: 10.23736/S0022‐4707.20.10738‐2.
 1358.Välimäki IA, Vuorimaa T, Ahotupa M, Vasankari TJ. Strenuous physical exercise accelerates the lipid peroxide clearing transport by hdl. Eur J Appl Physiol 116: 1683‐1691, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐016‐3422‐y.
 1359.Vega RB, Konhilas JP, Kelly DP, Leinwand LA. Molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac adaptation to exercise. Cell Metab 25: 1012‐1026, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.025.
 1360.Verdijk LB, Gleeson BG, Jonkers RAM, Meijer K, Savelberg HHCM, Dendale P, van Loon LJC. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance training is accompanied by a fiber type‐specific increase in satellite cell content in elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64: 332‐339, 2009. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gln050.
 1361.Verdijk LB, Snijders T, Beelen M, Savelberg HHCM, Meijer K, Kuipers H, Van Loon LJC. Characteristics of muscle fiber type are predictive of skeletal muscle mass and strength in elderly men. J Am Geriatr Soc 58: 2069‐2075, 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532‐5415.2010.03150.x.
 1362.Verdijk LB, Snijders T, Drost M, Delhaas T, Kadi F, van Loon LJC. Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle; from birth to old age. Age (Dordr) 36: 545‐547, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s11357‐013‐9583‐2.
 1363.Verdijk LB, Snijders T, Holloway TM, Kranenburg JV, Loon LJCV. Resistance training increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48: 2157‐2164, 2016. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001019.
 1364.Vernay A, Marchetti A, Sabra A, Jauslin TN, Rosselin M, Scherer PE, Demaurex N, Orci L, Cosson P. MitoNEET‐dependent formation of intermitochondrial junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114: 8277‐8282, 2017. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706643114.
 1365.Vesali RF, Klaude M, Rooyackers O, Wernerman J. Amino acid metabolism in leg muscle after an endotoxin injection in healthy volunteers. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 288: E360‐E364, 2005. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00248.2004.
 1366.Vico L, van Rietbergen B, Vilayphiou N, Linossier M‐T, Locrelle H, Normand M, Zouch M, Gerbaix M, Bonnet N, Novikov V, Thomas T, Vassilieva G. Cortical and trabecular bone microstructure did not recover at weight‐bearing skeletal sites and progressively deteriorated at non‐weight‐bearing sites during the year following international space station missions. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 32: 2010‐2021, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3188.
 1367.Vieira VJ, Hu L, Valentine RJ, McAuley E, Evans EM, Baynard T, Woods JA. Reduction in trunk fat predicts cardiovascular exercise training‐related reductions in c‐reactive protein. Brain Behav Immun 23: 485‐491, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.01.011.
 1368.Vigelso A. The relationship between skeletal muscle mitochondrial citrate synthase activity and whole body oxygen uptake adaptations in response to exercise training [Online]. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 6: 84‐101, 2014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25057335.
 1369.Vijgen GHEJ, Sparks LM, Bouvy ND, Schaart G, Hoeks J, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. Increased oxygen consumption in human adipose tissue from the “brown adipose tissue” region. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: E1230‐E1234, 2013. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013‐1348.
 1370.Vina ER, Kwoh CK. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Literature update. Curr Opin Rheumatol 30: 160‐167, 2018. DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000479.
 1371.Viña J, Rodriguez‐Mañas L, Salvador‐Pascual A, Tarazona‐Santabalbina FJ, Gomez‐Cabrera MC. Exercise: The lifelong supplement for healthy ageing and slowing down the onset of frailty. J Physiol 594: 1989‐1999, 2016. DOI: 10.1113/JP270536.
 1372.Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Delling FN, Djousse L, Elkind MSV, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Kwan TW, Lackland DT, Lewis TT, Lichtman JH, Longenecker CT, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Martin SS, Matsushita K, Moran AE, Mussolino ME, Perak AM, Rosamond WD, Roth GA, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Spartano NL, Stokes A, Tirschwell DL, VanWagner LB, Tsao CW. Heart disease and stroke statistics‐2020 update: A report from the american heart association. Circulation 141: e139‐e596, 2020. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757.
