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Prefrontal Cortex in Motor Control

Joaquin M. Fuster

10.1002/cphy.cp010225

Source: Supplement 2: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Motor Control

Originally published: 1981

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Anatomy
1.1 Development and Comparative Anatomy
1.2 Connections
1.3 Summary
2 Lesion Studies
2.1 Motility
2.2 Task Performance
2.3 Emotional Behavior
2.4 Summary
3 Electrophysiology
3.1 Inputs and Outputs Electrically Traced
3.2 Inhibition From Orbital Prefrontal Cortex
3.3 Frontal Eye Fields and Oculomotor Control
3.4 Electrical Correlates of Performance
3.5 Summary
4 Discussion
4.1 Temporal Synthesis of Behavior
5 Summary and Conclusions
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Prefrontal cortex (shaded area) in 4 primates and 2 carnivores. (Arrangement by brain size is not intended to display a phyletic order.) a.s., Arcuate sulcus; c.s., cingulate sulcus; g. pr., gyrus proreus; i.p.f., inferior precentral fissure; p.f., presylvian fissure; p.s., principal sulcus; pr. f., proreal fissure.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Cytoarchitectural maps of lateral frontal cortex in cercopithecoid monkeys, including rhesus. Orbital prefrontal cortex, in inferior aspect of hemisphere, is partly visible (with areal demarcations in Brodmann's map).

From Akert 2
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Efferent projections of prefrontal cortex most probably involved in motor control.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Percentage of correct responses, reaction time to sample or cue, reaction time to choice stimuli, and general motor activity as function of delay in delayed matching to sample (left) and delayed response (right). Plotted values are for normal cortical temperature and for bilateral cooling of areas indicated at top.

From Bauer and Fuster 20. Copyright 1976 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Averaged electrocortical responses to auditory and visual stimuli in the frontal region of man. A‐C: responses to click, flicker, and click‐flicker pairing before conditioning. D: after conditioning, responses to click (conditional stimulus) followed by flicker (imperative stimulus), terminated by subject pressing a button; note slow negative potential (CNV) during interval between stimuli.

From Walter et al. 396
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Unit discharge patterns in prefrontal cortex during delayed‐response trial. Heavy line marks deviations from intertrial baseline firing, activation emphasized by shading. Arrows at bottom mark movements of opaque screen interposed between animal and test objects. During cue phase, food is placed under 1 of 2 identical objects; during delay phase (about 18 s), screen is down (as between trials); at end of delay, screen is raised, exposing objects for choice.

From Fuster 102
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Spike activity of single unit (type D) in prefrontal cortex during 5 delayed‐response trials. Spikes are represented by vertical lines. Cue phase is marked by horizontal bar and end of delay by arrow. Observe prolonged activation of firing during delay; firing returns to normal with animal's response in trials longer than 30 s (top 3 trials) and 1 min (bottom 2 trials).

From Fuster and Alexander 105. Copyright 1971 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science


Figure 1.

Prefrontal cortex (shaded area) in 4 primates and 2 carnivores. (Arrangement by brain size is not intended to display a phyletic order.) a.s., Arcuate sulcus; c.s., cingulate sulcus; g. pr., gyrus proreus; i.p.f., inferior precentral fissure; p.f., presylvian fissure; p.s., principal sulcus; pr. f., proreal fissure.



Figure 2.

Cytoarchitectural maps of lateral frontal cortex in cercopithecoid monkeys, including rhesus. Orbital prefrontal cortex, in inferior aspect of hemisphere, is partly visible (with areal demarcations in Brodmann's map).

From Akert 2


Figure 3.

Efferent projections of prefrontal cortex most probably involved in motor control.



Figure 4.

Percentage of correct responses, reaction time to sample or cue, reaction time to choice stimuli, and general motor activity as function of delay in delayed matching to sample (left) and delayed response (right). Plotted values are for normal cortical temperature and for bilateral cooling of areas indicated at top.

From Bauer and Fuster 20. Copyright 1976 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission


Figure 5.

Averaged electrocortical responses to auditory and visual stimuli in the frontal region of man. A‐C: responses to click, flicker, and click‐flicker pairing before conditioning. D: after conditioning, responses to click (conditional stimulus) followed by flicker (imperative stimulus), terminated by subject pressing a button; note slow negative potential (CNV) during interval between stimuli.

From Walter et al. 396


Figure 6.

Unit discharge patterns in prefrontal cortex during delayed‐response trial. Heavy line marks deviations from intertrial baseline firing, activation emphasized by shading. Arrows at bottom mark movements of opaque screen interposed between animal and test objects. During cue phase, food is placed under 1 of 2 identical objects; during delay phase (about 18 s), screen is down (as between trials); at end of delay, screen is raised, exposing objects for choice.

From Fuster 102


Figure 7.

Spike activity of single unit (type D) in prefrontal cortex during 5 delayed‐response trials. Spikes are represented by vertical lines. Cue phase is marked by horizontal bar and end of delay by arrow. Observe prolonged activation of firing during delay; firing returns to normal with animal's response in trials longer than 30 s (top 3 trials) and 1 min (bottom 2 trials).

From Fuster and Alexander 105. Copyright 1971 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science
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Article Title: Prefrontal Cortex in Motor Control
 

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Joaquin M. Fuster. Prefrontal Cortex in Motor Control. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 2: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Motor Control: 1149-1178. First published in print 1981. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010225