Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

Preeclampsia and the Kidney: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications

Virginia Dines, Sonja Suvakov, Andrea Kattah, Jane Vermunt, Kavita Narang, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Coline Abou Hassan, Alexander M. Norby, Vesna D. Garovic

10.1002/cphy.c210051

Source: Volume 13, Issue 1, January 2023

Published online: January 2023

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

Preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are major contributors to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. This group of disorders includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension, and eclampsia. The body undergoes important physiological changes during pregnancy to allow for normal placental and fetal development. Several mechanisms have been proposed that may lead to preeclampsia, including abnormal placentation and placental hypoxia, impaired angiogenesis, excessive pro‐inflammatory response, immune system imbalance, abnormalities of cellular senescence, alterations in regulation and activity of angiotensin II, and oxidative stress, ultimately resulting in upregulation of multiple mediators of endothelial cell dysfunction leading to maternal disease. The clinical implications of preeclampsia are significant as there are important short‐term and long‐term health consequences for those affected. Preeclampsia leads to increased risk of preterm delivery and increased morbidity and mortality of both the developing fetus and mother. Preeclampsia also commonly leads to acute kidney injury, and women who experience preeclampsia or another hypertensive disorder of pregnancy are at increased lifetime risk of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. An understanding of normal pregnancy physiology and the pathophysiology of preeclampsia is essential to develop novel treatment approaches and manage patients with preeclampsia and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4231‐4267, 2023.

Figure 1. Figure 1. Normal pregnancy leads to systemic changes. There are increases in systemic vasodilators, such as estradiol, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins. This leads to a significant decrease in systemic vascular resistance, with a relatively less significant increase in tachycardia. The summation of these changes is an overall decrease in blood pressure.
Figure 2. Figure 2. Normal changes in renal physiology in pregnancy. Pregnancy leads to a variety of changes in the kidney. Pregnancy causes an increase in GFR and hyperfiltration and an increase in proteinuria of up to 300 mg/day. In the tubules, estrogen promotes sodium retention, while progesterone promotes sodium wasting. Increase in mineralocorticoids increases sodium retention. The net effect of this leads to an increase in sodium and fluid retention. In renal vasculature, there is an increase in blood volume, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles. These changes lead to a doubling in renal blood flow by 14 weeks of gestation. In the ureters, there is smooth muscle dilation, which widens the collecting system and increases the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI).
Figure 3. Figure 3. Take‐home figure on epidemiology of preeclampsia. Total incidence of preeclampsia per women is 7.5%, while a total of 16.1% of maternal deaths in developed countries are attributed to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, while 15% of them will develop acute kidney injury (AKI). Women with a history of preeclampsia have higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease later in life. Some of the major risk factors are listed on the right.
Figure 4. Figure 4. Flowchart summarizing main factors predisposing preeclampsia, as well as main pathophysiological mechanisms in preeclampsia development. Either together or independently, maternal and placental factors lead to one or more imbalances of angiogenesis, immunomodulation, oxidative stress, and/or inflammation. Women with preeclampsia have increased blood pressure and proteinuria and symptoms of end‐organ damage.
Figure 5. Figure 5. This figure illustrates the main mechanisms in preeclampsia leading to the pathological changes in the glomeruli. Lack of VEGF due to abnormal placentation may lead to actin remodeling in glomerular endothelial cells and reduction of fenestrations, as well as damage in glycocalyx, causing endotheliosis. Immune imbalance as a result of a disturbed Th1/Th2/Treg axis causes excessive inflammation and autoantibodies against angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1‐AA) which increases sensitivity to angiotensin II (Ang II). Of note, normal pregnancies have decreased sensitivity to Ang II. Dysregulated renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), specifically a decrease in Ang II described in preeclamptic women, may cause nephrin shedding and podocyte injury leading to podocyturia. Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow cause a vicious cycle of blood pressure increase and proteinuria, increasing risk for both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease in preeclamptic women.
Figure 6. Figure 6. Slit diaphragm and podocytes. Podocytes are terminally differentiated cells found in renal glomeruli. Neighboring foot processes interdigitate and connect by specialized cell‐to‐cell junctions, also known as glomerular slit diaphragms, the main size‐selective filtration barrier in the kidney, through which glomerular filtrate flows. Several proteins that localize either to the slit diaphragm or foot process cytoskeleton, including podocalyxin, synaptopodin, nephrin, and podocin, maintain the structural and functional integrity of the slit diaphragm and podocytes through complex interactions. Due to the content of contractile filaments in the foot processes, such as actin, myosin, vinculin, and vimentin, there is opposition to the hemodynamic forces of the filtration process. The pro‐inflammatory and anti‐angiogenic milieu in preeclampsia leads to podocyte injury and they undergo foot process effacement and loss of the slit diaphragm.


Figure 1. Normal pregnancy leads to systemic changes. There are increases in systemic vasodilators, such as estradiol, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins. This leads to a significant decrease in systemic vascular resistance, with a relatively less significant increase in tachycardia. The summation of these changes is an overall decrease in blood pressure.


Figure 2. Normal changes in renal physiology in pregnancy. Pregnancy leads to a variety of changes in the kidney. Pregnancy causes an increase in GFR and hyperfiltration and an increase in proteinuria of up to 300 mg/day. In the tubules, estrogen promotes sodium retention, while progesterone promotes sodium wasting. Increase in mineralocorticoids increases sodium retention. The net effect of this leads to an increase in sodium and fluid retention. In renal vasculature, there is an increase in blood volume, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles. These changes lead to a doubling in renal blood flow by 14 weeks of gestation. In the ureters, there is smooth muscle dilation, which widens the collecting system and increases the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI).


Figure 3. Take‐home figure on epidemiology of preeclampsia. Total incidence of preeclampsia per women is 7.5%, while a total of 16.1% of maternal deaths in developed countries are attributed to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, while 15% of them will develop acute kidney injury (AKI). Women with a history of preeclampsia have higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease later in life. Some of the major risk factors are listed on the right.


Figure 4. Flowchart summarizing main factors predisposing preeclampsia, as well as main pathophysiological mechanisms in preeclampsia development. Either together or independently, maternal and placental factors lead to one or more imbalances of angiogenesis, immunomodulation, oxidative stress, and/or inflammation. Women with preeclampsia have increased blood pressure and proteinuria and symptoms of end‐organ damage.


Figure 5. This figure illustrates the main mechanisms in preeclampsia leading to the pathological changes in the glomeruli. Lack of VEGF due to abnormal placentation may lead to actin remodeling in glomerular endothelial cells and reduction of fenestrations, as well as damage in glycocalyx, causing endotheliosis. Immune imbalance as a result of a disturbed Th1/Th2/Treg axis causes excessive inflammation and autoantibodies against angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1‐AA) which increases sensitivity to angiotensin II (Ang II). Of note, normal pregnancies have decreased sensitivity to Ang II. Dysregulated renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), specifically a decrease in Ang II described in preeclamptic women, may cause nephrin shedding and podocyte injury leading to podocyturia. Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow cause a vicious cycle of blood pressure increase and proteinuria, increasing risk for both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease in preeclamptic women.