 1373.Virbasius JV, Scarpulla RC. Activation of the human mitochondrial transcription factor a gene by nuclear respiratory factors: A potential regulatory link between nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression in organelle biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 1309‐1313, 1994. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.4.1309.
 1374.Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J, Heglind M, Westergren R, Niemi T, Taittonen M, Laine J, Savisto N‐J, Enerbäck S, Nuutila P. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med 360: 1518‐1525, 2009. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808949.
 1375.Vivar C, Peterson BD, van Praag H. Running rewires the neuronal network of adult‐born dentate granule cells. NeuroImage 131: 29‐41, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.031.
 1376.Vivar C, van Praag H. Running changes the brain: The long and the short of it. Physiology (Bethesda) 32: 410‐424, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00017.2017.
 1377.Vlietstra L, Hendrickx W, Waters DL. Exercise interventions in healthy older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Australas J Ageing 37: 169‐183, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12521.
 1378.Voss MW, Weng TB, Narayana‐Kumanan K, Cole RC, Wharff C, Reist L, Dubose L, Sigurdsson G, Mills JA, Long JD, Magnotta VA, Pierce GL. Acute exercise effects predict training change in cognition and connectivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 52: 131‐140, 2020. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002115.
 1379.Vosselman MJ, Hoeks J, Brans B, Pallubinsky H, Nascimento EBM, van der Lans AAJJ, Broeders EPM, Mottaghy FM, Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Low brown adipose tissue activity in endurance‐trained compared with lean sedentary men. Int J Obes 39: 1696‐1702, 2015. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.130.
 1380.Wadman M. Company aims to beat nih human genome efforts. Nature 393: 101, 1998. DOI: 10.1038/30057.
 1381.Wagner GR, Hirschey MD. Nonenzymatic protein acylation as a carbon stress regulated by sirtuin deacylases. Mol Cell 54: 5‐16, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.027.
 1382.Wahl P, Wehmeier UF, Jansen FJ, Kilian Y, Bloch W, Werner N, Mester J, Hilberg T. Acute effects of different exercise protocols on the circulating vascular microRNAs ‐16, ‐21, and ‐126 in trained subjects. Front Physiol 7: 643, 2016. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00643.
 1383.Wahren J, Ekberg K. Splanchnic regulation of glucose production. Annu Rev Nutr 27: 329‐345, 2007. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093806.
 1384.Waldrop TG, Stremel RW. Muscular contraction stimulates posterior hypothalamic neurons. Am J Phys 256: R348‐R356, 1989. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.2.R348.
 1385.Wallach D, Kang T‐B, Kovalenko A. Concepts of tissue injury and cell death in inflammation: A historical perspective. Nat Rev Immunol 14: 51‐59, 2014. DOI: 10.1038/nri3561.
 1386.Wallén MB, Hagströmer M, Conradsson D, Sorjonen K, Franzén E. Long‐term effects of highly challenging balance training in parkinson's disease‐a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 32: 1520‐1529, 2018. DOI: 10.1177/0269215518784338.
 1387.Waller B, Munukka M, Rantalainen T, Lammentausta E, Nieminen MT, Kiviranta I, Kautiainen H, Häkkinen A, Kujala UM, Heinonen A. Effects of high intensity resistance aquatic training on body composition and walking speed in women with mild knee osteoarthritis: A 4‐month rct with 12‐month follow‐up. Osteoarthr Cartil 25: 1238‐1246, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.800.
 1388.Walsh JM, McAuliffe FM. Prediction and prevention of the macrosomic fetus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 162: 125‐130, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.03.005.
 1389.Walsh JJ, Edgett BA, Tschakovsky ME, Gurd BJ. Fasting and exercise differentially regulate bdnf mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 40: 96‐98, 2015. DOI: 10.1139/apnm‐2014‐0290.
 1390.Walsmith J, Roubenoff R. Cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Cardiol 85: 89‐99, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0167‐5273(02)00237‐1.
 1391.Wang JH‐C. Mechanobiology of tendon. J Biomech 39: 1563‐1582, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.011.
 1392.Wang JH‐C, Guo Q, Li B. Tendon biomechanics and mechanobiology–a minireview of basic concepts and recent advancements. J Hand Ther 25: 133‐140; quiz 141, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2011.07.004.
 1393.Wang X, Fitts RH. Effects of regular exercise on ventricular myocyte biomechanics and katp channel function. Am J Phys Heart Circ Phys 315: H885‐H896, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00130.2018.
 1394.Wang Z, Heshka S, Gallagher D, Boozer CN, Kotler DP, Heymsfield SB. Resting energy expenditure‐fat‐free mass relationship: New insights provided by body composition modeling. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 279: E539‐E545, 2000. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.3.E539.
 1395.Wanrooij VHM, Willeboordse M, Dompeling E, van de Kant KDG. Exercise training in children with asthma: A systematic review. Br J Sports Med 48: 1024‐1031, 2014. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports‐2012‐091347.
 1396.Warburton DER, Nicol CW, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Can Med Assoc J 174: 801‐809, 2006. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.051351.
 1397.Warden SJ, Fuchs RK. Are “exercise pills” the answer to the growing problem of physical inactivity? Br J Sports Med 42: 862‐863, 2008. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.053512.
 1398.Waring CD, Vicinanza C, Papalamprou A, Smith AJ, Purushothaman S, Goldspink DF, Nadal‐Ginard B, Torella D, Ellison GM. The adult heart responds to increased workload with physiologic hypertrophy, cardiac stem cell activation, and new myocyte formation. Eur Heart J 35: 2722‐2731, 2014. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs338.
 1399.Wasfy MM, Weiner RB, Wang F, Berkstresser B, Lewis GD, DeLuca JR, Hutter AM, Picard MH, Baggish AL. Endurance exercise‐induced cardiac remodeling: Not all sports are created equal. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28: 1434‐1440, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.08.002.
 1400.Watson KB, Carlson SA, Gunn JP, Galuska DA, O'Connor A, Greenlund KJ, Fulton JE. Physical inactivity among adults aged 50 years and older—united states, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65: 954‐958, 2016. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6536a3.
 1401.Watson PA, Stein JP, Booth FW. Changes in actin synthesis and alpha‐actin‐mRNA content in rat muscle during immobilization. Am J Phys 247: C39‐C44, 1984. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1984.247.1.C39.
 1402.Watson SL, Weeks BK, Weis LJ, Harding AT, Horan SA, Beck BR. High‐intensity resistance and impact training improves bone mineral density and physical function in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis: The liftmor randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 33: 211‐220, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3284.
 1403.Watt MJ, Heigenhauser GJF, Spriet LL. Intramuscular triacylglycerol utilization in human skeletal muscle during exercise: Is there a controversy? J Appl Physiol (1985) 93: 1185‐1195, 2002. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00197.2002.
 1404.Watt MJ, Holmes AG, Pinnamaneni SK, Garnham AP, Steinberg GR, Kemp BE, Febbraio MA. Regulation of hsl serine phosphorylation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 290: E500‐E508, 2006. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00361.2005.
 1405.Wayne PM, Kiel DP, Buring JE, Connors EM, Bonato P, Yeh GY, Cohen CJ, Mancinelli C, Davis RB. Impact of tai chi exercise on multiple fracture‐related risk factors in post‐menopausal osteopenic women: A pilot pragmatic, randomized trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 12: 7, 2012. DOI: 10.1186/1472‐6882‐12‐7.
 1406.Weatherholt AM, Fuchs RK, Warden SJ. Specialized connective tissue: Bone, the structural framework of the upper extremity. J Hand Ther 25: 123‐131; quiz 132, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2011.08.003.