Figure 6. Slit diaphragm and podocytes. Podocytes are terminally differentiated cells found in renal glomeruli. Neighboring foot processes interdigitate and connect by specialized cell‐to‐cell junctions, also known as glomerular slit diaphragms, the main size‐selective filtration barrier in the kidney, through which glomerular filtrate flows. Several proteins that localize either to the slit diaphragm or foot process cytoskeleton, including podocalyxin, synaptopodin, nephrin, and podocin, maintain the structural and functional integrity of the slit diaphragm and podocytes through complex interactions. Due to the content of contractile filaments in the foot processes, such as actin, myosin, vinculin, and vimentin, there is opposition to the hemodynamic forces of the filtration process. The pro‐inflammatory and anti‐angiogenic milieu in preeclampsia leads to podocyte injury and they undergo foot process effacement and loss of the slit diaphragm.
References
 1.Aaltonen P, Luimula P, Astrom E, Palmen T, Gronholm T, Palojoki E, Jaakkola I, Ahola H, Tikkanen I, Holthofer H. Changes in the expression of nephrin gene and protein in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Lab Invest 81: 1185‐1190, 2001. DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780332.
 2.AbdAlla S, Lother H, el Massiery A, Quitterer U. Increased AT(1) receptor heterodimers in preeclampsia mediate enhanced angiotensin II responsiveness. Nat Med 7: 1003‐1009, 2001. DOI: 10.1038/nm0901‐1003.
 3.Abdul‐Karim R, Assalin S. Pressor response to angiotonin in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 82: 246‐251, 1961. DOI: 10.1016/0002‐9378(61)90053‐9.
 4.Abraham KA, Kennelly M, Dorman AM, Walshe JJ. Pathogenesis of acute renal failure associated with the HELLP syndrome: A case report and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 108: 99‐102, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/s0301‐2115(02)00352‐4.
 5.Afana M, Brinjikji W, Kao D, Jackson E, Maddox T, Childers D, Eagle K, Davis M. Characteristics and in‐hospital outcomes of peripartum cardiomyopathy diagnosed during delivery in the United States from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. J Card Fail 22: 512‐519, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.02.008.
 6.Agostinis C, Bulla R, Tripodo C, Gismondi A, Stabile H, Bossi F, Guarnotta C, Garlanda C, De Seta F, Spessotto P, Santoni A, Ghebrehiwet B, Girardi G, Tedesco F. An alternative role of C1q in cell migration and tissue remodeling: Contribution to trophoblast invasion and placental development. J Immunol 185: 4420‐4429, 2010. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903215.
 7.Agostinis C, Stampalija T, Tannetta D, Loganes C, Vecchi Brumatti L, De Seta F, Celeghini C, Radillo O, Sargent I, Tedesco F, Bulla R. Complement component C1q as potential diagnostic but not predictive marker of preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 76: 475‐481, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/aji.12586.
 8.Ahmad S, Ahmed A. Elevated placental soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 inhibits angiogenesis in preeclampsia. Circ Res 95: 884‐891, 2004. DOI: 10.1161/01.RES.0000147365.86159.f5.
 9.Aita K, Etoh M, Hamada H, Yokoyama C, Takahashi A, Suzuki T, Hara M, Nagata M. Acute and transient podocyte loss and proteinuria in preeclampsia. Nephron Clin Pract 112: c65‐c70, 2009. DOI: 10.1159/000213083.
 10.Allen VM, Joseph KS, Murphy KE, Magee LA, Ohlsson A. The effect of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy on small for gestational age and stillbirth: A population based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 4: 17, 2004. DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2393‐4‐17.
 11.Alrahmani L, Gonzalez Suarez ML, Cousin MA, Moyer AM, Willrich MAV, White WM, Wick MJ, Tostrud LJ, Narang K, Garovic VD. Quantitative alterations in complement alternative pathway and related genetic analysis in severe phenotype preeclampsia. Kidney360 2 (9): 1463‐1472, 2021. DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000992021.
 12.Amburgey OA, Chapman AC, May V, Bernstein IM, Cipolla MJ. Plasma from preeclamptic women increases blood‐brain barrier permeability: Role of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. Hypertension 56: 1003‐1008, 2010. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.158931.
 13.Ananth CV, Duzyj CM, Yadava S, Schwebel M, Tita ATN, Joseph KS. Changes in the prevalence of chronic hypertension in pregnancy, United States, 1970 to 2010. Hypertension 74: 1089‐1095, 2019. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12968.
 14.Ananth CV, Keyes KM, Wapner RJ. Pre‐eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980‐2010: Age‐period‐cohort analysis. BMJ 347: f6564, 2013. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f6564.
 15.Andersson M, Oras J, Thörn SE, Karlsson O, Kälebo P, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Bergman L. Signs of neuroaxonal injury in preeclampsia‐A case control study. PLoS One 16: e0246786, 2021. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246786.
 16.Andolf E, Bladh M, Möller L, Sydsjö G. Prior placental bed disorders and later dementia: A retrospective Swedish register‐based cohort study. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol 127 (9): 1090‐1099, 2020. DOI: 10.1111/1471‐0528.16201.
 17.Andraweera PH, Lassi ZS. Cardiovascular risk factors in offspring of preeclamptic pregnancies—systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Pediatr 208: 104‐113.e106, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.008.
 18.Aneman I, Pienaar D, Suvakov S, Simic TP, Garovic VD, McClements L. Mechanisms of key innate immune cells in early‐ and late‐onset preeclampsia. Front Immunol 11: 1864, 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01864.
 19.LeFavre M. Low‐dose aspirin use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 161: 819‐826, 2014. DOI: 10.7326/m14‐1884%m25200125.
 20.Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd‐Jones D, McEvoy JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC, Virani SS, Williams KA, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 140: e596‐e646, 2019. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678.
 21.Arnott C, Nelson M, Alfaro Ramirez M, Hyett J, Gale M, Henry A, Celermajer DS, Taylor L, Woodward M. Maternal cardiovascular risk after hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Heart 106 (24): 1927‐1933, 2020. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl‐2020‐316541.
 22.Artunc‐Ulkumen B, Guvenc Y, Goker A, Gozukara C. Maternal serum S100‐B, PAPP‐A and IL‐6 levels in severe preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 292: 97‐102, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s00404‐014‐3610‐0.
 23.Asanuma K, Shirato I, Ishidoh K, Kominami E, Tomino Y. Selective modulation of the secretion of proteinases and their inhibitors by growth factors in cultured differentiated podocytes. Kidney Int 62: 822‐831, 2002. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523‐1755.2002.00539.x.
 24.Askie LM, Duley L, Henderson‐Smart DJ, Stewart LA. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre‐eclampsia: A meta‐analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 369: 1791‐1798, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(07)60712‐0.
 25.Auger N, Luo ZC, Nuyt AM, Kaufman JS, Naimi AI, Platt RW, Fraser WD. Secular trends in preeclampsia incidence and outcomes in a large Canada database: A longitudinal study over 24 years. Can J Cardiol 32: 987 e915‐987 e923, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.12.011.
 26.Auger N, Potter BJ, He S, Healy‐Profitos J, Schnitzer ME, Paradis G. Maternal cardiovascular disease 3 decades after preterm birth: Longitudinal cohort study of pregnancy vascular disorders. Hypertension 75: 788‐795, 2020.
 27.Bahri Khomami M, Joham AE, Boyle JA, Piltonen T, Silagy M, Arora C, Misso ML, Teede HJ, Moran LJ. Increased maternal pregnancy complications in polycystic ovary syndrome appear to be independent of obesity‐A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression. Obes Rev 20: 659‐674, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12829.
 28.Baker PN, Krasnow J, Roberts JM, Yeo KT. Elevated serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 86: 815‐821, 1995. DOI: 10.1016/0029‐7844(95)00259‐T.
 29.Bar J, Kaplan B, Wittenberg C, Erman A, Boner G, Ben‐Rafael Z, Hod M. Microalbuminuria after pregnancy complicated by pre‐eclampsia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14: 1129‐1132, 1999.
 30.Barnes JN, Harvey RE, Miller KB, Jayachandran M, Malterer KR, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Joyner MJ, Miller VM. Cerebrovascular reactivity and vascular activation in postmenopausal women with histories of preeclampsia. Hypertension 71: 110‐117, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10248.
 31.Barrett PMMB, McCarthy FPMB, Kublickiene KMB, Cormican SMB, Judge CMB, Evans MMB, Kublickas MMB, Perry IJMB, Stenvinkel PMB, Khashan ASM. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and long‐term maternal kidney disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. JAMA Netw Open 3: e1920964, 2020.
 32.Barron WM, Lindheimer MD. Renal sodium and water handling in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Annu 13: 35‐69, 1984.
 33.Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: Target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 136: 215‐233, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002.
 34.Bartsch E, Medcalf KE, Park AL, Ray JG. Clinical risk factors for pre‐eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of large cohort studies. Br Med J 353: i1753, 2016. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1753.
 35.Beckman JP, Camp JJ, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Kearns AE, Garovic VD, Jayachandran M, Miller VM, Holmes DR 3rd. Pregnancy history, coronary artery calcification and bone mineral density in menopausal women. Climacteric 21: 53‐59, 2018. DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2017.1406910.
 36.Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol 271: C1424‐C1437, 1996. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.5.C1424.
 37.Belfort MA, Varner MW, Dizon‐Townson DS, Grunewald C, Nisell H. Cerebral perfusion pressure, and not cerebral blood flow, may be the critical determinant of intracranial injury in preeclampsia: A new hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187: 626‐634, 2002. DOI: 10.1067/mob.2002.125241.
 38.Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ. Pre‐eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ 335: 974, 2007. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.BE.
 39.Benigni A, Gagliardini E, Tomasoni S, Abbate M, Ruggenenti P, Kalluri R, Remuzzi G. Selective impairment of gene expression and assembly of nephrin in human diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 65: 2193‐2200, 2004. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523‐1755.2004.00636.x.
 40.Benigni A, Gregorini G, Frusca T, Chiabrando C, Ballerini S, Valcamonico A, Orisio S, Piccinelli A, Pinciroli V, Fanelli R, Gastaldi A, Remuzzi G. Effect of low‐dose aspirin on fetal and maternal generation of thromboxane by platelets in women at risk for ppregnancy‐induced hypertension. N Engl J Med 321: 357‐362, 1989. DOI: 10.1056/nejm198908103210604.
 41.Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Das SR, Delling FN, Djousse L, Elkind MSV, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Jordan LC, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Kwan TW, Lackland DT, Lewis TT, Lichtman JH, Longenecker CT, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Martin SS, Matsushita K, Moran AE, Mussolino ME, O'Flaherty M, Pandey A, Perak AM, Rosamond WD, Roth GA, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Spartano NL, Stokes A, Tirschwell DL, Tsao CW, Turakhia MP, VanWagner LB, Wilkins JT, Wong SS, Virani SS. Heart disease and stroke statistics‐2019 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 139: e56‐e528, 2019. DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000659.
 42.Bergman L, Acurio J, Leon J, Gatu E, Friis T, Nelander M, Wikström J, Larsson A, Lara E, Aguayo C, Torres‐Vergara P, Wikström AK, Escudero C. Preeclampsia and increased permeability over the blood‐brain barrier: A role of vascular endothelial growth receptor 2. Am J Hypertens 34: 73‐81, 2021. DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa142.
 43.Bergman L, Åkerud H, Wikström AK, Larsson M, Naessen T, Akhter T. Cerebral biomarkers in women with preeclampsia are still elevated 1 year postpartum. Am J Hypertens 29: 1374‐1379, 2016. DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw097.
 44.Bergman L, Akhter T, Wikström AK, Wikström J, Naessen T, Åkerud H. Plasma levels of S100B in preeclampsia and association with possible central nervous system effects. Am J Hypertens 27: 1105‐1111, 2014. DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu020.
 45.Bergman L, Zetterberg H, Kaihola H, Hagberg H, Blennow K, Åkerud H. Blood‐based cerebral biomarkers in preeclampsia: Plasma concentrations of NfL, tau, S100B and NSE during pregnancy in women who later develop preeclampsia ‐ a nested case control study. PLoS One 13: e0196025, 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196025.
 46.Bert S, Ward EJ, Nadkarni S. Neutrophils in pregnancy: New insights into innate and adaptive immune regulation. Immunology 164: 665‐676, 2021. DOI: 10.1111/imm.13392.
 47.Bicocca MJ, Mendez‐Figueroa H, Chauhan SP, Sibai BM. Maternal obesity and the risk of early‐onset and late‐onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 136: 118‐127, 2020. DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003901.
 48.Bikbov B, Purcell CA, Levey AS, Smith M, Abdoli A, Abebe M, Adebayo OM, Afarideh M, Agarwal SK, Agudelo‐Botero M, Ahmadian E, Al‐Aly Z, Alipour V, Almasi‐Hashiani A, Al‐Raddadi RM, Alvis‐Guzman N, Amini S, Andrei T, Andrei CL, Andualem Z, Anjomshoa M, Arabloo J, Ashagre AF, Asmelash D, Ataro Z, Atout MMDW, Ayanore MA, Badawi A, Bakhtiari A, Ballew SH, Balouchi A, Banach M, Barquera S, Basu S, Bayih MT, Bedi N, Bello AK, Bensenor IM, Bijani A, Boloor A, Borzì AM, Cámera LA, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castro F, Catalá‐López F, Chang AR, Chin KL, Chung S‐C, Cirillo M, Cousin E, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daryani A, Das Gupta R, Demeke FM, Demoz GT, Desta DM, Do HP, Duncan BB, Eftekhari A, Esteghamati A, Fatima SS, Fernandes JC, Fernandes E, Fischer F, Freitas M, Gad MM, Gebremeskel GG, Gebresillassie BM, Geta B, Ghafourifard M, Ghajar A, Ghith N, Gill PS, Ginawi IA, Gupta R, Hafezi‐Nejad N, Haj‐Mirzaian A, Haj‐Mirzaian A, Hariyani N, Hasan M, Hasankhani M, Hasanzadeh A, Hassen HY, Hay SI, Heidari B, Herteliu C, Hoang CL, Hosseini M, Hostiuc M, Irvani SSN, Islam SMS, Jafari Balalami N, James SL, Jassal SK, Jha V, Jonas JB, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kahsay A, Kasaeian A, Kassa TD, Kassaye HG, Khader YS, Khalilov R, Khan EA, Khan MS, Khang Y‐H, Kisa A, Kovesdy CP, Kuate Defo B, Kumar GA, Larsson AO, Lim L‐L, Lopez AD, Lotufo PA, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, März W, Masaka A, Meheretu HAA, Miazgowski T, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mithra P, Moazen B, Mohammad DK, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Morales L, Moreno Velasquez I, Mousavi SM, Mukhopadhyay S, Nachega JB, Nadkarni GN, Nansseu JR, Natarajan G, Nazari J, Neal B, Negoi RI, Nguyen CT, Nikbakhsh R, Noubiap JJ, Nowak C, Olagunju AT, Ortiz A, Owolabi MO, Palladino R, Pathak M, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Prasad N, Rafiei A, Raju SB, Ramezanzadeh K, Rawaf S, Rawaf DL, Rawal L, Reiner RC Jr, Rezapour A, Ribeiro DC, Roever L, Rothenbacher D, Rwegerera GM, Saadatagah S, Safari S, Sahle BW, Salem H, Sanabria J, Santos IS, Sarveazad A, Sawhney M, Schaeffner E, Schmidt MI, Schutte AE, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, Sharafi Z, Sharif M, Sharifi A, Silva DAS, Singh JA, Singh NP, Sisay MMM, Soheili A, Sutradhar I, Teklehaimanot BF, Tesfay B, Teshome GF, Thakur JS, Tonelli M, Tran KB, Tran BX, Tran Ngoc C, Ullah I, Valdez PR, Varughese S, Vos T, Vu LG, Waheed Y, Werdecker A, Wolde HF, Wondmieneh AB, Wulf Hanson S, Yamada T, Yeshaw Y, Yonemoto N, Yusefzadeh H, Zaidi Z, Zaki L, Zaman SB, Zamora N, Zarghi A, Zewdie KA, Ärnlöv J, Coresh J, Perico N, Remuzzi G, Murray CJL, Vos T. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 395: 709‐733, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(20)30045‐3.
 49.Birukov A, Herse F, Nielsen JH, Kyhl HB, Golic M, Kräker K, Haase N, Busjahn A, Bruun S, Jensen BL, Müller DN, Jensen TK, Christesen HT, Andersen MS, Jørgensen JS, Dechend R, Andersen LB. Blood pressure and angiogenic markers in pregnancy: Contributors to pregnancy‐induced hypertension and offspring cardiovascular risk. Hypertension 76: 901‐909, 2020. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13966.
 50.Botto M, Dell'Agnola C, Bygrave AE, Thompson EM, Cook HT, Petry F, Loos M, Pandolfi PP, Walport MJ. Homozygous C1q deficiency causes glomerulonephritis associated with multiple apoptotic bodies. Nat Genet 19: 56‐59, 1998. DOI: 10.1038/ng0598‐56.
 51.Boulanger C, Luscher TF. Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta. Inhibition by endothelium‐derived nitric oxide. J Clin Invest 85: 587‐590, 1990. DOI: 10.1172/JCI114477.
 52.Bouter AR, Duvekot JJ. Evaluation of the clinical impact of the revised ISSHP and ACOG definitions on preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 19: 206‐211, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.11.011.
 53.Bramham K, Seed PT, Lightstone L, Nelson‐Piercy C, Gill C, Webster P, Poston L, Chappell LC. Diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for pre‐eclampsia in patients with established hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 89: 874‐885, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.10.012.
 54.Branum AM, Kirmeyer SE, Gregory EC. Prepregnancy body mass index by maternal characteristics and state: Data from the birth certificate, 2014. Natl Vital Stat Rep 65: 1‐11, 2016.
 55.Bretelle F, Sabatier F, Desprez D, Camoin L, Grunebaum L, Combes V, D'Ercole C, Dignat‐George F. Circulating microparticles: A marker of procoagulant state in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction. Thromb Haemost 89: 486‐492, 2003.
 56.Breveglieri G, D'Aversa E, Finotti A, Borgatti M. Non‐invasive prenatal testing using fetal DNA. Mol Diagn Ther 23: 291‐299, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s40291‐019‐00385‐2.
 57.Brewer J, Liu R, Lu Y, Scott J, Wallace K, Wallukat G, Moseley J, Herse F, Dechend R, Martin JN Jr, Lamarca B. Endothelin‐1, oxidative stress, and endogenous angiotensin II: Mechanisms of angiotensin II type I receptor autoantibody‐enhanced renal and blood pressure response during pregnancy. Hypertension 62: 886‐892, 2013. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01648.
 58.Brewer J, Owens MY, Wallace K, Reeves AA, Morris R, Khan M, LaMarca B, Martin JN Jr. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 46 of 47 patients with eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208: 468.e461‐468.e466, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.02.015.
 59.Brinkkoetter PT, Ising C, Benzing T. The role of the podocyte in albumin filtration. Nat Rev Nephrol 9: 328‐336, 2013. DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2013.78.
 60.Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, Karumanchi SA, McCarthy FP, Saito S, Hall DR, Warren CE, Adoyi G, Ishaku S. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis, and management recommendations for international practice. Hypertension 72: 24‐43, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10803.
 61.Buchbinder A, Sibai BM, Caritis S, Macpherson C, Hauth J, Lindheimer MD, Klebanoff M, Vandorsten P, Landon M, Paul R, Miodovnik M, Meis P, Thurnau G. Adverse perinatal outcomes are significantly higher in severe gestational hypertension than in mild preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186: 66‐71, 2002. DOI: 10.1067/mob.2002.120080.
 62.Bujold E, Roberge S, Lacasse Y, Bureau M, Audibert F, Marcoux S, Forest J‐C, Giguère Y. Prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy: A meta‐analysis. Obstet Gynecol 116: 402‐414, 2010.
 63.Burton GJ, Woods AW, Jauniaux E, Kingdom JC. Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy. Placenta 30: 473‐482, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.02.009.
 64.Burwick RM, Feinberg BB. Eculizumab for the treatment of preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome. Placenta 34: 201‐203, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.014.
 65.Buurma A, Cohen D, Veraar K, Schonkeren D, Claas FH, Bruijn JA, Bloemenkamp KW, Baelde HJ. Preeclampsia is characterized by placental complement dysregulation. Hypertension 60: 1332‐1337, 2012. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.194324.
 66.Cadavid AP. Aspirin: The mechanism of action revisited in the context of pregnancy complications. Front Immunol 8: 261, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00261.
 67.Campbell N, LaMarca B, Cunningham MW Jr. The role of agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1‐AA) in pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 19: 781‐785, 2018. DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180925121254.
 68.Cao C, Li J, Li J, Liu L, Cheng X, Jia R. Long non‐coding RNA Uc.187 is upregulated in preeclampsia and modulates proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion of HTR‐8/SVneo trophoblast cells. J Cell Biochem 118: 1462‐1470, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25805.
 69.Challier JC, Basu S, Bintein T, Minium J, Hotmire K, Catalano PM, Hauguel‐de Mouzon S. Obesity in pregnancy stimulates macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the placenta. Placenta 29: 274‐281, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.12.010.
 70.Chang X, Yao J, He Q, Liu M, Duan T, Wang K. Exosomes from women with preeclampsia induced vascular dysfunction by delivering sFlt (soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase)‐1 and sEng (soluble endoglin) to endothelial cells. Hypertension 72: 1381‐1390, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11706.