 1407.Weaver CM, Gordon CM, Janz KF, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Lewis R, O'Karma M, Wallace TC, Zemel BS. The national osteoporosis foundation's position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: A systematic review and implementation recommendations. Osteoporos Int 27: 1281‐1386, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐015‐3440‐3.
 1408.Weber A, Franzini‐Armstrong C, Hugh E. Huxley: Birth of the filament sliding model of muscle contraction. Trends Cell Biol 12: 243‐245, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0962‐8924(02)02270‐5.
 1409.Wedell‐Neergaard A‐S, Lehrskov LL, Christensen RH, Legaard GE, Dorph E, Larsen MK, Launbo N, Fagerlind SR, Seide SK, Nymand S, Ball M, Vinum N, Dahl CN, Henneberg M, Ried‐Larsen M, Nybing JD, Christensen R, Rosenmeier JB, Karstoft K, Pedersen BK, Ellingsgaard H, Krogh‐Madsen R. Exercise‐induced changes in visceral adipose tissue mass are regulated by il‐6 signaling: A randomized controlled trial. Cell Metab 29: 844‐855.e3, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.007.
 1410.Weeks KL, Bernardo BC, Ooi JYY, Patterson NL, McMullen JR. The igf1‐pi3k‐akt signaling pathway in mediating exercise‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and protection. Adv Exp Med Biol 1000: 187‐210, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/978‐981‐10‐4304‐8_12.
 1411.Wei M, Gibbons LW, Kampert JB, Nichaman MZ, Blair SN. Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity as predictors of mortality in men with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 132: 605‐611, 2000. DOI: 10.7326/0003‐4819‐132‐8‐200004180‐00002.
 1412.Weiner RB, Baggish AL. Exercise‐induced cardiac remodeling. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 54: 380‐386, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2012.01.006.
 1413.Welle S, Tawil R, Thornton CA. Sex‐related differences in gene expression in human skeletal muscle. PLoS One 3: e1385, 2008. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001385.
 1414.Wellsandt E, Golightly Y. Exercise in the management of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 30: 151‐159, 2018. DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000478.
 1415.West DWD, Burd NA, Churchward‐Venne TA, Camera DM, Mitchell CJ, Baker SK, Hawley JA, Coffey VG, Phillips SM. Sex‐based comparisons of myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise in the fed state. J Appl Physiol (1985) 112: 1805‐1813, 2012. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00170.2012.
 1416.West JB. The collaboration of antoine and marie‐anne lavoisier and the first measurements of human oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 305: L775‐L785, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00228.2013.
 1417.West JB. J.S. Haldane and some of his contributions to physiology. Adv Exp Med Biol 605: 9‐15, 2008. DOI: 10.1007/978‐0‐387‐73693‐8_2.
 1418.Weston KL, Azevedo LB, Bock S, Weston M, George KP, Batterham AM. Effect of novel, school‐based high‐intensity interval training (hit) on cardiometabolic health in adolescents: Project ffab (fun fast activity blasts)—an exploratory controlled before‐and‐after trial. PLoS One 11: e0159116, 2016. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159116.
 1419.Wheatley CM, Snyder EM, Johnson BD, Olson TP. Sex differences in cardiovascular function during submaximal exercise in humans. Springerplus 3: 445, 2014. DOI: 10.1186/2193‐1801‐3‐445.
 1420.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Himmelfarb CD, De Palma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA, Williamson JD, Wright JT. acc/aha/aapa/abc/acpm/ags/apha/ash/aspc/nma/pcna guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: Executive summary: A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 138: e426‐e483, 2017, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000597.
 1421.White AK, Smith RJ, Bigler CR, Brooke WF, Schauer PR. Head and neck manifestations of neurofibromatosis. Laryngoscope 96: 732‐737, 1986. DOI: 10.1288/00005537‐198607000‐00005.
 1422.White JD, Dewal RS, Stanford KI. The beneficial effects of brown adipose tissue transplantation. Mol Asp Med 68: 74‐81, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.004.
 1423.Whitham M, Parker BL, Friedrichsen M, Hingst JR, Hjorth M, Hughes WE, Egan CL, Cron L, Watt KI, Kuchel RP, Jayasooriah N, Estevez E, Petzold T, Suter CM, Gregorevic P, Kiens B, Richter EA, James DE, Wojtaszewski JFP, Febbraio MA. Extracellular vesicles provide a means for tissue crosstalk during exercise. Cell Metab 27: 237‐251.e4, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.001.
 1424.Whyte LJ, Gill JMR, Cathcart AJ. Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health‐related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metab Clin Exp 59: 1421‐1428, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.002.
 1425.Widrick JJ, Knuth ST, Norenberg KM, Romatowski JG, Bain JL, Riley DA, Karhanek M, Trappe SW, Trappe TA, Costill DL, Fitts RH. Effect of a 17 day spaceflight on contractile properties of human soleus muscle fibres. J Physiol 516 (Pt 3): 915‐930, 1999. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469‐7793.1999.0915u.x.
 1426.Widrick JJ, Romatowski JG, Norenberg KM, Knuth ST, Bain JL, Riley DA, Trappe SW, Trappe TA, Costill DL, Fitts RH. Functional properties of slow and fast gastrocnemius muscle fibers after a 17‐day spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 90: 2203‐2211, 2001. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2203.
 1427.Widrick JJ, Trappe SW, Blaser CA, Costill DL, Fitts RH. Isometric force and maximal shortening velocity of single muscle fibers from elite master runners. Am J Phys 271: C666‐C675, 1996. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.2.C666.
 1428.Wikström‐Frisén L, Boraxbekk CJ, Henriksson‐Larsén K. Effects on power, strength and lean body mass of menstrual/oral contraceptive cycle based resistance training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 57: 43‐52, 2015. DOI: 10.23736/S0022‐4707.16.05848‐5.
 1429.Williams AS, Koves TR, Davidson MT, Crown SB, Fisher‐Wellman KH, Torres MJ, Draper JA, Narowski TM, Slentz DH, Lantier L, Wasserman DH, Grimsrud PA, Muoio DM. Disruption of acetyl‐lysine turnover in muscle mitochondria promotes insulin resistance and redox stress without overt respiratory dysfunction. Cell Metab 31: 131‐147.e11, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.003.
 1430.Williams MA, Srikesavan C, Heine PJ, Bruce J, Brosseau L, Hoxey‐Thomas N, Lamb SE. Exercise for rheumatoid arthritis of the hand. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7: CD003832, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003832.pub3.
 1431.Williams RS. Mitochondrial gene expression in mammalian striated muscle. Evidence that variation in gene dosage is the major regulatory event [Online]. J Biol Chem 261: 12390‐12394, 1986. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3745193.
 1432.Williams RS, Garcia‐Moll M, Mellor J, Salmons S, Harlan W. Adaptation of skeletal muscle to increased contractile activity. Expression nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins [Online]. J Biol Chem 262: 2764‐2767, 1987. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2880844.
 1433.Wilson MG, Ellison GM, Cable NT. Basic science behind the cardiovascular benefits of exercise. Heart 101: 758‐765, 2015. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl‐2014‐306596.
 1434.Winding KM, Munch GW, Iepsen UW, Van Hall G, Pedersen BK, Mortensen SP. The effect on glycaemic control of low‐volume high‐intensity interval training versus endurance training in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 20: 1131‐1139, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/dom.13198.
 1435.Winker R, Lukas I, Perkmann T, Haslacher H, Ponocny E, Lehrner J, Tscholakoff D, Dal‐Bianco P. Cognitive function in elderly marathon runners: Cross‐sectional data from the marathon trial (apsoem). Wien Klin Wochenschr 122: 704‐716, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s00508‐010‐1485‐z.