 71.Chen J, Khalil RA. Matrix metalloproteinases in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 148: 87‐165, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.001.
 72.Chen Y, Ding H, Wei M, Zha W, Guan S, Liu N, Li Y, Tan Y, Wang Y, Wu F. MSC‐secreted exosomal H19 promotes trophoblast cell invasion and migration by downregulating let‐7b and upregulating FOXO1. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 19: 1237‐1249, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.11.031.
 73.Cheung KL, Lafayette RA. Renal physiology of pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 20: 209‐214, 2013. DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.01.012.
 74.Chirackal RS, Jayachandran M, Wang X, Edeh S, Haskic Z, Perinpam M, Halling TM, Mehta R, Rivera ME, Lieske JC. Urinary extracellular vesicle‐associated MCP‐1 and NGAL derived from specific nephron segments differ between calcium oxalate stone formers and controls. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 317: F1475‐F1482, 2019. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00515.2018.
 75.Chuprin A, Gal H, Biron‐Shental T, Biran A, Amiel A, Rozenblatt S, Krizhanovsky V. Cell fusion induced by ERVWE1 or measles virus causes cellular senescence. Genes Dev 27: 2356‐2366, 2013. DOI: 10.1101/gad.227512.113.
 76.Cipolla MJ, Crete R, Vitullo L, Rix RD. Transcellular transport as a mechanism of blood‐brain barrier disruption during stroke. Front Biosci 9: 777‐785, 2004. DOI: 10.2741/1282.
 77.Cirillo PM, Cohn BA. Pregnancy complications and cardiovascular disease death. Circulation 132: 1234‐1242, 2015. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003901.
 78.Clarke RJ, Mayo G, Price P, FitzGerald GA. Suppression of thromboxane A2 but not of systemic prostacyclin by controlled‐release aspirin. N Engl J Med 325: 1137‐1141, 1991. DOI: 10.1056/nejm199110173251605.
 79.Clowse ME, Jamison M, Myers E, James AH. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 199: 127.e121‐127.e126, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.03.012.
 80.Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Kidney Int 81: 442‐448, 2012. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.379.
 81.Collino F, Bussolati B, Gerbaudo E, Marozio L, Pelissetto S, Benedetto C, Camussi G. Preeclamptic sera induce nephrin shedding from podocytes through endothelin‐1 release by endothelial glomerular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294: F1185‐F1194, 2008. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00442.2007.
 82.Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 30: 255‐289, 2014. DOI: 10.1146/annurev‐cellbio‐101512‐122326.
 83.Conde‐Agudelo A, Belizán JM. Risk factors for pre‐eclampsia in a large cohort of Latin American and Caribbean women. BJOG 107: 75‐83, 2000. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2000.tb11582.x.
 84.Conrad KP, Miles TM, Benyo DF. Circulating levels of immunoreactive cytokines in women with preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 40: 102‐111, 1998. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600‐0897.1998.tb00398.x.
 85.Conti‐Ramsden FI, Nathan HL, De Greeff A, Hall DR, Seed PT, Chappell LC, Shennan AH, Bramham K. Pregnancy‐related acute kidney injury in preeclampsia: Risk factors and renal outcomes. Hypertension 74: 1144‐1151, 2019. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13089.
 86.Cornelius DC, Amaral LM, Wallace K, Campbell N, Thomas AJ, Scott J, Herse F, Wallukat G, Dechend R, LaMarca B. Reduced uterine perfusion pressure T‐helper 17 cells cause pathophysiology associated with preeclampsia during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 311: R1192‐R1199, 2016. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00117.2016.
 87.Corriden R, Insel PA. Basal release of ATP: An autocrine‐paracrine mechanism for cell regulation. Sci Signal 3: re1, 2010. DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.3104re1.
 88.Covella B, Vinturache AE, Cabiddu G, Attini R, Gesualdo L, Versino E, Piccoli GB. A systematic review and meta‐analysis indicates long‐term risk of chronic and end‐stage kidney disease after preeclampsia. Kidney Int 96: 711‐727, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.03.033.
 89.Craici IM, Wagner SJ, Weissgerber TL, Grande JP, Garovic VD. Advances in the pathophysiology of pre‐eclampsia and related podocyte injury. Kidney Int 86: 275‐285, 2014. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.17.
 90.National Centre for Health Statistics DoAaE, editor. Crude Birth Rates, Fertility Rates, and Birth Rates, by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Mother: United States, Selected Years 1950–2017. Hyatsville, MD: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018.
 91.Cubro H, Nath KA, Suvakov S, Garcia‐Valencia O, Parashuram S, White WM, Weissgerber TL, Nath MC, Milic NM, Sontag F, d'Uscio LV, Zhu Y, Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T, Alexander MP, Quinton RA, Katusic ZS, Grande JP, Garovic VD. Mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in the interleukin‐10‐deficient murine model of preeclampsia indicate nitric oxide dysregulation. Kidney Int 99: 646‐656, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.09.034.
 92.Cunningham MW Jr, Castillo J, Ibrahim T, Cornelius DC, Campbell N, Amaral L, Vaka VR, Usry N, Williams JM, LaMarca B. AT1‐AA (angiotensin II type 1 receptor agonistic autoantibody) blockade prevents preeclamptic symptoms in placental ischemic rats. Hypertension 71: 886‐893, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10681.
 93.Cunningham MW Jr, Vaka VR, McMaster K, Ibrahim T, Cornelius DC, Amaral L, Campbell N, Wallukat G, McDuffy S, Usry N, Dechend R, LaMarca B. Renal natural killer cell activation and mitochondrial oxidative stress; new mechanisms in AT1‐AA mediated hypertensive pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens 15: 72‐77, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.11.004.
 94.Czernek L, Duchler M. Exosomes as messengers between mother and fetus in pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 21: 4264, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124264.
 95.Dall'Asta A, D'Antonio F, Saccone G, Buca D, Mastantuoni E, Liberati M, Flacco ME, Frusca T, Ghi T. Cardiovascular events following pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia with emphasis on the comparison between early and late onset forms: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 57 (5): 698‐709. DOI: 10.1002/uog.22107.
 96.Danaei G, Ding EL, Mozaffarian D, Taylor B, Rehm J, Murray CJ, Ezzati M. The preventable causes of death in the United States: Comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Med 6: e1000058, 2009. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058.
 97.Dane MJ, Khairoun M, Lee DH, van den Berg BM, Eskens BJ, Boels MG, van Teeffelen JW, Rops AL, van der Vlag J, van Zonneveld AJ, Reinders ME, Vink H, Rabelink TJ. Association of kidney function with changes in the endothelial surface layer. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 698‐704, 2014. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.08160813.
 98.Davison JM, Dunlop W. Renal hemodynamics and tubular function normal human pregnancy. Kidney Int 18: 152‐161, 1980. DOI: 10.1038/ki.1980.124.
 99.Dechend R, Viedt C, Müller DN, Ugele B, Brandes RP, Wallukat G, Park JK, Janke J, Barta P, Theuer J, Fiebeler A, Homuth V, Dietz R, Haller H, Kreuzer J, Luft FC. AT1 receptor agonistic antibodies from preeclamptic patients stimulate NADPH oxidase. Circulation 107: 1632‐1639, 2003. DOI: 10.1161/01.Cir.0000058200.90059.B1.
 100.Dekker GA, Sibai BM. Low‐dose aspirin in the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth retardation: Rationale, mechanisms, and clinical trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168: 214‐227, 1993.
 101.Deputy NP, Dub B, Sharma AJ. Prevalence and trends in prepregnancy normal weight ‐ 48 states, New York City, and District of Columbia, 2011‐2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 66: 1402‐1407, 2018. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm665152a3.
 102.Devor E, Santillan D, Scroggins S, Warrier A, Santillan M. Trimester‐specific plasma exosome microRNA expression profiles in preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 33: 3116‐3124, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1569614.
 103.Dhillion P, Wallace K, Herse F, Scott J, Wallukat G, Heath J, Mosely J, Martin JN Jr, Dechend R, LaMarca B. IL‐17‐mediated oxidative stress is an important stimulator of AT1‐AA and hypertension during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 303: R353‐R358, 2012. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00051.2012.
 104.Di Battista AP, Buonora JE, Rhind SG, Hutchison MG, Baker AJ, Rizoli SB, Diaz‐Arrastia R, Mueller GP. Blood biomarkers in moderate‐to‐severe traumatic brain injury: Potential utility of a multi‐marker approach in characterizing outcome. Front Neurol 6: 110, 2015. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00110.
 105.Di X, Mai H, Zheng Z, Guo K, Morse AN, Liu H. Neuroimaging findings in women who develop neurologic symptoms in severe preeclampsia with or without eclampsia. Hypertens Res 41: 598‐604, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41440‐018‐0051‐3.
 106.Dines V, Kattah A. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 27: 531‐539, 2020. DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.05.006.
 107.Ding G, Reddy K, Kapasi AA, Franki N, Gibbons N, Kasinath BS, Singhal PC. Angiotensin II induces apoptosis in rat glomerular epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 283: F173‐F180, 2002. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00240.2001.
 108.Dong X, Nao J. Neurological manifestations and neuroimaging presentations in patients with severe preeclampsia: Predisposing factors and clinical implications. Neurol Sci 40: 1245‐1253, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s10072‐019‐03833‐3.
 109.Drakeley AJ, Le Roux PA, Anthony J, Penny J. Acute renal failure complicating severe preeclampsia requiring admission to an obstetric intensive care unit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186: 253‐256, 2002.
 110.Dubova EA, Pavlov KA, Borovkova EI, Bayramova MA, Makarov IO, Shchegolev AI. Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in the placenta of pregnant women with obesity. Bull Exp Biol Med 151: 253‐258, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s10517‐011‐1302‐3.
 111.Duckitt K, Harrington D. Risk factors for pre‐eclampsia at antenatal booking: Systematic review of controlled studies. Br Med J 330: 565, 2005. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38380.674340.E0.
 112.Duley L. The global impact of pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin Perinatol 33: 130‐137, 2009. DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.010.
 113.Duley L, Henderson‐Smart DJ, Meher S, King JF. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre‐eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD004659, 2007. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004659.pub2.
 114.Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, Seidler AL, Askie LM. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre‐eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019: CD004659, 2019. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004659.pub3.
 115.Duplain H, Burcelin R, Sartori C, Cook S, Egli M, Lepori M, Vollenweider P, Pedrazzini T, Nicod P, Thorens B, Scherrer U. Insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 104: 342‐345, 2001. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.104.3.342.
 116.Egeland GM, Skurtveit S, Staff AC, Eide GE, Daltveit AK, Klungsøyr K, Trogstad L, Magnus PM, Brantsæter AL, Haugen M. Pregnancy‐related risk factors are associated with a significant burden of treated hypertension within 10 years of delivery: Findings from a population‐based Norwegian cohort. J Am Heart Assoc 7: e008318, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.008318.
 117.Eißmann M, Gutschner T, Hämmerle M, Günther S, Caudron‐Herger M, Groß M, Schirmacher P, Rippe K, Braun T, Zörnig M, Diederichs S. Loss of the abundant nuclear non‐coding RNA MALAT1 is compatible with life and development. RNA Biol 9: 1076‐1087, 2012. DOI: 10.4161/rna.21089.
 118.Ellis R, Katerelos M, Choy SW, Cook N, Lee M, Paizis K, Pell G, Walker S, Power DA, Mount PF. Increased expression and phosphorylation of 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase isoforms in urinary exosomes in pre‐eclampsia. J Transl Med 17: 60, 2019. DOI: 10.1186/s12967‐019‐1806‐6.
 119.Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y. Obesity and inflammation: The linking mechanism and the complications. Arch Med Sci 13: 851‐863, 2017. DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.58928.
 120.Entringer S, de Punder K, Buss C, Wadhwa PD. The fetal programming of telomere biology hypothesis: An update. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 373: 20170151, 2018. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0151.
 121.Eremina V, Jefferson JA, Kowalewska J, Hochster H, Haas M, Weisstuch J, Richardson C, Kopp JB, Kabir MG, Backx PH, Gerber HP, Ferrara N, Barisoni L, Alpers CE, Quaggin SE. VEGF inhibition and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. N Engl J Med 358: 1129‐1136, 2008. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707330.
 122.Eremina V, Sood M, Haigh J, Nagy A, Lajoie G, Ferrara N, Gerber HP, Kikkawa Y, Miner JH, Quaggin SE. Glomerular‐specific alterations of VEGF‐A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. J Clin Invest 111: 707‐716, 2003. DOI: 10.1172/JCI17423.
 123.Evers KS, Atkinson A, Barro C, Fisch U, Pfister M, Huhn EA, Lapaire O, Kuhle J, Wellmann S. Neurofilament as neuronal injury blood marker in preeclampsia. Hypertension 71: 1178‐1184, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10314.
 124.Facemire CS, Nixon AB, Griffiths R, Hurwitz H, Coffman TM. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 controls blood pressure by regulating nitric oxide synthase expression. Hypertension 54: 652‐658, 2009. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.129973.
 125.Failla CM, Carbo M, Morea V. Positive and negative regulation of angiogenesis by soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1. Int J Mol Sci 19: 1306, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051306.
 126.Familari M, Cronqvist T, Masoumi Z, Hansson SR. Placenta‐derived extracellular vesicles: Their cargo and possible functions. Reprod Fertil Dev 29: 433‐447, 2017. DOI: 10.1071/rd15143.
 127.Fan X, Rai A, Kambham N, Sung JF, Singh N, Petitt M, Dhal S, Agrawal R, Sutton RE, Druzin ML, Gambhir SS, Ambati BK, Cross JC, Nayak NR. Endometrial VEGF induces placental sFLT1 and leads to pregnancy complications. J Clin Invest 124: 4941‐4952, 2014. DOI: 10.1172/JCI76864.
 128.Farley D, Tejero ME, Comuzzie AG, Higgins PB, Cox L, Werner SL, Jenkins SL, Li C, Choi J, Dick EJ Jr, Hubbard GB, Frost P, Dudley DJ, Ballesteros B, Wu G, Nathanielsz PW, Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch NE. Feto‐placental adaptations to maternal obesity in the baboon. Placenta 30: 752‐760, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.06.007.
 129.Fatini C, Sticchi E, Gensini F, Genuardi M, Tondi F, Gensini GF, Riviello C, Parretti E, Mello G, Abbate R. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene influences the risk of pre‐eclampsia, the recurrence of negative pregnancy events, and the maternal‐fetal flow. J Hypertens 24: 1823‐1829, 2006. DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000242407.58159.87.
 130.Federation ID. IDF Diabetes Atlas (9th ed). Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2019.
 131.Fields JA, Garovic VD, Mielke MM, Kantarci K, Jayachandran M, White WM, Butts AM, Graff‐Radford J, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Miller VM. Preeclampsia and cognitive impairment later in life. Am J Obstet Gynecol 217 (74): e71‐e74.e11, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.03.008.
 132.Fischer MJ. Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy: Maternal and fetal outcomes. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 14: 132‐145, 2007. DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2007.01.004.
 133.Fischer‐Betz R, Specker C. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 31: 397‐414, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.011.
 134.Fisher KA, Luger A, Spargo BH, Lindheimer MD. Hypertension in pregnancy: Clinical‐pathological correlations and remote prognosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 60: 267‐276, 1981.
 135.Fisher SC, Kim SY, Sharma AJ, Rochat R, Morrow B. Is obesity still increasing among pregnant women? Prepregnancy obesity trends in 20 states, 2003‐2009. Prev Med 56: 372‐378, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.02.015.
 136.Fleming I, Fisslthaler B, Busse R. Calcium signaling in endothelial cells involves activation of tyrosine kinases and leads to activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases. Circ Res 76: 522‐529, 1995. DOI: 10.1161/01.res.76.4.522.
 137.Fleming I, Fisslthaler B, Busse R. Interdependence of calcium signaling and protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 271: 11009‐11015, 1996. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.18.11009.
 138.Forsythe JA, Jiang BH, Iyer NV, Agani F, Leung SW, Koos RD, Semenza GL. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia‐inducible factor 1. Mol Cell Biol 16: 4604‐4613, 1996. DOI: 10.1128/MCB.16.9.4604.
 139.Foster RR, Saleem MA, Mathieson PW, Bates DO, Harper SJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor and nephrin interact and reduce apoptosis in human podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288: F48‐F57, 2005. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00146.2004.
 140.Freeman GJ, Long AJ, Iwai Y, Bourque K, Chernova T, Nishimura H, Fitz LJ, Malenkovich N, Okazaki T, Byrne MC, Horton HF, Fouser L, Carter L, Ling V, Bowman MR, Carreno BM, Collins M, Wood CR, Honjo T. Engagement of the PD‐1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation. J Exp Med 192: 1027‐1034, 2000. DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.7.1027.
 141.Gaetani L, Blennow K, Calabresi P, Di Filippo M, Parnetti L, Zetterberg H. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in neurological disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 90: 870‐881, 2019. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp‐2018‐320106.
 142.Gaiottino J, Norgren N, Dobson R, Topping J, Nissim A, Malaspina A, Bestwick JP, Monsch AU, Regeniter A, Lindberg RL, Kappos L, Leppert D, Petzold A, Giovannoni G, Kuhle J. Increased neurofilament light chain blood levels in neurodegenerative neurological diseases. PLoS One 8: e75091, 2013. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075091.
 143.Galao AO, de Souza LH, da Costa BE, Scheibe RM, Poli de Figueiredo CE. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene polymorphism in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191: 821‐824, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.047.
 144.Gant NF, Daley GL, Chand S, Whalley PJ, MacDonald PC. A study of angiotensin II pressor response throughout primigravid pregnancy. J Clin Invest 52: 2682‐2689, 1973. DOI: 10.1172/JCI107462.
 145.Gao X, Shao L, Ge X, Zhang L, Chen D, He R. The potential role of serum exosomes in preeclampsia. Curr Drug Metab 21: 352‐356, 2020. DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200525152441.
 146.Garg AX, Nevis IF, McArthur E, Sontrop JM, Koval JJ, Lam NN, Hildebrand AM, Reese PP, Storsley L, Gill JS, Segev DL, Habbous S, Bugeja A, Knoll GA, Dipchand C, Monroy‐Cuadros M, Lentine KL. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in living kidney donors. N Engl J Med 372: 124‐133, 2015. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408932.
 147.Garovic VD, Bailey KR, Boerwinkle E, Hunt SC, Weder AB, Curb D, Mosley TH Jr, Wiste HJ, Turner ST. Hypertension in pregnancy as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease later in life. J Hypertens 28: 826‐833, 2010. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328335c29a.
 148.Garovic VD, Craici IM, Wagner SJ, White WM, Brost BC, Rose CH, Grande JP, Barnidge DR. Mass spectrometry as a novel method for detection of podocyturia in pre‐eclampsia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28: 1555‐1561, 2013. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs074.
 149.Garovic VD, Milic NM, Weissgerber TL, Mielke MM, Bailey KR, Lahr B, Jayachandran M, White WM, Hodis HN, Miller VM. Carotid artery intima‐media thickness and subclinical atherosclerosis in women with remote histories of preeclampsia: Results from a rochester epidemiology project‐based study and meta‐analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 92: 1328‐1340, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.05.030.
 150.Garovic VD, Wagner SJ, Petrovic LM, Gray CE, Hall P, Sugimoto H, Kalluri R, Grande JP. Glomerular expression of nephrin and synaptopodin, but not podocin, is decreased in kidney sections from women with preeclampsia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 1136‐1143, 2007. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfl711.
 151.Garovic VD, Wagner SJ, Turner ST, Rosenthal DW, Watson WJ, Brost BC, Rose CH, Gavrilova L, Craigo P, Bailey KR, Achenbach J, Schiffer M, Grande JP. Urinary podocyte excretion as a marker for preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 196 (320): e321‐e327, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.02.007.
 152.Garovic VD, White WM, Vaughan L, Saiki M, Parashuram S, Garcia‐Valencia O, Weissgerber TL, Milic N, Weaver A, Mielke MM. Incidence and long‐term outcomes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 75: 2323‐2334, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.028.
 153.Gathiram P, Moodley J. The role of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system in preeclampsia: A review. Curr Hypertens Rep 22: 89, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s11906‐020‐01098‐2.
 154.GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age‐sex‐specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980‐2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392: 1736‐1788, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(18)32203‐7.
 155.Geisler S, Coller J. RNA in unexpected places: Long non‐coding RNA functions in diverse cellular contexts. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14: 699‐712, 2013. DOI: 10.1038/nrm3679.