 1436.Winsley RJ, Armstrong N, Middlebrooke AR, Ramos‐Ibanez N, Williams CA. Aerobic fitness and visceral adipose tissue in children. Acta Paediatr 95: 1435‐1438, 2006. DOI: 10.1080/08035250600643244.
 1437.Wisløff U, Loennechen JP, Falck G, Beisvag V, Currie S, Smith G, Ellingsen O. Increased contractility and calcium sensitivity in cardiac myocytes isolated from endurance trained rats. Cardiovasc Res 50: 495‐508, 2001. DOI: 10.1016/s0008‐6363(01)00210‐3.
 1438.Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 84: 475‐482, 2006. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.3.475.
 1439.Wolfe RR, Klein S, Carraro F, Weber JM. Role of triglyceride‐fatty acid cycle in controlling fat metabolism in humans during and after exercise. Am J Phys 258: E382‐E389, 1990. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.2.E382.
 1440.Wolsk E, Mygind H, Grøndahl TS, Pedersen BK, van Hall G. IL‐6 selectively stimulates fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 299: E832‐E840, 2010. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00328.2010.
 1441.Wong‐Yu ISK, Mak MKY. Multi‐dimensional balance training programme improves balance and gait performance in people with parkinson's disease: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial with 12‐month follow‐up. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 21: 615‐621, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.03.022.
 1442.Wood F, Salam A, Singh K, Day S, Jan S, Prabhakaran D, Rodgers A, Patel A, Thom S, Ward H. Process evaluation of the impact and acceptability of a polypill for prevention of cardiovascular disease. BMJ Open 5: e008018, 2015. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen‐2015‐008018.
 1443.Wood KN, Luchyshyn TA, Shoemaker JK. High cardiorespiratory fitness in early to late middle age preserves the cortical circuitry associated with brain‐heart integration during volitional exercise. J Neurophysiol 117: 1831‐1840, 2017. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00592.2016.
 1444.World Health Organization. Muscuoskeletal Conditions [Online]. World Health Organization: [date unknown]. https://www.who.int/news‐room/fact‐sheets/detail/musculoskeletal‐conditions [15 Mar. 2020].
 1445.World Health Organization. Cardio Vascular Disease [Online]. World Health Organization: [date unknown]. https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/about_cvd/en/ [5 Mar. 2020].
 1446.World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight [Online]. World Health Organization: [date unknown]. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Available at: https://www.who.int/news‐room/fact‐sheets/detail/obesity‐and‐overweight [15 Mar. 2020].
 1447.World Health Organization. Prevalence of Insufficient Physical Activity [Online]. World Health Organization: [date unknown]. https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/physical_activity_text/ [5 Mar. 2020].
 1448.Wrann CD, White JP, Salogiannnis J, Laznik‐Bogoslavski D, Wu J, Ma D, Lin JD, Greenberg ME, Spiegelman BM. Exercise induces hippocampal bdnf through a pgc‐1α/fndc5 pathway. Cell Metab 18: 649‐659, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.008.
 1449.Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, Curtis JR, Delzell ES, Randall S, Dawson‐Hughes B. The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the united states based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 29: 2520‐2526, 2014. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2269.
 1450.Wronski TJ, Morey ER. Alterations in calcium homeostasis and bone during actual and simulated space flight [Online]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 15: 410‐414, 1983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6645871.
 1451.Wu H, Kanatous SB, Thurmond FA, Gallardo T, Isotani E, Bassel‐Duby R, Williams RS. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle by camk. Science (New York, NY) 296: 349‐352, 2002. DOI: 10.1126/science.1071163.
 1452.Wu H, Naya FJ, McKinsey TA, Mercer B, Shelton JM, Chin ER, Simard AR, Michel RN, Bassel‐Duby R, Olson EN, Williams RS. MEF2 responds to multiple calcium‐regulated signals in the control of skeletal muscle fiber type. EMBO J 19: 1963‐1973, 2000. DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.9.1963.