 156.Ghosh M, Wang HD, McNeill JR. Role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in regulation of spontaneous tone in aorta of DOCA‐salt hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 141: 562‐573, 2004. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705557.
 157.Gilani SI, Anderson UD, Jayachandran M, Weissgerber TL, Zand L, White WM, Milic N, Suarez MLG, Vallapureddy RR, Naav A, Erlandsson L, Lieske JC, Grande JP, Nath KA, Hansson SR, Garovic VD. Urinary extracellular vesicles of podocyte origin and renal injury in preeclampsia. J Am Soc Nephrol 28: 3363‐3372, 2017. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2016111202.
 158.Gilani SI, Weissgerber TL, Garovic VD, Jayachandran M. Preeclampsia and extracellular vesicles. Curr Hypertens Rep 18: 68, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s11906‐016‐0678‐x.
 159.Gilbert JS, Babcock SA, Granger JP. Hypertension produced by reduced uterine perfusion in pregnant rats is associated with increased soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 expression. Hypertension 50: 1142‐1147, 2007. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.096594.
 160.Gilbert JS, Verzwyvelt J, Colson D, Arany M, Karumanchi SA, Granger JP. Recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor 121 infusion lowers blood pressure and improves renal function in rats with placentalischemia‐induced hypertension. Hypertension 55: 380‐385, 2010. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.141937.
 161.Girardi G, Yarilin D, Thurman JM, Holers VM, Salmon JE. Complement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction. J Exp Med 203: 2165‐2175, 2006. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061022.
 162.Glassman AB, Bennett CE, Christopher JB, Self S. Immunity during pregnancy: Lymphocyte subpopulations and mitogen responsiveness. Ann Clin Lab Sci 15: 357‐362, 1985.
 163.Goodridge JP, Witt CS, Christiansen FT, Warren HS. KIR2DL4 (CD158d) genotype influences expression and function in NK cells. J Immunol 171: 1768‐1774, 2003. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1768.
 164.Grahammer F, Schell C, Huber TB. The podocyte slit diaphragm‐‐from a thin grey line to a complex signalling hub. Nat Rev Nephrol 9: 587‐598, 2013. DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2013.169.
 165.Grandi SMM, Filion KBP, Yoon SB, Ayele HTMP, Doyle CMM, Hutcheon JAP, Smith GNMDP, Gore GCM, Ray JGMDM, Nerenberg KMDM, Platt RWP. Cardiovascular disease‐related morbidity and mortality in women with a history of pregnancy complications: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Circulation 139: 1069‐1079, 2019.
 166.Grand'Maison S, Pilote L, Okano M, Landry T, Dayan N. Markers of vascular dysfunction after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Hypertension 68: 1447‐1458, 2016. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07907.
 167.Gul A, Aslan H, Cebeci A, Polat I, Ulusoy S, Ceylan Y. Maternal and fetal outcomes in HELLP syndrome complicated with acute renal failure. Ren Fail 26: 557‐562, 2004. DOI: 10.1081/jdi‐200031750.
 168.Gumusoglu SB, Chilukuri ASS, Santillan DA, Santillan MK, Stevens HE. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatal preeclampsia exposure. Trends Neurosci 43: 253‐268, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.02.003.
 169.Gupta AK, Holzgreve W, Huppertz B, Malek A, Schneider H, Hahn S. Detection of fetal DNA and RNA in placenta‐derived syncytiotrophoblast microparticles generated in vitro. Clin Chem 50: 2187‐2190, 2004. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.040196.
 170.Gustafson CM, Shepherd AJ, Miller VM, Jayachandran M. Age‐ and sex‐specific differences in blood‐borne microvesicles from apparently healthy humans. Biol Sex Differ 6: 10, 2015. DOI: 10.1186/s13293‐015‐0028‐8.
 171.Ha M, Kim VN. Regulation of microRNA biogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15: 509‐524, 2014. DOI: 10.1038/nrm3838.
 172.Haeger M, Unander M, Norder‐Hansson B, Tylman M, Bengtsson A. Complement, neutrophil, and macrophage activation in women with severe preeclampsia and the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol 79: 19‐26, 1992.
 173.Hammer ES, Cipolla MJ. Cerebrovascular dysfunction in preeclamptic pregnancies. Curr Hypertens Rep 17: 64, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s11906‐015‐0575‐8.
 174.Han C, Wang C, Chen Y, Wang J, Xu X, Hilton T, Cai W, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Li K, Houck K, Liu L, Sood AK, Wu X, Xue F, Li M, Dong JF, Zhang J. Placenta‐derived extracellular vesicles induce preeclampsia in mouse models. Haematologica 105: 1686‐1694, 2020. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.226209.
 175.Hanna J, Goldman‐Wohl D, Hamani Y, Avraham I, Greenfield C, Natanson‐Yaron S, Prus D, Cohen‐Daniel L, Arnon TI, Manaster I, Gazit R, Yutkin V, Benharroch D, Porgador A, Keshet E, Yagel S, Mandelboim O. Decidual NK cells regulate key developmental processes at the human fetal‐maternal interface. Nat Med 12: 1065‐1074, 2006. DOI: 10.1038/nm1452.
 176.Harel Z, McArthur E, Hladunewich M, Dirk JS, Wald R, Garg AX, Ray JG. Serum creatinine levels before, during, and after pregnancy. JAMA 321: 205‐207, 2019. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.17948.
 177.Harmon AC, Cornelius DC, Amaral LM, Faulkner JL, Cunningham MW Jr, Wallace K, LaMarca B. The role of inflammation in the pathology of preeclampsia. Clin Sci (Lond) 130: 409‐419, 2016. DOI: 10.1042/CS20150702.
 178.Haug EB, Horn J, Markovitz AR, Fraser A, Vatten LJ, Macdonald‐Wallis C, Tilling K, Romundstad PR, Rich‐Edwards JW, Asvold BO. Life course trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in women with and without hypertensive disorders in first pregnancy: The HUNT Study in Norway. J Am Heart Assoc 7: e009250, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009250.
 179.Haug EBP, Horn JMD, Markovitz ARMPH, Fraser AMPH, Klykken BMD, Dalen HMD, Vatten LJMD, Romundstad PRP, Rich‐Edwards JWMPH, Asvold BOMD. Association of conventional cardiovascular risk factors with cardiovascular disease after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Analysis of the nord‐trondelag health study. JAMA Cardiol 4: 628‐635, 2019.
 180.Hayman SR, Calle JC, Jatoi A, Craici IM, Wagner SJ, Weaver AL, Greene EL, Grande JP, Garovic VD. Urinary podocyte excretion and proteinuria in patients treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy for solid tumor malignancies. Oncology 86: 271‐278, 2014. DOI: 10.1159/000360180.
 181.He H, Venema VJ, Gu X, Venema RC, Marrero MB, Caldwell RB. Vascular endothelial growth factor signals endothelial cell production of nitric oxide and prostacyclin through flk‐1/KDR activation of c‐Src. J Biol Chem 274: 25130‐25135, 1999. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.35.25130.
 182.He X, He Y, Xi B, Zheng J, Zeng X, Cai Q, Ouyang Y, Wang C, Zhou X, Huang H, Deng W, Xin S, Huang Q, Liu H. LncRNAs expression in preeclampsia placenta reveals the potential role of LncRNAs contributing to preeclampsia pathogenesis. PLoS One 8: e81437, 2013. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081437.
 183.He XJ, Dai RX, Hu CL. Maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity and the risk of preeclampsia: A meta‐analysis of cohort studies. Obes Res Clin Pract 14: 27‐33, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.01.004.
 184.He Y, Liu J, Cai Q, Lv J, Yu F, Chen Q, Zhao M. The pregnancy outcomes in patients with stage 3‐4 chronic kidney disease and the effects of pregnancy in the long‐term kidney function. J Nephrol 31: 953‐960, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s40620‐018‐0509‐z.
 185.Heaton JM, Turner DR. Persistent renal damage following pre‐eclampsia: A renal biopsy study of 13 patients. J Pathol 147: 121‐126, 1985. DOI: 10.1002/path.1711470207.
 186.Hegewald MJ, Crapo RO. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 32: 1‐13, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2010.11.001.
 187.Heida KY, Franx A, van Rijn BB, Eijkemans MJ, Boer JM, Verschuren MW, Oudijk MA, Bots ML, van der Schouw YT. Earlier age of onset of chronic hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus after a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus. Hypertension 66: 1116‐1122, 2015. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06005.
 188.Henao DE, Arias LF, Mathieson PW, Ni L, Welsh GI, Bueno JC, Agudelo B, Cadavid AP, Saleem MA. Preeclamptic sera directly induce slit‐diaphragm protein redistribution and alter podocyte barrier‐forming capacity. Nephron Exp Nephrol 110: e73‐e81, 2008. DOI: 10.1159/000166993.
 189.Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O'Connor E, Senger CA, Thompson JH, Rowland MG. Low‐dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: A systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 160: 695‐703, 2014. DOI: 10.7326/M13‐2844.
 190.Hiby SE, Apps R, Chazara O, Farrell LE, Magnus P, Trogstad L, Gjessing HK, Carrington M, Moffett A. Maternal KIR in combination with paternal HLA‐C2 regulate human birth weight. J Immunol 192: 5069‐5073, 2014. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400577.
 191.Hiby SE, Walker JJ, O'Shaughnessy KM, Redman CW, Carrington M, Trowsdale J, Moffett A. Combinations of maternal KIR and fetal HLA‐C genes influence the risk of preeclampsia and reproductive success. J Exp Med 200: 957‐965, 2004. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041214.
 192.Holmes DI, Zachary I. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family: Angiogenic factors in health and disease. Genome Biol 6: 209, 2005. DOI: 10.1186/gb‐2005‐6‐2‐209.
 193.Homer CS, Brown MA, Mangos G, Davis GK. Non‐proteinuric pre‐eclampsia: A novel risk indicator in women with gestational hypertension. J Hypertens 26: 295‐302, 2008. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f1a953.
 194.Honigberg MC, Chaffin M, Aragam K, Bhatt DL, Wood MJ, Sarma AA, Scott NS, Peloso GM, Natarajan P. Genetic variation in cardiometabolic traits and medication targets and the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Circulation 142: 711‐713, 2020. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047936.
 195.Honigberg MC, Zekavat SM, Aragam K, Klarin D, Bhatt DL, Scott NS, Peloso GM, Natarajan P. Long‐term cardiovascular risk in women with hypertension during pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 74: 2743‐2754, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.052.
 196.Hornig C, Barleon B, Ahmad S, Vuorela P, Ahmed A, Weich HA. Release and complex formation of soluble VEGFR‐1 from endothelial cells and biological fluids. Lab Invest 80: 443‐454, 2000. DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780050.
 197.Hsu HH, Hoffmann S, Endlich N, Velic A, Schwab A, Weide T, Schlatter E, Pavenstadt H. Mechanisms of angiotensin II signaling on cytoskeleton of podocytes. J Mol Med (Berl) 86: 1379‐1394, 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s00109‐008‐0399‐y.
 198.Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Insulin resistance and hypertension. Circulation 112: 1678‐1680, 2005. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.568055.
 199.Hu L, Ma J, Cao M, Lin Y, Long W, Shi Z, Wen J. Exosomal mRNA and lncRNA profiles in cord blood of preeclampsia patients. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 35(25): 1‐11, 2021. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1966413.
 200.Huang C, Chen S. Acute kidney injury during pregnancy and puerperium: A retrospective study in a single center. BMC Nephrol 18: 146, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12882‐017‐0551‐4.
 201.Ibrahim HN, Akkina SK, Leister E, Gillingham K, Cordner G, Guo H, Bailey R, Rogers T, Matas AJ. Pregnancy outcomes after kidney donation. Am J Transplant 9: 825‐834, 2009.
 202.Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C, Okuyama S, Imagawa Y, Fogo A, Niimura F, Ichikawa I, Hogan BL, Inagami T. Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behaviour of mice lacking angiotensin II type‐2 receptor. Nature 377: 748‐750, 1995. DOI: 10.1038/377748a0.
 203.Imbasciati E, Gregorini G, Cabiddu G, Gammaro L, Ambroso G, Del Giudice A, Ravani P. Pregnancy in CKD stages 3 to 5: Fetal and maternal outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis 49: 753‐762, 2007. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.03.022.
 204.Inagaki M, Tachikawa M. Transport characteristics of placenta‐derived extracellular vesicles and their relevance to placenta‐to‐maternal tissue communication. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 70: 324‐329, 2022. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22‐00072.
 205.Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. In: Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Reference Life Table. Seattle, United States of America: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2021.
 206.Ito M, Oliverio MI, Mannon PJ, Best CF, Maeda N, Smithies O, Coffman TM. Regulation of blood pressure by the type 1A angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92: 3521‐3525, 1995. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.8.3521.
 207.Jääskeläinen T, Heinonen S, Hämäläinen E, Pulkki K, Romppanen J, Laivuori H. Impact of obesity on angiogenic and inflammatory markers in the Finnish Genetics of Pre‐eclampsia Consortium (FINNPEC) cohort. Int J Obes 43: 1070‐1081, 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41366‐018‐0217‐8.
 208.Jacquemyn Y, Jochems L, Duiker E, Bosmans JL, Van Hoof V, Van Campenhout C. Long‐term renal function after HELLP syndrome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 57: 117‐120, 2004. DOI: 10.1159/000075942.
 209.Jamthikar AD, Puvvula A, Gupta D, Johri AM, Nambi V, Khanna NN, Saba L, Mavrogeni S, Laird JR, Pareek G, Miner M, Sfikakis PP, Protogerou A, Kitas GD, Nicolaides A, Sharma AM, Viswanathan V, Rathore VS, Kolluri R, Bhatt DL, Suri JS. Cardiovascular disease and stroke risk assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease using integration of estimated glomerular filtration rate, ultrasonic image phenotypes, and artificial intelligence: A narrative review. Int Angiol 40: 150‐164, 2021. DOI: 10.23736/s0392‐9590.20.04538‐1.
 210.Janigro D, Bailey DM, Lehmann S, Badaut J, O'Flynn R, Hirtz C, Marchi N. Peripheral blood and salivary biomarkers of blood‐brain barrier permeability and neuronal damage: Clinical and applied concepts. Front Neurol 11: 577312, 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.577312.
 211.Jayachandran M, Garovic VD, Mielke MM, Bailey KR, Lahr BD, Miller VM. Characterization of intravascular cellular activation in relationship to subclinical atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. PLoS One 12: e0183159, 2017. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183159.
 212.Jayachandran M, Lugo G, Heiling H, Miller VM, Rule AD, Lieske JC. Extracellular vesicles in urine of women with but not without kidney stones manifest patterns similar to men: A case control study. Biol Sex Differ 6: 2, 2015. DOI: 10.1186/s13293‐015‐0021‐2.
 213.Jayachandran M, Yuzhakov SV, Kumar S, Larson NB, Enders FT, Milliner DS, Rule AD, Lieske JC. Specific populations of urinary extracellular vesicles and proteins differentiate type 1 primary hyperoxaluria patients without and with nephrocalcinosis or kidney stones. Orphanet J Rare Dis 15: 319, 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s13023‐020‐01607‐1.
 214.Jayachandran M, Yuzhakov SV, Kumar S, Larson NB, Enders FT, Milliner DS, Rule AD, Lieske JC. Correction to: Specific populations of urinary extracellular vesicles and proteins differentiate type 1 primary hyperoxaluria patients without and with nephrocalcinosis or kidney stones. Orphanet J Rare Dis 16: 91, 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s13023‐020‐01671‐7.
 215.Jerkic M, Rivas‐Elena JV, Prieto M, Carrón R, Sanz‐Rodríguez F, Pérez‐Barriocanal F, Rodríguez‐Barbero A, Bernabéu C, López‐Novoa JM. Endoglin regulates nitric oxide‐dependent vasodilatation. FASEB J 18: 609‐611, 2004. DOI: 10.1096/fj.03‐0197fje.
 216.Jia J, Ding G, Zhu J, Chen C, Liang W, Franki N, Singhal PC. Angiotensin II infusion induces nephrin expression changes and podocyte apoptosis. Am J Nephrol 28: 500‐507, 2008. DOI: 10.1159/000113538.
 217.Jim B, Jean‐Louis P, Qipo A, Garry D, Mian S, Matos T, Provenzano C, Acharya A. Podocyturia as a diagnostic marker for preeclampsia amongst high‐risk pregnant patients. J Pregnancy 2012: 984630, 2012. DOI: 10.1155/2012/984630.
 218.Jiménez KM, Morel A, Parada‐Niño L, Alejandra González‐Rodriguez M, Flórez S, Bolívar‐Salazar D, Becerra‐Bayona S, Aguirre‐García A, Gómez‐Murcia T, Fernanda Castillo L, Carlosama C, Ardila J, Vaiman D, Serrano N, Laissue P. Identifying new potential genetic biomarkers for HELLP syndrome using massive parallel sequencing. Pregnancy Hypertens 22: 181‐190, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2020.09.003.
 219.Johnson AC, Tremble SM, Chan SL, Moseley J, LaMarca B, Nagle KJ, Cipolla MJ. Magnesium sulfate treatment reverses seizure susceptibility and decreases neuroinflammation in a rat model of severe preeclampsia. PLoS One 9: e113670, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113670.
 220.Johnson S, Liu B, Kalafat E, Thilaganathan B, Khalil A. Maternal and perinatal outcomes of white coat hypertension during pregnancy. Hypertension 76: 157‐166, 2020. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14627.
 221.Kajantie E, Eriksson JG, Osmond C, Thornburg K, Barker DJP. Pre‐eclampsia is associated with increased risk of stroke in the adult offspring. Stroke 40: 1176‐1180, 2009. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.538025.
 222.Kalafat E, Shirazi A, Thilaganathan B, Khalil A. The role of aspirin in prevention of preeclampsia in twin pregnancies: Does the dose matter? Am J Obstet Gynecol 223: 457‐458, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.005.
 223.Kane SC, Dennis A, da Silva Costa F, Kornman L, Brennecke S. Contemporary clinical management of the cerebral complications of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013: 985606, 2013. DOI: 10.1155/2013/985606.
 224.Kar S, Bhandar B, Kavdia M. Impact of SOD in eNOS uncoupling: A two‐edged sword between hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. Free Radic Res 46: 1496‐1513, 2012. DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.731052.
 225.Kassebaum NJ, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Dandona L, Gething PW, Hay SI, Kinfu Y, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, Lozano R, Mensah GA, Mokdad AH, Naghavi M, Pinho C, Salomon JA, Steiner C, Vos T, Wang H, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbas KM, Abd‐Allah F, Abdallat MA, Abdulle AM, Abera SF, Aboyans V, Abubakar I, Abu‐Rmeileh NME, Achoki T, Adebiyi AO, Adedeji IA, Adelekan AL, Adou AK, Afanvi KA, Agarwal A, Kiadaliri AA, Ajala ON, Akinyemiju TF, Akseer N, Al‐Aly Z, Alam K, Alam NKM, Alasfoor D, Aldhahri SF, Aldridge RW, Alhabib S, Ali R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Al‐Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Martin EA, Alvis‐Guzman N, Amare AT, Amberbir A, Amegah AK, Ammar W, Amrock SM, Andersen HH, Anderson GM, Antoine RM, Antonio CAT, Aregay AF, Ärnlöv J, Arora M, Arsenijevic VSA, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atique S, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Quintanilla BPA, Azzopardi P, Bacha U, Badawi A, Bahit MC, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Barac A, Barker‐Collo SL, Bärnighausen T, Basu S, Bayou TA, Bayou YT, Bazargan‐Hejazi S, Beardsley J, Wang NH, Bedi BT, Bell ML, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu BD, Beyene AS, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Abdulhak AAB, Biroscak BJ, Biryukov S, Bisanzio D, Bjertness E, Blore JD, Brainin M, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJK, Brugha TS, Butt ZA, Campos‐Nonato IR, Campuzano JC, Cárdenas R, Carrero JJ, Carter A, Casey DC, Castañeda‐Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catalá‐López F, Cavalleri F, Chang H‐Y, Chang J‐C, Chavan L, Chibueze CE, Chisumpa VH, Choi J‐YJ, Chowdhury R, Christopher DJ, Ciobanu LG, Cirillo M, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Colistro V, Colquhoun SM, Cooper C, Cooper LT, Cortinovis M, Dahiru T, Damasceno A, Danawi H, Dandona R, das Neves J, Leo DD, Dellavalle RP, Deribe K, Deribew A, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dicker DJ, Ding EL, Dossou E, Dubey M, Ebel BE, Ellingsen CL, Elyazar I, Endries AY, Ermakov SP, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJA, Farid TA, Farinha CSES, Faro A, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad S‐M, Fernandes JC, Fischer F, Fitchett JRA, Fleming T, Foigt N, Franca EB, Franklin RC, Fraser MS, Friedman J, Fullman N, Fürst T, Futran ND, Gambashidze K, Gamkrelidze A, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebremedhin AT, Gebremedhin M, Gebru AA, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Giref AZ, Giroud M, Gishu MD, Glaser E, Goenka S, Gomez‐Dantes H, Gona P, Goodridge A, Gopalani SV, Goto A, Graetz N, Gugnani HC, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta V, Hafezi‐Nejad N, Hailu AD, Hailu GB, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Hancock J, Handal AJ, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Harikrishnan S, Harun KM, Havmoeller R, Hoek HW, Horino M, Horita N, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Htet AS, Hu G, Huang H, Huang JJ, Huybrechts I, Huynh C, Iannarone M, Iburg KM, Idrisov BT, Iyer VJ, Jacobsen KH, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic MB, Javanbakht M, Jayatilleke AU, Jee SH, Jeemon P, Jha V, Jiang G, Jiang Y, Jibat T, Jonas JB, Kabir Z, Kamal R, Kan H, Karch A, Karletsos D, Kasaeian A, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kayibanda JF, Kazanjan K, Kazi DS, Keiyoro PN, Kemmer L, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Keren A, Kereselidze M, Kesavachandran CN, Khader YS, Khan AR, Khan EA, Khang Y‐H, Khonelidze I, Khosravi A, Khubchandani J, Kim YJ, Kivipelto M, Knibbs LD, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Krishnaswami S, Defo BK, Bicer BK, Kudom AA, Kulikoff XR, Kulkarni C, Kumar GA, Kutz MJ, Lal DK, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lamadrid‐Figueroa H, Lan Q, Larsson A, Laryea DO, Leigh J, Leung R, Li Y, Li Y, Lipshultz SE, Liu PY, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, Ma S, Razek HMAE, Razek MMAE, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Margolis DJ, Marquez N, Masiye F, Marzan MB, Mason‐Jones AJ, Mazorodze TT, Meaney PA, Mehari A, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia‐Rodriguez F, Mekonnen AB, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mhimbira FA, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mirarefin M, Misganaw A, Ibrahim NM, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Mola GLD, Monasta L, de la Cruz Monis J, Hernandez JCM, Montero P, Montico M, Mooney MD, Moore AR, Moradi‐Lakeh M, Morawska L, Mori R, Mueller UO, Murthy GVS, Murthy S, Nachega JB, Naheed A, Naldi L, Nand D, Nangia V, Nash D, Neupane S, Newton JN, Ng M, Ngalesoni FN, Nguhiu P, Nguyen G, Nguyen QL, Nisar MI, Nomura M, Norheim OF, Norman RE, Nyakarahuka L, Obermeyer CM, Ogbo FA, Oh I‐H, Ojelabi FA, Olivares PR, Olusanya BO, Olusanya JO, Opio JN, Oren E, Ota E, Oyekale AS, Pa M, Pain A, Papantoniou N, Park E‐K, Park H‐Y, Caicedo AJP, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pereira DM, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Pillay JD, Pishgar F, Polinder S, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi‐Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman MHU, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Ram U, Ranabhat CL, Rangaswamy T, Rao PV, Refaat AH, Remuzzi G, Resnikoff S, Rojas‐Rueda D, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roy A, Ruhago GM, Sagar R, Saleh MM, Sanabria JR, Sanchez‐Niño MD, Santos IS, Santos JV, Sarmiento‐Suarez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Savic M, Sawhney M, Saylan MI, Schneider IJC, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan‐Mori EE, Setegn T, Shackelford KA, Shaikh MA, Shakh‐Nazarova M, Sharma R, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shen J, Shibuya K, Shin M‐J, Shiri R, Shishani K, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Silpakit N, Silva DAS, Silveira DGA, Silverberg JI, Simard EP, Sindi S, Singh A, Singh JA, Singh OP, Singh PK, Singh V, Skirbekk V, Sligar A, Sliwa K, Smith JM, Soneji S, Sorensen RJD, Soriano JB, Soshnikov S, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sunguya BF, Swaminathan S, Sykes BL, Szoeke CEI, Tabarés‐Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Tavakkoli M, Taye B, Tedla BA, Tefera WM, Tekle T, Shifa GT, Terkawi AS, Tesfay FH, Tessema GA, Thomson AJ, Thorne‐Lyman AL, Tobe‐Gai R, Topor‐Madry R, Towbin JA, Tran BX, Dimbuene ZT, Tura AK, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Uthman OA, Vasankari T, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Wagner JA, Wang L, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Wijeratne T, Wilkinson JD, Wiysonge CS, Woldeyohannes SM, Wolfe CDA, Wolock T, Won S, Wubshet M, Xiao Q, Xu G, Yadav AK, Yakob B, Yalew AZ, Yano Y, Yebyo HG, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon S‐J, Younis MZ, Yu C, Yu S, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zeeb H, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zhou M, Zodpey S, Zuhlke LJ, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1775‐1812, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(16)31470‐2.