 1453.Wu Y‐T, Beiser AS, Breteler MMB, Fratiglioni L, Helmer C, Hendrie HC, Honda H, Ikram MA, Langa KM, Lobo A, Matthews FE, Ohara T, Pérés K, Qiu C, Seshadri S, Sjölund B‐M, Skoog I, Brayne C. The changing prevalence and incidence of dementia over time—current evidence. Nat Rev Neurol 13: 327‐339, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.63.
 1454.Wullschleger S, Loewith R, Hall MN. TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell 124: 471‐484, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.016.
 1455.Wüst RCI, Morse CI, de Haan A, Jones DA, Degens H. Sex differences in contractile properties and fatigue resistance of human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 93: 843‐850, 2008. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.041764.
 1456.Wyckelsma VL, Levinger I, McKenna MJ, Formosa LE, Ryan MT, Petersen AC, Anderson MJ, Murphy RM. Preservation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content in older adults: Relationship between mitochondria, fibre type and high‐intensity exercise training. J Physiol 595: 3345‐3359, 2017. DOI: 10.1113/JP273950.
 1457.Xue‐Shan Z, Juan P, Qi W, Zhong R, Li‐Hong P, Zhi‐Han T, Zhi‐Sheng J, Gui‐Xue W, Lu‐Shan L. Imbalanced cholesterol metabolism in alzheimer's disease. Clin Chim Acta 456: 107‐114, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.024.
 1458.Yang J, Shanahan KJ, Shriver LP, Luciano MG. Exercise‐induced changes of cerebrospinal fluid vascular endothelial growth factor in adult chronic hydrocephalus patients. J Clin Neurosci 24: 52‐56, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.08.019.
 1459.Yarrow JF, White LJ, McCoy SC, Borst SE. Training augments resistance exercise induced elevation of circulating brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf). Neurosci Lett 479: 161‐165, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.058.
 1460.Yfanti C, Akerström T, Nielsen S, Nielsen AR, Mounier R, Mortensen OH, Lykkesfeldt J, Rose AJ, Fischer CP, Pedersen BK. Antioxidant supplementation does not alter endurance training adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42: 1388‐1395, 2010. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181cd76be.
 1461.Yfanti C, Fischer CP, Nielsen S, Akerström T, Nielsen AR, Veskoukis AS, Kouretas D, Lykkesfeldt J, Pilegaard H, Pedersen BK. Role of vitamin c and e supplementation on il‐6 in response to training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 112: 990‐1000, 2012. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01027.2010.
 1462.Yfanti C, Nielsen AR, Akerström T, Nielsen S, Rose AJ, Richter EA, Lykkesfeldt J, Fischer CP, Pedersen BK. Effect of antioxidant supplementation on insulin sensitivity in response to endurance exercise training. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 300: E761‐E770, 2011. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00207.2010.
 1463.Yin H, Price F, Rudnicki MA. Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche. Physiol Rev 93: 23‐67, 2013. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2011.
 1464.Young A. The relative isometric strength of type i and type ii muscle fibres in the human quadriceps. Clin Physiol 4: 23‐32, 1984. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475‐097x.1984.tb00641.x.
 1465.Young MF, Valaris S, Wrann CD. A role for fndc5/irisin in the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain and in neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 62: 172‐178, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.02.007.
 1466.Younus H. Therapeutic potentials of superoxide dismutase [Online]. Int J Health Sci 12: 88‐93, 2018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29896077.
 1467.Zebrowska A, Gąsior Z, Langfort J. Serum igf‐i and hormonal responses to incremental exercise in athletes with and without left ventricular hypertrophy [Online]. J Sports Sci Med 8: 67‐76, 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150558.
 1468.Zehnacker CH, Bemis‐Dougherty A. Effect of weighted exercises on bone mineral density in post menopausal women. A systematic review. J Geriatr Phys Ther 30: 79‐88, 2007. DOI: 10.1519/00139143‐200708000‐00007.