 226.Kattah AG, Asad R, Scantlebury DC, Bailey KR, Wiste HJ, Hunt SC, Mosley TH, Kardia SL, Turner ST, Garovic VD. Hypertension in pregnancy is a risk factor for microalbuminuria later in life. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 15: 617‐623, 2013. DOI: 10.1111/jch.12116.
 227.Kattah AG, Scantlebury DC, Agarwal S, Mielke MM, Rocca WA, Weaver AL, Vaughan LE, Miller VM, Weissgerber TL, White W, Garovic VD. Preeclampsia and ESRD: The role of shared risk factors. Am J Kidney Dis 69: 498‐505, 2017. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.07.034.
 228.Kaul A, Bhaduaria D, Pradhan M, Sharma RK, Prasad N, Gupta A. Pregnancy check point for diagnosis of CKD in developing countries. J Obstet Gynaecol India 68: 440‐446, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s13224‐017‐1055‐7.
 229.Kaverina NV, Eng DG, Freedman BS, Kutz JN, Chozinski TJ, Vaughan JC, Miner JH, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Dual lineage tracing shows that glomerular parietal epithelial cells can transdifferentiate toward the adult podocyte fate. Kidney Int 96: 597‐611, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.03.014.
 230.Kenigsberg S, Bentov Y. Does contemporary ART lead to pre‐eclampsia? A cohort study and meta‐analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 38: 651‐659, 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s10815‐021‐02061‐z.
 231.Kerley RN, McCarthy C. Biomarkers of glomerular dysfunction in pre‐eclampsia ‐ A systematic review. Pregnancy Hypertens 14: 265‐272, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.03.002.
 232.Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PFA. WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: A systematic review. Lancet 367: 1066‐1074, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(06)68397‐9.
 233.Klebanoff MA, Secher NJ, Mednick BR, Schulsinger C. Maternal size at birth and the development of hypertension during pregnancy: A test of the Barker hypothesis. Arch Intern Med 159: 1607‐1612, 1999. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.159.14.1607.
 234.Klungsøyr K, Morken NH, Irgens L, Vollset SE, Skjaerven R. Secular trends in the epidemiology of pre‐eclampsia throughout 40 years in Norway: Prevalence, risk factors and perinatal survival. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 26: 190‐198, 2012. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365‐3016.2012.01260.x.
 235.Koerner MV, Pauler FM, Huang R, Barlow DP. The function of non‐coding RNAs in genomic imprinting. Development 136: 1771‐1783, 2009. DOI: 10.1242/dev.030403.
 236.Konečná B, Tóthová Ľ, Repiská G. Exosomes‐associated DNA‐new marker in pregnancy complications? Int J Mol Sci 20: 2890, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122890.
 237.Korb LC, Ahearn JM. C1q binds directly and specifically to surface blebs of apoptotic human keratinocytes: Complement deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. J Immunol 158: 4525‐4528, 1997.
 238.Kuenen BC, Levi M, Meijers JC, Kakkar AK, van Hinsbergh VW, Kostense PJ, Pinedo HM, Hoekman K. Analysis of coagulation cascade and endothelial cell activation during inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor pathway in cancer patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22: 1500‐1505, 2002. DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000030186.66672.36.
 239.Kuzkaya N, Weissmann N, Harrison DG, Dikalov S. Interactions of peroxynitrite, tetrahydrobiopterin, ascorbic acid, and thiols: Implications for uncoupling endothelial nitric‐oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 278: 22546‐22554, 2003. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M302227200.
 240.Kyu HH, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd‐Allah F, Abdela J, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abebe M, Abebe Z, Abil OZ, Aboyans V, Abrham AR, Abu‐Raddad LJ, Abu‐Rmeileh NME, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya D, Acharya P, Ackerman IN, Adamu AA, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Ademi Z, Adetokunboh OO, Adib MG, Adsuar JC, Afanvi KA, Afarideh M, Afshin A, Agarwal G, Agesa KM, Aggarwal R, Aghayan SA, Agrawal A, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi M, Ahmadieh H, Ahmed MB, Ahmed S, Aichour AN, Aichour I, Aichour MTE, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Al‐Aly Z, Al‐Eyadhy A, Al‐Mekhlafi HM, Al‐Raddadi RM, Alahdab F, Alam K, Alam T, Alashi A, Alavian SM, Alene KA, Alijanzadeh M, Alizadeh‐Navaei R, Aljunid SM, Alkerwi AA, Alla F, Allebeck P, Alonso J, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Alvis‐Guzman N, Aminde LN, Amini E, Amiresmaili M, Ammar W, Amoako YA, Anber NH, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Animut MD, Anjomshoa M, Ansha MG, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Ärnlöv J, Arora A, Arora M, Artaman A, Aryal KK, Asayesh H, Ataro Z, Ausloos M, Avila‐Burgos L, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayer R, Azzopardi PS, Babazadeh A, Badali H, Balakrishnan K, Bali AG, Banach M, Banoub JAM, Barac A, Barboza MA, Barker‐Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barquera S, Barrero LH, Bazargan‐Hejazi S, Bedi N, Beghi E, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bekele BB, Bekru ET, Belachew AB, Belay YA, Bell ML, Bello AK, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Bernstein RS, Beuran M, Beyranvand T, Bhala N, Bhatt S, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Biadgo B, Biehl MH, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bilano V, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed MS, Bisanzio D, Bjørge T, Bleyer A, Bobasa EM, Bou‐Orm IR, Boufous S, Bourne R, Brady OJ, Brant LC, Brayne C, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJK, Brenner H, Briant PS, Briko AN, Britton G, Brugha T, Buchbinder R, Busse R, Butt ZA, Cahuana‐Hurtado L, Campuzano Rincon JC, Cano J, Cárdenas R, Carrero JJ, Carter A, Carvalho F, Castañeda‐Orjuela CA, Castillo Rivas J, Castro F, Catalá‐López F, Cercy KM, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chang J‐C, Charlson FJ, Chattu VK, Chiang PP‐C, Chitheer A, Choi J‐YJ, Christensen H, Christopher DJ, Chung S‐C, Cicuttini FM, Cirillo M, Collado‐Mateo D, Cooper C, Cortesi PA, Cortinovis M, Cousin E, Criqui MH, Cromwell EA, Cross M, Crump JA, Daba AK, Dachew BA, Dadi AF, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dargan PI, Daryani A, Das Gupta R, Das Neves J, Dasa TT, Davitoiu DV, De La Hoz FP, De Leo D, De Neve J‐W, De Steur H, Degefa MG, Degenhardt L, Deiparine S, Demoz GT, Denova‐Gutiérrez E, Deribe K, Dervenis N, Des Jarlais DC, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Dinberu MT, Dirac MA, Djalalinia S, Doan L, Dokova K, Doku DT, Dorsey ER, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken EE, Duncan BB, Duraes AR, Ebrahimi H, Ebrahimpour S, Echko MM, Edessa D, Edvardsson D, Effiong A, Eggen AE, Ehrlich JR, El Bcheraoui C, El‐Khatib Z, Elyazar IRF, Enayati A, Endalifer ML, Endries AY, Er B, Erskine HE, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Esteghamati S, Fakhim H, Faramarzi M, Fareed M, Farhadi F, Farid TA, Farinha CSES, Farioli A, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fazaeli AA, Feigin VL, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad S‐M, Fernandes E, Fernandes JC, Ferrari AJ, Ferreira ML, Filip I, Fischer F, Fitzmaurice C, Foigt NA, Foreman KJ, Frank TD, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Fürst T, Furtado JM, Gakidou E, Gall S, Gallus S, Ganji M, Garcia‐Basteiro AL, Gardner WM, Gebre AK, Gebremedhin AT, Gebremichael TG, Gelano TF, Geleijnse JM, Genova‐Maleras R, Geramo YCD, Gething PW, Gezae KE, Ghadami MR, Ghadiri K, Ghasemi‐Kasman M, Ghimire M, Ghoshal AG, Gill PS, Gill TK, Ginawi IA, Giussani G, Gnedovskaya EV, Goldberg EM, Goli S, Gómez‐Dantés H, Gona PN, Gopalani SV, Gorman TM, Goulart AC, Goulart BNG, Grada A, Grosso G, Gugnani HC, Guillemin F, Guo Y, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta T, Gutiérrez RA, Gyawali B, Haagsma JA, Hachinski V, Hafezi‐Nejad N, Haghparast Bidgoli H, Hagos TB, Hailegiyorgis TT, Haj‐Mirzaian A, Haj‐Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Handal AJ, Hankey GJ, Hao Y, Harb HL, Harikrishnan S, Haririan H, Haro JM, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hay SI, Hedayatizadeh‐Omran A, Heibati B, Hendrie D, Henok A, Heredia‐Pi I, Herteliu C, Heydarpour F, Heydarpour P, Hibstu DT, Hoek HW, Hoffman HJ, Hole MK, Homaie Rad E, Hoogar P, Hosgood HD, Hosseini SM, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hotez PJ, Hoy DG, Hsairi M, Htet AS, Huang JJ, Iburg KM, Ikeda CT, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Irvine CMS, Islam SMS, Islami F, Jacobsen KH, Jahangiry L, Jahanmehr N, Jain SK, Jakovljevic M, James SL, Jayatilleke AU, Jeemon P, Jha RP, Jha V, Ji JS, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Jonnagaddala J, Jorjoran Shushtari Z, Joshi A, Jozwiak JJ, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir Z, Kadel R, Kahsay A, Kalani R, Kanchan T, Kar C, Karami M, Karami Matin B, Karch A, Karema C, Karimi N, Karimi SM, Kasaeian A, Kassa DH, Kassa GM, Kassa TD, Kassebaum NJ, Katikireddi SV, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazemi Z, Karyani AK, Keighobadi MM, Keiyoro PN, Kemmer L, Kemp GR, Kengne AP, Keren A, Khader YS, Khafaei B, Khafaie MA, Khajavi A, Khalid N, Khalil IA, Khan EA, Khan MS, Khan MA, Khang Y‐H, Khater MM, Khazaei M, Khoja AT, Khosravi A, Khosravi MH, Kiadaliri AA, Kidanemariam ZT, Kiirithio DN, Kim C‐I, Kim D, Kim Y‐E, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kinfu Y, Kisa A, Kissimova‐Skarbek K, Knudsen AKS, Kocarnik JM, Kochhar S, Kokubo Y, Kolola T, Kopec JA, Kosen S, Kotsakis GA, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krishnaswami S, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kuzin I, Lad DP, Lad SD, Lafranconi A, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lami FH, Lang JJ, Langan SM, Lansingh VC, Latifi A, Lau KM‐M, Lazarus JV, Leasher JL, Ledesma JR, Lee PH, Leigh J, Leili M, Leshargie CT, Leung J, Levi M, Lewycka S, Li S, Li Y, Liang X, Liao Y, Liben ML, Lim L‐L, Lim SS, Limenih MA, Linn S, Liu S, Looker KJ, Lopez AD, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Lucas TCD, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Ma S, Macarayan ERK, Mackay MT, Maddison ER, Madotto F, Maghavani DP, Mai HT, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manda A‐L, Manguerra H, Mansournia MA, Mantilla Herrera AM, Mantovani LG, Maravilla JC, Marcenes W, Marks A, Martins‐Melo FR, Martopullo I, März W, Marzan MB, Massano J, Massenburg BB, Mathur MR, Maulik PK, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGrath JJ, McKee M, McMahon BJ, Mehata S, Mehrotra R, Mehta KM, Mehta V, Mejia‐Rodriguez F, Mekonen T, Melese A, Melku M, Memiah PTN, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Mengistu G, Mensah GA, Mereta ST, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Millear AI, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirarefin M, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Misganaw AT, Mitchell PB, Mitiku H, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi M, Mohammadifard N, Mohammadnia‐Afrouzi M, Mohammed MA, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Montañez JC, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi M, Moradi‐Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Moreno Velásquez I, Morgado‐Da‐Costa J, Morrison SD, Moschos MM, Mousavi SM, Mruts KB, Muche AA, Muchie KF, Mueller UO, Muhammed OS, Mukhopadhyay S, Muller K, Mumford JE, Murthy GVS, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Nabhan AF, Nagata C, Nagel G, Naghavi M, Naheed A, Nahvijou A, Naik G, Najafi F, Nam HS, Nangia V, Nansseu JR, Neamati N, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Neupane S, Newton CRJ, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen AQ, Nguyen G, Nguyen HT, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen LH, Nguyen M, Nguyen NB, Nguyen SH, Nichols E, Ningrum DNA, Nixon MR, Nomura S, Noroozi M, Norrving B, Noubiap JJ, Nouri HR, Shiadeh MN, Nowroozi MR, Nsoesie EO, Nyasulu PS, Odell CM, Ofori‐Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oh I‐H, Oladimeji O, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Olivares PR, Olsen HE, Olusanya BO, Olusanya JO, Ong KL, Ong SK, Oren E, Ortiz A, Ota E, Otstavnov SS, Øverland S, Owolabi MO, Mahesh PA, Pacella R, Pakhare AP, Pakpour AH, Pana A, Panda‐Jonas S, Park E‐K, Park J, Parry CDH, Parsian H, Pasdar Y, Patel S, Patil ST, Patle A, Patton GC, Paturi VR, Paudel D, Paulson KR, Pearce N, Pereira A, Pereira DM, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Pham HQ, Phillips MR, Pigott DM, Pillay JD, Piradov MA, Pirsaheb M, Pishgar F, Plana‐Ripoll O, Polinder S, Popova S, Postma MJ, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Prabhakaran D, Prakash S, Prakash V, Prasad N, Purcell CA, Qorbani M, Quistberg DA, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi K, Rahimi Z, Rahimi‐Movaghar A, Rahimi‐Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman MHU, Rahman MA, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rajati F, Ranjan P, Rao PC, Rasella D, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Reddy KS, Reiner RC, Reitsma MB, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Resnikoff S, Rezaei S, Rezai MS, Ribeiro ALP, Roberts NLS, Robinson SR, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Roth GA, Rothenbacher D, Rubagotti E, Sachdev PS, Sadat N, Sadeghi E, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Safari H, Safari Y, Safari‐Faramani R, Safdarian M, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian MA, Sajadi HS, Salam N, Salama JS, Salamati P, Saleem Z, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Salomon JA, Salvi SS, Salz I, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanchez‐Niño MD, Santomauro DF, Santos IS, Santos JV, Santric Milicevic MM, Sao Jose BP, Sardana M, Sarker AR, Sarmiento‐Suárez R, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sarvi S, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sawant AR, Sawhney M, Saxena S, Schaeffner E, Schmidt MI, Schneider IJC, Schutte AE, Schwebel DC, Schwendicke F, Scott JG, Sekerija M, Sepanlou SG, Serván‐Mori E, Seyedmousavi S, Shabaninejad H, Shafieesabet A, Shahbazi M, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shams‐Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Sharafi H, Sharafi K, Sharif M, Sharif‐Alhoseini M, Sharma J, Sharma R, She J, Sheikh A, Shi P, Shibuya K, Shiferaw MS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shiue I, Shokoohinia Y, Shokraneh F, Shoman H, Shrime MG, Si S, Siabani S, Sibai AM, Siddiqi TJ, Sigfusdottir ID, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silva DAS, Silva JP, Silveira DGA, Singam NSV, Singh JA, Singh NP, Singh V, Sinha DN, Skiadaresi E, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Smith DL, Smith M, Soares Filho AM, Sobaih BH, Sobhani S, Soofi M, Sorensen RJD, Soriano JB, Soyiri IN, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Srinivasan V, Stanaway JD, Starodubov VI, Stein DJ, Steiner C, Steiner TJ, Stokes MA, Stovner LJ, Subart ML, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MAB, Sulo G, Sunguya BF, Sur PJ, Sykes BL, Sylaja PN, Sylte DO, Szoeke CEI, Tabarés‐Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Tadakamadla SK, Tandon N, Tassew SG, Tavakkoli M, Taveira N, Taylor HR, Tehrani‐Banihashemi A, Tekalign TG, Tekelemedhin SW, Tekle MG, Temsah M‐H, Temsah O, Terkawi AS, Tessema B, Teweldemedhin M, Thankappan KR, Theis A, Thirunavukkarasu S, Thomas N, Tilahun B, To QG, Tonelli M, Topor‐Madry R, Torre AE, Tortajada‐Girbés M, Touvier M, Tovani‐Palone MR, Towbin JA, Tran BX, Tran KB, Troeger CE, Tsadik AG, Tsoi D, Tudor Car L, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Ullah I, Undurraga EA, Updike RL, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Vaduganathan M, Vaezi A, Valdez PR, Varavikova E, Varughese S, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Villafaina S, Violante FS, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Vos T, Vosoughi K, Vujcic IS, Wagnew FS, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Wang Y‐P, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Weiss DJ, Weldegebreal F, Weldegwergs KG, Werdecker A, West TE, Westerman R, Whiteford HA, Widecka J, Wijeratne T, Williams HC, Wilner LB, Wilson S, Winkler AS, Wiyeh AB, Wiysonge CS, Wolfe CDA, Woolf AD, Wyper GMA, Xavier D, Xu G, Yadgir S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yamada T, Yan LL, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yasin YJ, Yeshaneh A, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon S‐J, Yotebieng M, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zadnik V, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zar HJ, Zenebe ZM, Zhou M, Zipkin B, Zodpey S, Zucker I, Zuhlke LJ, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392: 1859‐1922, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(18)32335‐3.
 241.LaMarca B, Parrish M, Ray LF, Murphy SR, Roberts L, Glover P, Wallukat G, Wenzel K, Cockrell K, Martin JN Jr, Ryan MJ, Dechend R. Hypertension in response to autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1‐AA) in pregnant rats: Role of endothelin‐1. Hypertension 54: 905‐909, 2009. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.137935.
 242.Lampinen KH, Ronnback M, Groop PH, Kaaja RJ. Renal and vascular function in women with previous preeclampsia: A comparison of low‐ and high‐degree proteinuria. Kidney Int 70: 1818‐1822, 2006. DOI: 5001902 [pii] 10.1038/sj.ki.5001902.
 243.Leaños‐Miranda A, Inova C‐G, Méndez‐Aguilar F, Molina‐Pérez CJ, Ramírez‐Valenzuela KL, Sillas‐Pardo LJ, Uraga‐Camacho NC, Isordia‐Salas I, Berumen‐Lechuga MG. Lower circulating angiotensin II levels are related to the severity of preeclampsia and its risk as disclosed by a specific bioassay. Medicine (Baltimore) 97: e12498, 2018. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012498.
 244.Lee SK, Kim JY, Lee M, Gilman‐Sachs A, Kwak‐Kim J. Th17 and regulatory T cells in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 67: 311‐318, 2012. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600‐0897.2012.01116.x.
 245.Leon LJM, Fergus P, Direk K, Gonzalez‐Izquierdo A, Prieto‐Merino D, Casas JP, Chappell L. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease in a large UK pregnancy cohort of linked electronic health records: A CALIBER study. Circulation 140: 1050‐1060, 2019.
 246.Levine RJ, Maynard SE, Qian C, Lim KH, England LJ, Yu KF, Schisterman EF, Thadhani R, Sachs BP, Epstein FH, Sibai BM, Sukhatme VP, Karumanchi SA. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 350: 672‐683, 2004. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa031884.
 247.Levine RJ, Qian C, Leshane ES, Yu KF, England LJ, Schisterman EF, Wataganara T, Romero R, Bianchi DW. Two‐stage elevation of cell‐free fetal DNA in maternal sera before onset of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190: 707‐713, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.12.019.
 248.Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age‐specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta‐analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 360: 1903‐1913, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0140‐6736(02)11911‐8.
 249.Li F, Hagaman JR, Kim HS, Maeda N, Jennette JC, Faber JE, Karumanchi SA, Smithies O, Takahashi N. eNOS deficiency acts through endothelin to aggravate sFlt‐1‐induced pre‐eclampsia‐like phenotype. J Am Soc Nephrol 23: 652‐660, 2012. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2011040369.
 250.Li X, Chuang PY, D'Agati VD, Dai Y, Yacoub R, Fu J, Xu J, Taku O, Premsrirut PK, Holzman LB, He JC. Nephrin preserves podocyte viability and glomerular structure and function in adult kidneys. J Am Soc Nephrol 26: 2361‐2377, 2015. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2014040405.
 251.Li X, Song Y, Liu F, Liu D, Miao H, Ren J, Xu J, Ding L, Hu Y, Wang Z, Hou Y, Zhao G. Long non‐coding RNA MALAT1 promotes proliferation, angiogenesis, and immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells by inducing VEGF and IDO. J Cell Biochem 118: 2780‐2791, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25927.
 252.Li Z, Zhang Y, Ying Ma J, Kapoun AM, Shao Q, Kerr I, Lam A, O'Young G, Sannajust F, Stathis P, Schreiner G, Karumanchi SA, Protter AA, Pollitt NS. Recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor 121 attenuates hypertension and improves kidney damage in a rat model of preeclampsia. Hypertension 50: 686‐692, 2007. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.092098.
 253.Liang KG, Mu RZ, Liu Y, Jiang D, Jia TT, Huang YJ. Increased serum S100B levels in patients with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis study. Front Neurosci 13: 456, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00456.
 254.Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Incidence of preeclampsia: Risk factors and outcomes associated with early‐ versus late‐onset disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 209 (544): e541‐e544.e512, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.019.
 255.Liu S, Chan W‐S, Ray JG, Kramer MS, Joseph KS. Stroke and cerebrovascular disease in pregnancy. Stroke 50: 13‐20, 2019. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023118.
 256.Liu S, Xie X, Lei H, Zou B, Xie L. Identification of key circRNAs/lncRNAs/miRNAs/mRNAs and pathways in preeclampsia using bioinformatics analysis. Med Sci Monit 25: 1679‐1693, 2019. DOI: 10.12659/msm.912801.
 257.Liu Y, Ma X, Zheng J, Liu X, Yan T. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of kidney and pregnancy outcomes in IgA nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 44: 187‐193, 2016. DOI: 10.1159/000446354.
 258.Liu Y, Ma X, Zheng J, Liu X, Yan T. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute kidney injury during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 17: 235, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12884‐017‐1402‐9.
 259.Logue OC, George EM, Bidwell GL 3rd. Preeclampsia and the brain: Neural control of cardiovascular changes during pregnancy and neurological outcomes of preeclampsia. Clin Sci (Lond) 130: 1417‐1434, 2016. DOI: 10.1042/cs20160108.
 260.Lokki AI, Heikkinen‐Eloranta J, Jarva H, Saisto T, Lokki ML, Laivuori H, Meri S. Complement activation and regulation in preeclamptic placenta. Front Immunol 5: 312, 2014. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00312.
 261.Londero AP, Orsaria M, Marzinotto S, Grassi T, Fruscalzo A, Calcagno A, Bertozzi S, Nardini N, Stella E, Lelle RJ, Driul L, Tell G, Mariuzzi L. Placental aging and oxidation damage in a tissue micro‐array model: An immunohistochemistry study. Histochem Cell Biol 146: 191‐204, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00418‐016‐1435‐6.
 262.Long W, Rui C, Song X, Dai X, Xue X, Lu Y, Shen R, Li J, Li J, Ding H. Distinct expression profiles of lncRNAs between early‐onset preeclampsia and preterm controls. Clin Chim Acta 463: 193‐199, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.10.036.
 263.Lu AB, Lazarus B, Rolnik DL, Palmer KR. Pregnancy prolongation after eculizumab use in early‐onset preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 134: 1215‐1218, 2019. DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003570.
 264.Lu YP, Hasan AA, Zeng S, Hocher B. Plasma ET‐1 concentrations are elevated in pregnant women with hypertension‐meta‐analysis of clinical studies. Kidney Blood Press Res 42: 654‐663, 2017. DOI: 10.1159/000482004.
 265.Luo S, Lei H, Qin H, Xia Y. Molecular mechanisms of endothelial NO synthase uncoupling. Curr Pharm Des 20: 3548‐3553, 2014. DOI: 10.2174/13816128113196660746.
 266.Luo SS, Ishibashi O, Ishikawa G, Ishikawa T, Katayama A, Mishima T, Takizawa T, Shigihara T, Goto T, Izumi A, Ohkuchi A, Matsubara S, Takeshita T, Takizawa T. Human villous trophoblasts express and secrete placenta‐specific microRNAs into maternal circulation via exosomes. Biol Reprod 81: 717‐729, 2009. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.075481.
 267.Lyall F, Robson SC, Bulmer JN. Spiral artery remodeling and trophoblast invasion in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: Relationship to clinical outcome. Hypertension 62: 1046‐1054, 2013. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01892.
 268.Maeda KJ, McClung DM, Showmaker KC, Warrington JP, Ryan MJ, Garrett MR, Sasser JM. Endothelial cell disruption drives increased blood‐brain barrier permeability and cerebral edema in the Dahl SS/jr rat model of superimposed preeclampsia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 320: H535‐H548, 2021. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00383.2020.
 269.Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Bohun CM, Rey E, El‐Zibdeh M, Stalker S, Ross S, Hewson S, Logan AG, Ohlsson A, Naeem T, Thornton JG, Abdalla M, Walkinshaw S, Brown M, Davis G, Hannah ME. Serious perinatal complications of non‐proteinuric hypertension: An international, multicentre, retrospective cohort study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 25: 372‐382, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/s1701‐2163(16)30579‐5.
 270.Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Singer J, Lee T, Rey E, Ross S, Asztalos E, Murphy KE, Menzies J, Sanchez J, Gafni A, Helewa M, Hutton E, Koren G, Lee SK, Logan AG, Ganzevoort W, Welch R, Thornton JG, Moutquin JM. The CHIPS randomized controlled trial (Control of Hypertension in Pregnancy Study): Is severe hypertension just an elevated blood pressure? Hypertension 68: 1153‐1159, 2016. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07862.
 271.Malyszko J. Mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 411: 1412‐1420, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.06.019.
 272.Marchi N, Teng Q, Ghosh C, Fan Q, Nguyen MT, Desai NK, Bawa H, Rasmussen P, Masaryk TK, Janigro D. Blood‐brain barrier damage, but not parenchymal white blood cells, is a hallmark of seizure activity. Brain Res 1353: 176‐186, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.051.
 273.Marshall SA, Hannan NJ, Jelinic M, Nguyen TPH, Girling JE, Parry LJ. Animal models of preeclampsia: Translational failings and why. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 314: R499‐R508, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00355.2017.
 274.Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJK. Births in the United States, 2018. NCHS Data Brief 346: 1‐8, 2019.
 275.Mayama M, Uno K, Tano S, Yoshihara M, Ukai M, Kishigami Y, Ito Y, Oguchi H. Incidence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in eclamptic and patients with preeclampsia with neurologic symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 215 (239): e231‐e235, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.02.039.
 276.Maynard SE, Min JY, Merchan J, Lim KH, Li J, Mondal S, Libermann TA, Morgan JP, Sellke FW, Stillman IE, Epstein FH, Sukhatme VP, Karumanchi SA. Excess placental soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest 111: 649‐658, 2003. DOI: 10.1172/JCI17189.
 277.Maynard SE, Thadhani R. Pregnancy and the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 14‐22, 2009. DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008050493.
 278.Mbah AK, Kornosky JL, Kristensen S, August EM, Alio AP, Marty PJ, Belogolovkin V, Bruder K, Salihu HM. Super‐obesity and risk for early and late pre‐eclampsia. BJOG 117: 997‐1004, 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2010.02593.x.
 279.McCarthy FP, Kingdom JC, Kenny LC, Walsh SK. Animal models of preeclampsia; uses and limitations. Placenta 32: 413‐419, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.03.010.
 280.McDonald SD, Han Z, Walsh MW, Gerstein HC, Devereaux PJ. Kidney disease after preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 55: 1026‐1039, 2010. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.12.036.
 281.McElrath TF, Cantonwine DE, Gray KJ, Mirzakhani H, Doss RC, Khaja N, Khalid M, Page G, Brohman B, Zhang Z, Sarracino D, Rosenblatt KP. Late first trimester circulating microparticle proteins predict the risk of preeclampsia <35 weeks and suggest phenotypic differences among affected cases. Sci Rep 10: 17353, 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐020‐74078‐w.
 282.Medica I, Kastrin A, Peterlin B. Genetic polymorphisms in vasoactive genes and preeclampsia: A meta‐analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 131: 115‐126, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.10.005.
 283.Medina‐Bastidas D, Guzmán‐Huerta M, Borboa‐Olivares H, Ruiz‐Cruz C, Parra‐Hernández S, Flores‐Pliego A, Salido‐Guadarrama I, Camargo‐Marín L, Arambula‐Meraz E, Estrada‐Gutierrez G. Placental microarray profiling reveals common mRNA and lncRNA expression patterns in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Int J Mol Sci 21: 3597, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103597.
 284.Mellembakken JR, Høgåsen K, Mollnes TE, Hack CE, Abyholm T, Videm V. Increased systemic activation of neutrophils but not complement in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 97: 371‐374, 2001. DOI: 10.1016/s0029‐7844(00)01179‐0.
 285.Mercer TR, Dinger ME, Mattick JS. Long non‐coding RNAs: Insights into functions. Nat Rev Genet 10: 155‐159, 2009. DOI: 10.1038/nrg2521.
 286.Meri S. Complement activation in diseases presenting with thrombotic microangiopathy. Eur J Intern Med 24: 496‐502, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.05.009.
 287.Mevorach D, Zhou JL, Song X, Elkon KB. Systemic exposure to irradiated apoptotic cells induces autoantibody production. J Exp Med 188: 387‐392, 1998. DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.2.387.
 288.Mielke MM, Milic NM, Weissgerber TL, White WM, Kantarci K, Mosley TH, Windham BG, Simpson BN, Turner ST, Garovic VD. Impaired cognition and brain atrophy decades after hypertensive pregnancy disorders. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 9: S70‐S76, 2016. DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.115.002461.
 289.Miller VM, Garovic VD, Bailey KR, Lahr BD, Mielke MM, White WM, Jayachandran M. Pregnancy history and blood‐borne microvesicles in middle aged women with and without coronary artery calcification. Atherosclerosis 253: 150‐155, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.09.006.
 290.Miranda KC, Bond DT, McKee M, Skog J, Păunescu TG, Da Silva N, Brown D, Russo LM. Nucleic acids within urinary exosomes/microvesicles are potential biomarkers for renal disease. Kidney Int 78: 191‐199, 2010. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.106.
 291.Mitchell DA, Taylor PR, Cook HT, Moss J, Bygrave AE, Walport MJ, Botto M. Cutting edge: C1q protects against the development of glomerulonephritis independently of C3 activation. J Immunol 162: 5676‐5679, 1999.
 292.Miura K, Miura S, Yamasaki K, Shimada T, Kinoshita A, Niikawa N, Yoshiura K, Masuzaki H. The possibility of microarray‐based analysis using cell‐free placental mRNA in maternal plasma. Prenat Diagn 30: 849‐861, 2010. DOI: 10.1002/pd.2570.
 293.Moore GS, Allshouse AA, Post AL, Galan HL, Heyborne KD. Early initiation of low‐dose aspirin for reduction in preeclampsia risk in high‐risk women: A secondary analysis of the MFMU High‐Risk Aspirin Study. J Perinatol 35: 328‐331, 2015. DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.214.
 294.Morikawa M, Mayama M, Saito Y, Nakagawa‐Akabane K, Umazume T, Chiba K, Kawaguchi S, Cho K, Watari H. Severe proteinuria as a parameter of worse perinatal/neonatal outcomes in women with preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 19: 119‐126, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.12.013.
 295.Mottola MF, Davenport MH, Ruchat SM, Davies GA, Poitras V, Gray C, Jaramillo Garcia A, Barrowman N, Adamo KB, Duggan M, Barakat R, Chilibeck P, Fleming K, Forte M, Korolnek J, Nagpal T, Slater L, Stirling D, Zehr L. No. 367‐2019 Canadian guideline for physical activity throughout pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 40: 1528‐1537, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.07.001.
 296.Mundel P, Shankland SJ. Podocyte biology and response to injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 13: 3005‐3015, 2002. DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000039661.06947.fd.
 297.Murakami S, Saitoh M, Kubo T, Koyama T, Kobayashi M. Renal disease in women with severe preeclampsia or gestational proteinuria. Obstet Gynecol 96: 945‐949, 2000. DOI: 10.1016/s0029‐7844(00)01055‐3.
 298.Murphy SR, LaMarca B, Cockrell K, Arany M, Granger JP. L‐arginine supplementation abolishes the blood pressure and endothelin response to chronic increases in plasma sFlt‐1 in pregnant rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302: R259‐R263, 2012. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00319.2011.
 299.Nahum Sacks K, Friger M, Shoham‐Vardi I, Spiegel E, Sergienko R, Landau D, Sheiner E. Prenatal exposure to preeclampsia as an independent risk factor for long‐term cardiovascular morbidity of the offspring. Pregnancy Hypertens 13: 181‐186, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.06.013.
 300.Narang K, Szymanski LM. Multiple gestations and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: What do we know? Curr Hypertens Rep 23: 1, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s11906‐020‐01107‐4.
 301.Ness RB, Markovic N, Bass D, Harger G, Roberts JM. Family history of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke among women who develop hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 102: 1366‐1371, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/j.obstetgynecol.2003.08.011.
 302.Nichols E, Szoeke CEI, Vollset SE, Abbasi N, Abd‐Allah F, Abdela J, Aichour MTE, Akinyemi RO, Alahdab F, Asgedom SW, Awasthi A, Barker‐Collo SL, Baune BT, Béjot Y, Belachew AB, Bennett DA, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bin Sayeed MS, Brayne C, Carpenter DO, Carvalho F, Catalá‐López F, Cerin E, Choi J‐YJ, Dang AK, Degefa MG, Djalalinia S, Dubey M, Duken EE, Edvardsson D, Endres M, Eskandarieh S, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad S‐M, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Gebre AK, Geremew D, Ghasemi‐Kasman M, Gnedovskaya EV, Gupta R, Hachinski V, Hagos TB, Hamidi S, Hankey GJ, Haro JM, Hay SI, Irvani SSN, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Kalani R, Karch A, Kasaeian A, Khader YS, Khalil IA, Khan EA, Khanna T, Khoja TAM, Khubchandani J, Kisa A, Kissimova‐Skarbek K, Kivimäki M, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Logroscino G, Lorkowski S, Majdan M, Malekzadeh R, März W, Massano J, Mengistu G, Meretoja A, Mohammadi M, Mohammadi‐Khanaposhtani M, Mokdad AH, Mondello S, Moradi G, Nagel G, Naghavi M, Naik G, Nguyen LH, Nguyen TH, Nirayo YL, Nixon MR, Ofori‐Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Olagunju AT, Owolabi MO, Panda‐Jonas S, Passos VMDA, Pereira DM, Pinilla‐Monsalve GD, Piradov MA, Pond CD, Poustchi H, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Reiner RC Jr, Robinson SR, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Russ TC, Sachdev PS, Safari H, Safiri S, Sahathevan R, Salimi Y, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Saylan M, Sepanlou SG, Shafieesabet A, Shaikh MA, Sahraian MA, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Silva JP, Smith M, Sobhani S, Stein DJ, Tabarés‐Seisdedos R, Tovani‐Palone MR, Tran BX, Tran TT, Tsegay AT, Ullah I, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov V, Wang Y‐P, Weiss J, Westerman R, Wijeratne T, Wyper GMA, Yano Y, Yimer EM, Yonemoto N, Yousefifard M, Zaidi Z, Zare Z, Vos T, Feigin VL, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18: 88‐106, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/S1474‐4422(18)30403‐4.
 303.Nisell H, Lintu H, Lunell NO, Mollerstrom G, Pettersson E. Blood pressure and renal function seven years after pregnancy complicated by hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102: 876‐881, 1995.
 304.Niu W, Qi Y. An updated meta‐analysis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene: Three well‐characterized polymorphisms with hypertension. PLoS One 6: e24266, 2011. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024266.
 305.Nochy D, Birembaut P, Hinglais N, Freund M, Idatte JM, Jacquot C, Chartier M, Bariety J. Renal lesions in the hypertensive syndromes of pregnancy: Immunomorphological and ultrastructural studies in 114 cases. Clin Nephrol 13: 155‐162, 1980.
 306.North RA, Simmons D, Barnfather D, Upjohn M. What happens to women with preeclampsia? Microalbuminuria and hypertension following preeclampsia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 36: 233‐238, 1996.
 307.Novotny SR, Wallace K, Heath J, Moseley J, Dhillon P, Weimer A, Wallukat G, Herse F, Wenzel K, Martin JN Jr, Dechend R, Lamarca B. Activating autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type I receptor play an important role in mediating hypertension in response to adoptive transfer of CD4+ T lymphocytes from placental ischemic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302: R1197‐R1201, 2012. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00623.2011.
 308.Obermeier B, Daneman R, Ransohoff RM. Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood‐brain barrier. Nat Med 19: 1584‐1596, 2013. DOI: 10.1038/nm.3407.
 309.Hypertension in Pregnancy: Executive Summary. Obstet Gynecol 122: 1122‐1131, 2013. DOI: 10.1097/01.Aog.0000437382.03963.88.
 310.ACOG Committee Opinion No. 743: Low‐dose aspirin use during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 132: e44‐e52, 2018. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002708.
 311.Vidaeff A, Espinoza J, Simhan H, Pettker CM. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203: Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 133: e26‐e50, 2019. DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003020.
 312.Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet Gynecol 135: e237‐e260, 2020. DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003891.
 313.Odutayo A, Hladunewich M. Obstetric nephrology: Renal hemodynamic and metabolic physiology in normal pregnancy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 2073‐2080, 2012. DOI: 10.2215/cjn.00470112.
 314.Oehm E, Hetzel A, Els T, Berlis A, Keck C, Will HG, Reinhard M. Cerebral hemodynamics and autoregulation in reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome caused by pre‐/eclampsia. Cerebrovasc Dis 22: 204‐208, 2006. DOI: 10.1159/000093810.
 315.Oehm E, Reinhard M, Keck C, Els T, Spreer J, Hetzel A. Impaired dynamic cerebral autoregulation in eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22: 395‐398, 2003. DOI: 10.1002/uog.183.
 316.Ostlund I, Haglund B, Hanson U. Gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 113: 12‐16, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2003.07.001.
 317.Paauw ND, van der Graaf AM, Bozoglan R, van der Ham DP, Navis G, Gansevoort RT, Groen H, Lely AT. Kidney function after a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy: A longitudinal study. Am J Kidney Dis 71: 619‐626, 2018. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.10.014.
 318.Padberg JS, Wiesinger A, di Marco GS, Reuter S, Grabner A, Kentrup D, Lukasz A, Oberleithner H, Pavenstadt H, Brand M, Kumpers P. Damage of the endothelial glycocalyx in chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis 234: 335‐343, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.016.
 319.Palma‐Reis I, Vais A, Nelson‐Piercy C, Banerjee A. Renal disease and hypertension in pregnancy. Clin Med (Lond) 13: 57‐62, 2013. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.13‐1‐57.
 320.Parasramka MA, Maji S, Matsuda A, Yan IK, Patel T. Long non‐coding RNAs as novel targets for therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pharmacol Ther 161: 67‐78, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.004.
 321.Parham P. Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor diversity: Balancing signals in the natural killer cell response. Immunol Lett 92: 11‐13, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2003.11.016.
 322.Park CW, Park JS, Shim SS, Jun JK, Yoon BH, Romero R. An elevated maternal plasma, but not amniotic fluid, soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) at the time of mid‐trimester genetic amniocentesis is a risk factor for preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193: 984‐989, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.033.
 323.Park JE, Chen HH, Winer J, Houck KA, Ferrara N. Placenta growth factor. Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity, in vitro and in vivo, and high affinity binding to Flt‐1 but not to Flk‐1/KDR. J Biol Chem 269: 25646‐25654, 1994.
 324.Parrish MR, Murphy SR, Rutland S, Wallace K, Wenzel K, Wallukat G, Keiser S, Ray LF, Dechend R, Martin JN, Granger JP, LaMarca B. The effect of immune factors, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, and agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type I receptor on soluble fms‐like tyrosine‐1 and soluble endoglin production in response to hypertension during pregnancy. Am J Hypertens 23: 911‐916, 2010. DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.70.
 325.Penning M, Chua JS, van Kooten C, Zandbergen M, Buurma A, Schutte J, Bruijn JA, Khankin EV, Bloemenkamp K, Karumanchi SA, Baelde H. Classical complement pathway activation in the kidneys of women with preeclampsia. Hypertension 66: 117‐125, 2015. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05484.