 1469.Zhang D, Liu X, Liu Y, Sun X, Wang B, Ren Y, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Han C, Yin L, Zhao J, Shi Y, Zhang M, Hu D. Leisure‐time physical activity and incident metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and dose‐response meta‐analysis of cohort studies. Metab Clin Exp 75: 36‐44, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.001.
 1470.Zhang Q, Young L, Li F. Network meta‐analysis of various nonpharmacological interventions on pain relief in older adults with osteoarthritis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 98: 469‐478, 2019. DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001130.
 1471.Zhang X, Blalock D, Wang J. Classifications and definitions of normal joints. In: Chen Q, editor. Osteoarthritis—Progress in Basic Research and Treatment. InTechOpen, 2015.
 1472.Zhao R, Bu W, Chen X. The efficacy and safety of exercise for prevention of fall‐related injuries in older people with different health conditions, and differing intervention protocols: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Geriatr 19: 341, 2019. DOI: 10.1186/s12877‐019‐1359‐9.
 1473.Zhao R, Zhao M, Zhang L. Efficiency of jumping exercise in improving bone mineral density among premenopausal women: A meta‐analysis. Sports Med 44: 1393‐1402, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s40279‐014‐0220‐8.
 1474.Zhao R, Zhao M, Xu Z. The effects of differing resistance training modes on the preservation of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A meta‐analysis. Osteoporos Int 26: 1605‐1618, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s00198‐015‐3034‐0.
 1475.Zhao X, Shah D, Gandhi K, Wei W, Dwibedi N, Webster L, Sambamoorthi U. Clinical, humanistic, and economic burden of osteoarthritis among noninstitutionalized adults in the united states. Osteoarthr Cartil 27: 1618‐1626, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.07.002.
 1476.Zhao Y, Pang Q, Liu M, Pan J, Xiang B, Huang T, Tu F, Liu C, Chen X. Treadmill exercise promotes neurogenesis in ischemic rat brains via caveolin‐1/vegf signaling pathways. Neurochem Res 42: 389‐397, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s11064‐016‐2081‐z.
 1477.Zheng G, Qiu P, Xia R, Lin H, Ye B, Tao J, Chen L. Effect of aerobic exercise on inflammatory markers in healthy middle‐aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Aging Neurosci 11: 98, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00098.
 1478.Zhou Y, Zhao M, Zhou C, Li R. Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 40: 24‐41, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001.
 1479.Zimmer P, Schenk A, Kieven M, Holthaus M, Lehmann J, Lövenich L, Bloch W. Exercise induced alterations in nk‐cell cytotoxicity—methodological issues and future perspectives [Online]. Exerc Immunol Rev 23: 66‐81, 2017. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28230531.
 1480.Zimmer P, Schmidt ME, Prentzell MT, Berdel B, Wiskemann J, Kellner KH, Debus J, Ulrich C, Opitz CA, Steindorf K. Resistance exercise reduces kynurenine pathway metabolites in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Front Oncol 9: 962, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00962.
 1481.Zoladz JA, Pilc A, Majerczak J, Grandys M, Zapart‐Bukowska J, Duda K. Endurance training increases plasma brain‐derived neurotrophic factor concentration in young healthy men [Online]. J Physiol Pharmacol 59 (Suppl 7): 119‐132, 2008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19258661.
 1482.Żebrowska A, Wa'skiewicz Z, Zając A, Gąsior Z, Galbo H, Langfort J. IGF‐1 response to arm exercise with eccentric and concentric muscle contractions in resistance‐trained athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy. Int J Sports Med 34: 116‐122, 2013. DOI: 10.1055/s‐0032‐1321720.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions
 

How to Cite

Kaleen M. Lavin, Paul M. Coen, Liliana C. Baptista, Margaret B. Bell, Devin Drummer, Sara A. Harper, Manoel E. Lixandrão, Jeremy S. McAdam, Samia M. O'Bryan, Sofhia Ramos, Lisa M. Roberts, Rick B. Vega, Bret H. Goodpaster, Marcas M. Bamman, Thomas W. Buford. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022, 12: 3193-3279. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c200033