 326.Penning ME, Bloemenkamp KW, van der Zon T, Zandbergen M, Schutte JM, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM, Baelde HJ. Association of preeclampsia with podocyte turnover. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 1377‐1385, 2014. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.12811213.
 327.Petrozella L, Mahendroo M, Timmons B, Roberts S, McIntire D, Alexander JM. Endothelial microparticles and the antiangiogenic state in preeclampsia and the postpartum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol 207 (140): e120‐e146, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.011.
 328.Pham N, Fazio V, Cucullo L, Teng Q, Biberthaler P, Bazarian JJ, Janigro D. Extracranial sources of S100B do not affect serum levels. PLoS One 5, 2010. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012691.
 329.Piccin A, Murphy WG, Smith OP. Circulating microparticles: Pathophysiology and clinical implications. Blood Rev 21: 157‐171, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2006.09.001.
 330.Piccoli GB, Alrukhaimi M, Liu Z‐H, Zakharova E, Levin A, Li PKT, Garcia‐Garcia G, Benghanem‐Gharbi M, Kalantar‐Zadeh K, Kernahan C, Kumaraswami L, Piccoli GB, Saadi G, Fox L, Zakharova E, Andreoli S, On behalf of the World Kidney Day Steering Committee. What we do and do not know about women and kidney diseases; questions unanswered and answers unquestioned: Reflection on World Kidney Day and International Woman's Day. BMC Nephrol 19: 66, 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s12882‐018‐0864‐y.
 331.Piccoli GB, Attini R, Vasario E, Conijn A, Biolcati M, D'Amico F, Consiglio V, Bontempo S, Todros T. Pregnancy and chronic kidney disease: A challenge in all CKD stages. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 844‐855, 2010. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.07911109.
 332.Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Attini R, Vigotti FN, Maxia S, Lepori N, Tuveri M, Massidda M, Marchi C, Mura S, Coscia A, Biolcati M, Gaglioti P, Nichelatti M, Pibiri L, Chessa G, Pani A, Todros T. Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 26: 2011‐2022, 2015. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2014050459.
 333.Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Hanssens M. The uterine spiral arteries in human pregnancy: Facts and controversies. Placenta 27: 939‐958, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2005.12.006.
 334.Pillay P, Maharaj N, Moodley J, Mackraj I. Placental exosomes and pre‐eclampsia: Maternal circulating levels in normal pregnancies and, early and late onset pre‐eclamptic pregnancies. Placenta 46: 18‐25, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.08.078.
 335.Pillay P, Moodley K, Moodley J, Mackraj I. Placenta‐derived exosomes: Potential biomarkers of preeclampsia. Int J Nanomed 12: 8009‐8023, 2017. DOI: 10.2147/ijn.S142732.
 336.Pomatto MAC, Gai C, Bussolati B, Camussi G. Extracellular vesicles in renal pathophysiology. Front Mol Biosci 4: 37, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00037.
 337.Poon LC, Wright D, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, Delgado JL, Tsokaki T, Leipold G, Akolekar R, Shearing S, De Stefani L, Jani JC, Plasencia W, Evangelinakis N, Gonzalez‐Vanegas O, Persico N, Nicolaides KH. Aspirin for evidence‐based preeclampsia prevention trial: Effect of aspirin in prevention of preterm preeclampsia in subgroups of women according to their characteristics and medical and obstetrical history. Am J Obstet Gynecol 217 (585): e581‐e585.e585, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.038.
 338.Poorolajal J, Jenabi E. The association between body mass index and preeclampsia: A meta‐analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 29: 3670‐3676, 2016. DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2016.1140738.
 339.Purwosunu Y, Sekizawa A, Koide K, Farina A, Wibowo N, Wiknjosastro GH, Okazaki S, Chiba H, Okai T. Cell‐free mRNA concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 and tissue‐type plasminogen activator are increased in the plasma of pregnant women with preeclampsia. Clin Chem 53: 399‐404, 2007. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.081372.
 340.Quaschning T, Voss F, Relle K, Kalk P, Vignon‐Zellweger N, Pfab T, Bauer C, Theilig F, Bachmann S, Kraemer‐Guth A, Wanner C, Theuring F, Galle J, Hocher B. Lack of endothelial nitric oxide synthase promotes endothelin‐induced hypertension: Lessons from endothelin‐1 transgenic/endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 730‐740, 2007. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2006050541.
 341.Raghupathy R, Makhseed M, Azizieh F, Omu A, Gupta M, Farhat R. Cytokine production by maternal lymphocytes during normal human pregnancy and in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod 15: 713‐718, 2000. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/15.3.713.
 342.Rajagopalan S, Bryceson YT, Kuppusamy SP, Geraghty DE, van der Meer A, Joosten I, Long EO. Activation of NK cells by an endocytosed receptor for soluble HLA‐G. PLoS Biol 4: e9, 2006. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040009.
 343.Rasmussen M, Reddy M, Nolan R, Camunas‐Soler J, Khodursky A, Scheller NM, Cantonwine DE, Engelbrechtsen L, Mi JD, Dutta A, Brundage T, Siddiqui F, Thao M, Gee EPS, La J, Baruch‐Gravett C, Santillan MK, Deb S, Ame SM, Ali SM, Adkins M, DePristo MA, Lee M, Namsaraev E, Gybel‐Brask DJ, Skibsted L, Litch JA, Santillan DA, Sazawal S, Tribe RM, Roberts JM, Jain M, Høgdall E, Holzman C, Quake SR, Elovitz MA, McElrath TF. RNA profiles reveal signatures of future health and disease in pregnancy. Nature 601: 422‐427, 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41586‐021‐04249‐w.
 344.Rasmussen PE, Nielsen FR. Hydronephrosis during pregnancy: A literature survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 27: 249‐259, 1988. DOI: 10.1016/0028‐2243(88)90130‐x.
 345.Ratnasiri AWG, Lee HC, Lakshminrusimha S, Parry SS, Arief VN, DeLacy IH, Yang JS, DiLibero RJ, Logan J, Basford KE. Trends in maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and its association with birth and maternal outcomes in California, 2007‐2016: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 14 (9): e0222458, 2019. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222458.
 346.Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Schull MJ, Redelmeier DA. Cardiovascular health after maternal placental syndromes (CHAMPS): Population‐based retrospective cohort study. Lancet 366: 1797‐1803, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(05)67726‐4.
 347.Redman CW, Sacks GP, Sargent IL. Preeclampsia: An excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180: 499‐506, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/s0002‐9378(99)70239‐5.
 348.Redman CW, Sargent IL. Immunology of pre‐eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 63: 534‐543, 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600‐0897.2010.00831.x.
 349.Reisaeter AV, Roislien J, Henriksen T, Irgens LM, Hartmann A. Pregnancy and birth after kidney donation: The Norwegian experience. Am J Transplant 9: 820‐824, 2009. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600‐6143.2008.02427.x.
 350.Reiser J, Altintas MM. Podocytes. F1000Res 5: F1000 Faculty Rev‐114, 2016. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7255.1.
 351.Riskin‐Mashiah S, Belfort MA, Saade GR, Herd JA. Cerebrovascular reactivity in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 98: 827‐832, 2001.
 352.Ritchie J, Smyth A, Tower C, Helbert M, Venning M, Garovic VD. Maternal deaths in women with lupus nephritis: A review of published evidence. Lupus 21: 534‐541, 2012. DOI: 10.1177/0961203311434939.
 353.Roberge S, Nicolaides K, Demers S, Hyett J, Chaillet N, Bujold E. The role of aspirin dose on the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 216: 110‐120.e116, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.09.076.
 354.Roggensack AM, Zhang Y, Davidge ST. Evidence for peroxynitrite formation in the vasculature of women with preeclampsia. Hypertension 33: 83‐89, 1999. DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.33.1.83.
 355.Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LC, O'Gorman N, Syngelaki A, de Paco Matallana C, Akolekar R, Cicero S, Janga D, Singh M, Molina FS, Persico N, Jani JC, Plasencia W, Papaioannou G, Tenenbaum‐Gavish K, Meiri H, Gizurarson S, Maclagan K, Nicolaides KH. Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 377: 613‐622, 2017. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1704559.
 356.Ross KM, Dunkel Schetter C, McLemore MR, Chambers BD, Paynter RA, Baer R, Feuer SK, Flowers E, Karasek D, Pantell M, Prather AA, Ryckman K, Jelliffe‐Pawlowski L. Socioeconomic status, preeclampsia risk and gestational length in black and white women. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 6: 1182‐1191, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s40615‐019‐00619‐3.
 357.Salzer J, Svenningsson A, Sundström P. Neurofilament light as a prognostic marker in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 16: 287‐292, 2010. DOI: 10.1177/1352458509359725.
 358.Santos S, Voerman E, Amiano P, Barros H, Beilin LJ, Bergstrom A, Charles MA, Chatzi L, Chevrier C, Chrousos GP, Corpeleijn E, Costa O, Costet N, Crozier S, Devereux G, Doyon M, Eggesbo M, Fantini MP, Farchi S, Forastiere F, Georgiu V, Godfrey KM, Gori D, Grote V, Hanke W, Hertz‐Picciotto I, Heude B, Hivert MF, Hryhorczuk D, Huang RC, Inskip H, Karvonen AM, Kenny LC, Koletzko B, Kupers LK, Lagstrom H, Lehmann I, Magnus P, Majewska R, Makela J, Manios Y, McAuliffe FM, McDonald SW, Mehegan J, Melen E, Mommers M, Morgen CS, Moschonis G, Murray D, Ni Chaoimh C, Nohr EA, Nybo Andersen AM, Oken E, Oostvogels A, Pac A, Papadopoulou E, Pekkanen J, Pizzi C, Polanska K, Porta D, Richiardi L, Rifas‐Shiman SL, Roeleveld N, Ronfani L, Santos AC, Standl M, Stigum H, Stoltenberg C, Thiering E, Thijs C, Torrent M, Tough SC, Trnovec T, Turner S, van Gelder M, van Rossem L, von Berg A, Vrijheid M, Vrijkotte T, West J, Wijga AH, Wright J, Zvinchuk O, Sorensen T, Lawlor DA, Gaillard R, Jaddoe V. Impact of maternal body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy complications: An individual participant data meta‐analysis of European, North American and Australian cohorts. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 126: 984‐995, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/1471‐0528.15661.
 359.Sarker S, Scholz‐Romero K, Perez A, Illanes SE, Mitchell MD, Rice GE, Salomon C. Placenta‐derived exosomes continuously increase in maternal circulation over the first trimester of pregnancy. J Transl Med 12: 204, 2014. DOI: 10.1186/1479‐5876‐12‐204.
 360.Satchell SC, Braet F. Glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations: An integral component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296: F947‐F956, 2009. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90601.2008.
 361.Sato Y, Wharram BL, Lee SK, Wickman L, Goyal M, Venkatareddy M, Chang JW, Wiggins JE, Lienczewski C, Kretzler M, Wiggins RC. Urine podocyte mRNAs mark progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 1041‐1052, 2009. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2007121328.
 362.Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller A‐B, Daniels J, Gülmezoglu AM, Temmerman M, Alkema L. Global causes of maternal death: A WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2: e323‐e333, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/S2214‐109X(14)70227‐X.
 363.Scantlebury DC, Schwartz GL, Acquah LA, White WM, Moser M, Garovic VD. The treatment of hypertension during pregnancy: When should blood pressure medications be started? Curr Cardiol Rep 15: 412, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s11886‐013‐0412‐0.
 364.Schiff E, Peleg E, Goldenberg M, Rosenthal T, Ruppin E, Tamarkin M, Barkai G, Ben‐Baruch G, Yahal I, Blankstein J, Goldman B, Mashiach S. The use of aspirin to prevent pregnancy‐induced hypertension and lower the ratio of thromboxane A2 to prostcyclin in relatively high risk pregnancies. N Engl J Med 321: 351‐356, 1989. DOI: 10.1056/nejm198908103210603.
 365.Serrano NC, Casas JP, Diaz LA, Paez C, Mesa CM, Cifuentes R, Monterrosa A, Bautista A, Hawe E, Hingorani AD, Vallance P, Lopez‐Jaramillo P. Endothelial NO synthase genotype and risk of preeclampsia: A multicenter case‐control study. Hypertension 44: 702‐707, 2004. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000143483.66701.ec.
 366.Serrano NC, Quintero‐Lesmes DC, Dudbridge F, Leon LJ, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ, Casas JP. Family history of pre‐eclampsia and cardiovascular disease as risk factors for pre‐eclampsia: The GenPE case‐control study. Hypertens Pregnancy 39: 56‐63, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2019.1704003.
 367.Shopen N, Schiff E, Koren‐Morag N, Grossman E. Factors that predict the development of hypertension in women with pregnancy‐induced hypertension. Am J Hypertens 29: 141‐146, 2016.
 368.Sibai BM. Imitators of severe preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 109: 956‐966, 2007. DOI: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000258281.22296.de.
 369.Sibai BM, Caritis S, Hauth J, Lindheimer M, VanDorsten JP, MacPherson C, Klebanoff M, Landon M, Miodovnik M, Paul R, Meis P, Dombrowski M, Thurnau G, Roberts J, McNellis D. Risks of preeclampsia and adverse neonatal outcomes among women with pregestational diabetes mellitus. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Units. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182: 364‐369, 2000. DOI: 10.1016/s0002‐9378(00)70225‐0.
 370.Sibai BM, Hauth J, Caritis S, Lindheimer MD, MacPherson C, Klebanoff M, VanDorsten JP, Landon M, Miodovnik M, Paul R, Meis P, Thurnau G, Dombrowski M, Roberts J, McNellis D. Hypertensive disorders in twin versus singleton gestations. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Units. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182: 938‐942, 2000. DOI: 10.1016/s0002‐9378(00)70350‐4.
 371.Sibai BM, Lindheimer M, Hauth J, Caritis S, VanDorsten P, Klebanoff M, MacPherson C, Landon M, Miodovnik M, Paul R, Meis P, Dombrowski M. Risk factors for preeclampsia, abruptio placentae, and adverse neonatal outcomes among women with chronic hypertension. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Units. N Engl J Med 339: 667‐671, 1998. DOI: 10.1056/nejm199809033391004.
 372.Siddiqi FS, Advani A. Endothelial‐podocyte crosstalk: The missing link between endothelial dysfunction and albuminuria in diabetes. Diabetes 62: 3647‐3655, 2013. DOI: 10.2337/db13‐0795.
 373.Siddiqui AH, Irani RA, Blackwell SC, Ramin SM, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibody is highly prevalent in preeclampsia: Correlation with disease severity. Hypertension 55: 386‐393, 2010. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140061.
 374.Siepmann T, Boardman H, Bilderbeck A, Griffanti L, Kenworthy Y, Zwager C, McKean D, Francis J, Neubauer S, Yu GZ, Lewandowski AJ, Sverrisdottir YB, Leeson P. Long‐term cerebral white and gray matter changes after preeclampsia. Neurology 88: 1256‐1264, 2017. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003765.
 375.Silva LM, Coolman M, Steegers EA, Jaddoe VW, Moll HA, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Raat H. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for preeclampsia: The Generation R Study. J Hypertens 26: 1200‐1208, 2008. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282fcc36e.
 376.Simon C, Greening DW, Bolumar D, Balaguer N, Salamonsen LA, Vilella F. Extracellular vesicles in human reproduction in health and disease. Endocr Rev 39: 292‐332, 2018. DOI: 10.1210/er.2017‐00229.
 377.Simon‐Tillaux N, Lecarpentier E, Tsatsaris V, Hertig A. Sildenafil for the treatment of preeclampsia, an update: Should we still be enthusiastic? Nephrol Dial Transplant 34: 1819‐1826, 2019. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy328.
 378.Singh J, Ahmed A, Girardi G. Role of complement component C1q in the onset of preeclampsia in mice. Hypertension 58: 716‐724, 2011. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.175919.
 379.Singh KD, Jara ZP, Harford T, Saha PP, Pardhi TR, Desnoyer R, Karnik SS. Novel allosteric ligands of the angiotensin receptor AT1R as autoantibody blockers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118: e2019126118, 2021. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019126118.
 380.Siragy HM. AT1 and AT2 receptor in the kidney: Role in health and disease. Semin Nephrol 24: 93‐100, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2003.11.009.
 381.Sisino G, Bouckenooghe T, Aurientis S, Fontaine P, Storme L, Vambergue A. Diabetes during pregnancy influences Hofbauer cells, a subtype of placental macrophages, to acquire a pro‐inflammatory phenotype. Biochim Biophys Acta: 1959‐1968, 1832, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.009.
 382.Smyth A, Oliveira GH, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Norby SM, Garovic VD. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 2060‐2068, 2010. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.00240110.
 383.Soncin F, Natale D, Parast MM. Signaling pathways in mouse and human trophoblast differentiation: A comparative review. Cell Mol Life Sci 72: 1291‐1302, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s00018‐014‐1794‐x.
 384.Song X, Luo X, Gao Q, Wang Y, Gao Q, Long W. Dysregulation of LncRNAs in placenta and pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Curr Drug Targets 18: 1165‐1170, 2017. DOI: 10.2174/1389450118666170404160000.
 385.Sonneveld MJ, Brussé IA, Duvekot JJ, Steegers EA, Grune F, Visser GH. Cerebral perfusion pressure in women with preeclampsia is elevated even after treatment of elevated blood pressure. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 93: 508‐511, 2014. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12358.
 386.Sontag F, Suvakov S, Garovic V. Soluble urinary somatic angiotensin converting enzyme is overexpressed in patients with preeclampsia: A potential new marker for the disease? Hypertens Pregnancy: 1‐8, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2022.2115060.
 387.Spradley FT, Palei AC, Granger JP. Increased risk for the development of preeclampsia in obese pregnancies: Weighing in on the mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 309: R1326‐R1343, 2015. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00178.2015.
 388.Stepan H, Faber R, Wessel N, Wallukat G, Schultheiss HP, Walther T. Relation between circulating angiotensin II type 1 receptor agonistic autoantibodies and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 2424‐2427, 2006. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005‐2698.
 389.Straughen JK, Misra DP, Kumar P, Misra VK. The influence of overweight and obesity on maternal soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 and its relationship with leptin during pregnancy. Reprod Sci 20: 269‐275, 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1933719112452472.
 390.Stuart JJ, Tanz LJ, Missmer SA, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, James‐Todd TM, Rich‐Edwards JW. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and maternal cardiovascular disease risk factor development: An observational cohort study. Ann Intern Med 169: 224‐232, 2018. DOI: 10.7326/m17‐2740.
 391.Sugimoto H, Hamano Y, Charytan D, Cosgrove D, Kieran M, Sudhakar A, Kalluri R. Neutralization of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by anti‐VEGF antibodies and soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFlt‐1) induces proteinuria. J Biol Chem 278: 12605‐12608, 2003. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.C300012200.
 392.Sukenik‐Halevy R, Amiel A, Kidron D, Liberman M, Ganor‐Paz Y, Biron‐Shental T. Telomere homeostasis in trophoblasts and in cord blood cells from pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 214: 283 e281‐283 e287, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.050.
 393.Sunderland N, Hennessy A, Makris A. Animal models of pre‐eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 65: 533‐541, 2011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600‐0897.2010.00929.x.
 394.Suvakov S, Cubro H, White WM, Butler Tobah YS, Weissgerber TL, Jordan KL, Zhu XY, Woollard JR, Chebib FT, Milic NM, Grande JP, Xu M, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Lerman LO, Garovic VD. Targeting senescence improves angiogenic potential of adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with preeclampsia. Biol Sex Differ 10: 49, 2019. DOI: 10.1186/s13293‐019‐0263‐5.
 395.Suvakov S, Ghamrawi R, Cubro H, Tu H, White WM, Tobah YSB, Milic NM, Grande JP, Cunningham JM, Chebib FT, Prata L, Zhu Y, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Nath KA, Milosavljevic A, Garovic VD. Epigenetic and senescence markers indicate an accelerated ageing‐like state in women with preeclamptic pregnancies. EBioMedicine 70: 103536, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103536.
 396.Takeda‐Matsubara Y, Iwai M, Cui TX, Shiuchi T, Liu HW, Okumura M, Ito M, Horiuchi M. Roles of angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors in pregnancy‐associated blood pressure change. Am J Hypertens 17: 684‐689, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.03.680.
 397.Tangren JS, Powe CE, Ankers E, Ecker J, Bramham K, Hladunewich MA, Karumanchi SA, Thadhani R. Pregnancy outcomes after clinical recovery from AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 28 (5): 1566‐1574, 2017. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2016070806.
 398.Tangren JS, Wan Md Adnan WAH, Powe CE, Ecker J, Bramham K, Hladunewich MA, Ankers E, Karumanchi SA, Thadhani R. Risk of preeclampsia and pregnancy complications in women with a history of acute kidney injury. Hypertension 72: 451‐459, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11161.
 399.Tarca AL, Romero R, Erez O, Gudicha DW, Than NG, Benshalom‐Tirosh N, Pacora P, Hsu CD, Chaiworapongsa T, Hassan SS, Gomez‐Lopez N. Maternal whole blood mRNA signatures identify women at risk of early preeclampsia: A longitudinal study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 34: 3463‐3474, 2021. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1685964.
 400.Than NG, Balogh A, Romero R, Kárpáti E, Erez O, Szilágyi A, Kovalszky I, Sammar M, Gizurarson S, Matkó J, Závodszky P, Papp Z, Meiri H. Placental protein 13 (PP13) ‐ a placental immunoregulatory galectin protecting pregnancy. Front Immunol 5: 348, 2014. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00348.
 401.Thangaratinam S, Rogozińska E, Jolly K, Glinkowski S, Roseboom T, Tomlinson JW, Kunz R, Mol BW, Coomarasamy A, Khan KS. Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: Meta‐analysis of randomised evidence. Br Med J 344: e2088, 2012. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e2088.
 402.Thomou T, Mori MA, Dreyfuss JM, Konishi M, Sakaguchi M, Wolfrum C, Rao TN, Winnay JN, Garcia‐Martin R, Grinspoon SK, Gorden P, Kahn CR. Adipose‐derived circulating miRNAs regulate gene expression in other tissues. Nature 542: 450‐455, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/nature21365.
 403.Thornburg KL, Jacobson SL, Giraud GD, Morton MJ. Hemodynamic changes in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 24: 11‐14, 2000. DOI: 10.1016/s0146‐0005(00)80047‐6.
 404.Thornton CE, Makris A, Ogle RF, Tooher JM, Hennessy A. Role of proteinuria in defining pre‐eclampsia: Clinical outcomes for women and babies. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 37: 466‐470, 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440‐1681.2009.05334.x.
 405.Thurman JM. Complement in kidney disease: Core curriculum 2015. Am J Kidney Dis 65: 156‐168, 2015. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.06.035.
 406.Tian J, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Xiao J, Li S, Chen Y, Qiao Z, Niu J, Gu Y. Angiotensin‐(1‐7) attenuates damage to podocytes induced by preeclamptic serum through MAPK pathways. Int J Mol Med 34: 1057‐1064, 2014. DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1870.
 407.Todd N, McNally R, Alqudah A, Jerotic D, Suvakov S, Obradovic D, Hoch D, Hombrebueno JR, Campos GL, Watson CJ, Gojnic‐Dugalic M, Simic TP, Krasnodembskaya A, Desoye G, Eastwood KA, Hunter AJ, Holmes VA, McCance DR, Young IS, Grieve DJ, Kenny LC, Garovic VD, Robson T, McClements L. Role of a novel angiogenesis FKBPL‐CD44 pathway in preeclampsia risk stratification and mesenchymal stem cell treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106: 26‐41, 2021. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa403.
 408.Tong J, Zhao W, Lv H, Li WP, Chen ZJ, Zhang C. Transcriptomic profiling in human decidua of severe preeclampsia detected by RNA sequencing. J Cell Biochem 119: 607‐615, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26221.
 409.Tong M, Chen Q, James JL, Stone PR, Chamley LW. Micro‐ and nano‐vesicles from first trimester human placentae carry Flt‐1 and levels are increased in severe preeclampsia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8: 174, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00174.
 410.Tooher J, Chiu CL, Yeung K, Lupton SJ, Thornton C, Makris A, O'Loughlin A, Hennessy A, Lind JM. High blood pressure during pregnancy is associated with future cardiovascular disease: An observational cohort study. BMJ Open 3: e002964, 2013. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen‐2013‐002964.
 411.Toyoda M, Suzuki D, Umezono T, Uehara G, Maruyama M, Honma M, Sakai T, Sakai H. Expression of human nephrin mRNA in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 380‐385, 2004. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfg545.
 412.Tsang JCH, Vong JSL, Ji L, Poon LCY, Jiang P, Lui KO, Ni YB, To KF, Cheng YKY, Chiu RWK, Lo YMD. Integrative single‐cell and cell‐free plasma RNA transcriptomics elucidates placental cellular dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114: E7786‐E7795, 2017. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710470114.
 413.Tsatsaris V, Goffin F, Munaut C, Brichant JF, Pignon MR, Noel A, Schaaps JP, Cabrol D, Frankenne F, Foidart JM. Overexpression of the soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor in preeclamptic patients: Pathophysiological consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 5555‐5563, 2003. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003‐030528.
 414.Tsui NB, Chim SS, Chiu RW, Lau TK, Ng EK, Leung TN, Tong YK, Chan KC, Lo YM. Systematic micro‐array based identification of placental mRNA in maternal plasma: Towards non‐invasive prenatal gene expression profiling. J Med Genet 41: 461‐467, 2004. DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.016881.
 415.Turco AE, Lam W, Rule AD, Denic A, Lieske JC, Miller VM, Larson JJ, Kremers WK, Jayachandran M. Specific renal parenchymal‐derived urinary extracellular vesicles identify age‐associated structural changes in living donor kidneys. J Extracell Vesicles 5: 29642, 2016. DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.29642.
 416.Tweet MS, Hayes SN, Codsi E, Gulati R, Rose CH, Best PJM. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 70: 426‐435, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.055.
 417.van Balkom BW, Pisitkun T, Verhaar MC, Knepper MA. Exosomes and the kidney: Prospects for diagnosis and therapy of renal diseases. Kidney Int 80: 1138‐1145, 2011. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.292.
 418.Vazquez‐Escobosa C, Perez‐Medina R, Gomez‐Estrada H. Circulating immune complexes in hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 62: 45‐48, 1983.
 419.Velicky P, Meinhardt G, Plessl K, Vondra S, Weiss T, Haslinger P, Lendl T, Aumayr K, Mairhofer M, Zhu X, Schutz B, Hannibal RL, Lindau R, Weil B, Ernerudh J, Neesen J, Egger G, Mikula M, Rohrl C, Urban AE, Baker J, Knofler M, Pollheimer J. Genome amplification and cellular senescence are hallmarks of human placenta development. PLoS Genet 14: e1007698, 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007698.
 420.Verma R, Venkatareddy M, Kalinowski A, Li T, Kukla J, Mollin A, Cara‐Fuentes G, Patel SR, Garg P. Nephrin is necessary for podocyte recovery following injury in an adult mature glomerulus. PLoS One 13: e0198013, 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198013.
 421.Veron D, Reidy KJ, Bertuccio C, Teichman J, Villegas G, Jimenez J, Shen W, Kopp JB, Thomas DB, Tufro A. Overexpression of VEGF‐A in podocytes of adult mice causes glomerular disease. Kidney Int 77: 989‐999, 2010. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.64.
 422.Vettorazzi J, Torres FV, de Ávila TT, Martins‐Costa SH, Souza DO, Portela LV, Ramos JG. Serum S100B in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia: A case‐control study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2: 101‐105, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2011.11.004.
 423.Vikse BE, Irgens LM, Leivestad T, Skjaerven R, Iversen BM. Preeclampsia and the risk of end‐stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 359: 800‐809, 2008. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0706790.
 424.Vinayagam V, Bobby Z, Habeebullah S, Chaturvedula L, Bharadwaj SK. Maternal and cord blood plasma sEng and TGF‐β1 in patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A pilot study in a south Indian population. J Clin Diagn Res 11: Qc32‐Qc34, 2017. DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/22790.9600.
 425.Vince GS, Starkey PM, Austgulen R, Kwiatkowski D, Redman CW. Interleukin‐6, tumour necrosis factor and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors in women with pre‐eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102: 20‐25, 1995. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.1995.tb09020.x.
 426.Vogelmann SU, Nelson WJ, Myers BD, Lemley KV. Urinary excretion of viable podocytes in health and renal disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 285: F40‐F48, 2003. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00404.2002.
 427.Wagner SJ, Craici I, Reed D, Norby S, Bailey K, Wiste HJ, Wood CM, Moder KG, Liang KP, Liang KV, Rose C, Rozkos T, Sitina M, Grande JP, Garovic VD. Maternal and foetal outcomes in pregnant patients with active lupus nephritis. Lupus 18: 342‐347, 2009. DOI: 10.1177/0961203308097575.
 428.Wallace K, Richards S, Dhillon P, Weimer A, Edholm ES, Bengten E, Wilson M, Martin JN Jr, LaMarca B. CD4+ T‐helper cells stimulated in response to placental ischemia mediate hypertension during pregnancy. Hypertension 57: 949‐955, 2011. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168344.
 429.Wallis AB, Saftlas AF, Hsia J, Atrash HK. Secular trends in the rates of preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension, United States, 1987–2004. Am J Hypertens 21: 521‐526, 2008. DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.20.
 430.Wallukat G, Homuth V, Fischer T, Lindschau C, Horstkamp B, Jupner A, Baur E, Nissen E, Vetter K, Neichel D, Dudenhausen JW, Haller H, Luft FC. Patients with preeclampsia develop agonistic autoantibodies against the angiotensin AT1 receptor. J Clin Invest 103: 945‐952, 1999. DOI: 10.1172/JCI4106.
 431.Wallukat G, Neichel D, Nissen E, Homuth V, Luft FC. Agonistic autoantibodies directed against the angiotensin II AT1 receptor in patients with preeclampsia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 81: 79‐83, 2003. DOI: 10.1139/y02‐160.
 432.Wang IK, Muo CH, Chang YC, Liang CC, Chang CT, Lin SY, Yen TH, Chuang FR, Chen PC, Huang CC, Wen CP, Sung FC, Morisky DE. Association between hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and end‐stage renal disease: A population‐based study. CMAJ 185: 207‐213, 2013. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.120230.
 433.Wang J, Fu D, Senouthai S, You Y. Critical roles of PI3K/Akt/NFkappaB survival axis in angiotensin IIinduced podocyte injury. Mol Med Rep 20: 5134‐5144, 2019. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10733.
 434.Wang X, Chen Y, Du L, Li X, Li X, Chen D. Evaluation of circulating placenta‐related long noncoding RNAs as potential biomarkers for preeclampsia. Exp Ther Med 15: 4309‐4317, 2018. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5968.
 435.Wang Y, Zhao S, Gu Y, Lewis DF. Loss of slit protein nephrin is associated with reduced antioxidant superoxide dismutase expression in podocytes shed from women with preeclampsia. Physiol Rep 6: e13785, 2018. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13785.
 436.Wang Z, Zhao G, Zeng M, Feng W, Liu J. Overview of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Biol Reprod 105: 32‐39, 2021. DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab060.
 437.Warrington JP, Fan F, Murphy SR, Roman RJ, Drummond HA, Granger JP, Ryan MJ. Placental ischemia in pregnant rats impairs cerebral blood flow autoregulation and increases blood‐brain barrier permeability. Physiol Rep 2: e12134, 2014. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12134.
 438.Weed S, Bastek JA, Anton L, Elovitz MA, Parry S, Srinivas SK. Examining the correlation between placental and serum placenta growth factor in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 207 (140): e141‐e146, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.05.003.
 439.Weissgerber TL, Garcia‐Valencia O, Milic NM, Codsi E, Cubro H, Nath MC, White WM, Nath KA, Garovic VD. Early onset preeclampsia is associated with glycocalyx degradation and reduced microvascular perfusion. J Am Heart Assoc 8: e010647, 2019. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010647.
 440.Weissgerber TL, McConico A, Knudsen BE, Butters KA, Hayman SR, White WM, Milic N, Miller VM, Garovic VD. Methodological differences account for inconsistencies in reported free VEGF concentrations in pregnant rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 306: R796‐R803, 2014. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00544.2013.
 441.Wenzel K, Rajakumar A, Haase H, Geusens N, Hubner N, Schulz H, Brewer J, Roberts L, Hubel CA, Herse F, Hering L, Qadri F, Lindschau C, Wallukat G, Pijnenborg R, Heidecke H, Riemekasten G, Luft FC, Muller DN, Lamarca B, Dechend R. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies and increased angiotensin II sensitivity in pregnant rats. Hypertension 58: 77‐84, 2011. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.171348.
 442.Westerlund E, Brandt L, Hovatta O, Wallén H, Ekbom A, Henriksson P. Incidence of hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, and diabetes in women who have delivered after in vitro fertilization: A population‐based cohort study from Sweden. Fertil Steril 102: 1096‐1102, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.024.
 443.Wever RM, van Dam T, van Rijn HJ, de Groot F, Rabelink TJ. Tetrahydrobiopterin regulates superoxide and nitric oxide generation by recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 237: 340‐344, 1997. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7069.
 444.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA, Williamson JD, Wright JT. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 71: e13‐e115, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065.
 445.Whigham CA, MacDonald TM, Walker SP, Pritchard N, Hannan NJ, Cannon P, Nguyen TV, Hastie R, Tong S, Kaitu'u‐Lino TJ. Circulating GATA2 mRNA is decreased among women destined to develop preeclampsia and may be of endothelial origin. Sci Rep 9: 235, 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐018‐36645‐0.
 446.White WM, Mielke MM, Araoz PA, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Jayachandran M, Miller VM, Garovic VD. A history of preeclampsia is associated with a risk for coronary artery calcification 3 decades later. Am J Obstet Gynecol 214 (519): e511‐e519.e518, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.02.003.
 447.Wiles K, Bramham K, Seed PT, Kurlak LO, Mistry HD, Nelson‐Piercy C, Lightstone L, Chappell LC. Diagnostic indicators of superimposed preeclampsia in women with CKD. Kidney Int Rep 4: 842‐853, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.03.012.
 448.Wiles K, Bramham K, Seed PT, Nelson‐Piercy C, Lightstone L, Chappell LC. Serum creatinine in pregnancy: A systematic review. Kidney Int Rep 4: 408‐419, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.10.015.
 449.Wiles KS, Nelson‐Piercy C, Bramham K. Reproductive health and pregnancy in women with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 14: 165‐184, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.187.
 450.Williams D, Davison J. Chronic kidney disease in pregnancy. BMJ 336: 211‐215, 2008. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39406.652986.BE.
 451.Williams KP, Wilson S. Persistence of cerebral hemodynamic changes in patients with eclampsia: A report of three cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181: 1162‐1165, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/s0002‐9378(99)70101‐8.
 452.Williams PJ, Broughton Pipkin F. The genetics of pre‐eclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 25: 405‐417, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.02.007.
 453.Wojtowicz A, Zembala‐Szczerba M, Babczyk D, Kolodziejczyk‐Pietruszka M, Lewaczynska O, Huras H. Early‐ and late‐onset preeclampsia: A comprehensive cohort study of laboratory and clinical findings according to the new ISHHP criteria. Int J Hypertens 2019: 4108271, 2019. DOI: 10.1155/2019/4108271.
 454.Wright RD, Beresford MW. Podocytes contribute, and respond, to the inflammatory environment in lupus nephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 315: F1683‐F1694, 2018. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00512.2017.
 455.Wu DD, Gao L, Huang O, Ullah K, Guo MX, Liu Y, Zhang J, Chen L, Fan JX, Sheng JZ, Lin XH, Huang HF. Increased adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with stage 1 hypertension in a low‐risk cohort: Evidence from 47 874 cases. Hypertension 75: 772‐780, 2020. DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14252.
 456.Wu P, Chew‐Graham CA, Maas AH, Chappell LC, Potts JE, Gulati M, Jordan KP, Mamas MA. Temporal changes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and impact on cardiovascular and obstetric outcomes. Am J Cardiol 125: 1508‐1516, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.02.029.
 457.Xia Y, Wen H, Bobst S, Day MC, Kellems RE. Maternal autoantibodies from preeclamptic patients activate angiotensin receptors on human trophoblast cells. J Soc Gynecol Investig 10: 82‐93, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/s1071‐5576(02)00259‐9.
 458.Xu M, Pirtskhalava T, Farr JN, Weigand BM, Palmer AK, Weivoda MM, Inman CL, Ogrodnik MB, Hachfeld CM, Fraser DG, Onken JL, Johnson KO, Verzosa GC, Langhi LGP, Weigl M, Giorgadze N, LeBrasseur NK, Miller JD, Jurk D, Singh RJ, Allison DB, Ejima K, Hubbard GB, Ikeno Y, Cubro H, Garovic VD, Hou X, Weroha SJ, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ, Khosla S, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL. Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age. Nat Med 24: 1246‐1256, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41591‐018‐0092‐9.
 459.Xu X, Zhou Y, Wei H. Roles of HLA‐G in the maternal‐fetal immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 11: 592010, 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592010.
 460.Xueya Z, Yamei L, Sha C, Dan C, Hong S, Xingyu Y, Weiwei C. Exosomal encapsulation of miR‐125a‐5p inhibited trophoblast cell migration and proliferation by regulating the expression of VEGFA in preeclampsia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 525: 646‐653, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.137.
 461.Yang J, Li L, Shang JY, Cai L, Song L, Zhang SL, Li H, Li X, Lau WB, Ma XL, Liu HR. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody as a novel regulator of aldosterone independent of preeclampsia. J Hypertens 33: 1046‐1056, 2015. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000521.
 462.Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, Topalian SL, Steinberg SM, Chen HX, Rosenberg SA. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med 349: 427‐434, 2003. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa021491.
 463.Yang X, Meng T. Long noncoding RNA in preeclampsia: Transcriptional noise or innovative indicators? Biomed Res Int 2019: 5437621, 2019. DOI: 10.1155/2019/5437621.
 464.Yang X, Wang F, Chang H, Zhang S, Yang L, Wang X, Cheng X, Zhang M, Ma XL, Liu H. Autoantibody against AT1 receptor from preeclamptic patients induces vasoconstriction through angiotensin receptor activation. J Hypertens 26: 1629‐1635, 2008. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328304dbff.
 465.Yu S. Role of nephrin in podocyte injury induced by angiotension II. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 36: 1‐5, 2016. DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.963872.
 466.Yuen DA, Stead BE, Zhang Y, White KE, Kabir MG, Thai K, Advani SL, Connelly KA, Takano T, Zhu L, Cox AJ, Kelly DJ, Gibson IW, Takahashi T, Harris RC, Advani A. eNOS deficiency predisposes podocytes to injury in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 23: 1810‐1823, 2012. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2011121170.
 467.Yuen L, Saeedi P, Riaz M, Karuranga S, Divakar H, Levitt N, Yang X, Simmons D. Projections of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in 2019 and beyond: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 157: 107841, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107841.
 468.Zenclussen AC. Adaptive immune responses during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 69: 291‐303, 2013. DOI: 10.1111/aji.12097.
 469.Zetterström K, Lindeberg S, Haglund B, Magnuson A, Hanson U. Being born small for gestational age increases the risk of severe pre‐eclampsia. BJOG 114: 319‐324, 2007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2006.01231.x.
 470.Zhang J‐J, Ma X‐X, Hao L, Liu L‐J, Lv J‐C, Zhang H. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of outcomes of pregnancy in CKD and CKD outcomes in pregnancy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10: 1964‐1978, 2015. DOI: 10.2215/cjn.09250914.
 471.Zhang Y, Chen X. lncRNA FOXD2‐AS1 affects trophoblast cell proliferation, invasion and migration through targeting miRNA. Zygote 13: 1‐8, 2020. DOI: 10.1017/s0967199419000807.
 472.Zhou CC, Ahmad S, Mi T, Abbasi S, Xia L, Day MC, Ramin SM, Ahmed A, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Autoantibody from women with preeclampsia induces soluble Fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 production via angiotensin type 1 receptor and calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T‐cells signaling. Hypertension 51: 1010‐1019, 2008. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.097790.
 473.Zhou CC, Irani RA, Dai Y, Blackwell SC, Hicks MJ, Ramin SM, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Autoantibody‐mediated IL‐6‐dependent endothelin‐1 elevation underlies pathogenesis in a mouse model of preeclampsia. J Immunol 186: 6024‐6034, 2011. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004026.
 474.Zhou CC, Irani RA, Zhang Y, Blackwell SC, Mi T, Wen J, Shelat H, Geng YJ, Ramin SM, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibody‐mediated tumor necrosis factor‐alpha induction contributes to increased soluble endoglin production in preeclampsia. Circulation 121: 436‐444, 2010. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.902890.
 475.Zhou CC, Zhang Y, Irani RA, Zhang H, Mi T, Popek EJ, Hicks MJ, Ramin SM, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies induce pre‐eclampsia in pregnant mice. Nat Med 14: 855‐862, 2008. DOI: 10.1038/nm.1856.
 476.Zoet GA, Benschop L, Boersma E, Budde RPJ, Fauser B, van der Graaf Y, de Groot CJM, Maas A, Roeters van Lennep JE, Steegers EAP, Visseren FL, van Rijn BB, Velthuis BK, Franx A. Prevalence of Subclinical coronary artery disease assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography in 45‐ to 55‐year‐old women with a history of preeclampsia. Circulation 137: 877‐879, 2018. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032695.
 477.Zunker P, Happe S, Georgiadis AL, Louwen F, Georgiadis D, Ringelstein EB, Holzgreve W. Maternal cerebral hemodynamics in pregnancy‐related hypertension. A prospective transcranial Doppler study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 16: 179‐187, 2000. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469‐0705.2000.00194.x.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Preeclampsia and the Kidney: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications
 

How to Cite

Virginia Dines, Sonja Suvakov, Andrea Kattah, Jane Vermunt, Kavita Narang, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Coline Abou Hassan, Alexander M. Norby, Vesna D. Garovic. Preeclampsia and the Kidney: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. Compr Physiol 2023, 13: 4231-4267. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c210051