Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

Neurogenetics and Behavior Related to Higher Brain Functions

Verne S. Caviness

10.1002/cphy.cp010504

Source: Supplement 5: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain

Originally published: 1987

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Higher Brain Functions and Genotype: Correlated Variations
1.1 Intelligence
1.2 Personality and Temperament
1.3 General Comment
2 Genetic Basis of Variation in Nervous System
2.1 Structure and Organization of DNA: Starting Point
2.2 Modes of Variation in DNA Structure
2.3 Genome Within Nervous System
3 Genome and Determination of Behavior
3.1 Conservation and Change in Evolution
3.2 Inbred Strains and Selected Breeding
3.3 Sexual Hormones and Dimorphic Brain Organization
3.4 Variations in Single or Small Numbers of Genes
3.5 Neurological Mutants in Experimental Animals
3.6 Heritable Disorders in Humans
4 Summary
References
 1. Aceves‐Pina, E. O., and W. G. Quinn. Learning in normal and mutant Drosophila larvae. Science Wash. DC 206: 93–96, 1979.
 2. Adams, R. D., and G. Lyon. Neurology of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases of Children. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1981.
 3. Al‐Ani, A. T., G. Tunnicliff, M. T. Rick, and G. A. Kerkut. GABA production, acetylcholinesterase activity and biogenic amine levels in brain for mouse strains differing in spontaneous activity and reactivity. Life Sci. 9: 21–27, 1970.
 4. Albert, P. S., S. J. Brown, and D. L. Riddle. Sensory control of dauer larva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Comp. Neurol. 198: 435–451, 1981.
 5. Andres, F. L., and H. Van der Loos. Whisker patterns in cultured non‐innervated muzzle skin from mouse embryos. Neurosci. Lett. 30: 37–41, 1982.
 6. Antonarakis, S. E., J. A. Phillips III, and H. H. Kazazian. Genetic diseases: diagnosis by restriction endonuclease analysis. J. Pediatr. 100: 845–856, 1982.
 7. Arai, Y., and R. A. Gorski. Critical exposure time for androgenization of the developing hypothalamus in the female rat. Endocrinology 82: 1010–1014, 1968.
 8. Aronin, N., P. E. Cooper, L. J. Lorenz, E. D. Bird, S. M. Sagar, S. E. Leeman, and J. B. Martin. Somatostatin is increased in the basal ganglia in Huntington's disease. Ann. Neurol. 13: 519–526, 1983.
 9. Bailey, D. W. Sources of subline divergence and their relative importance for sublines of six major inbred strains of mice. In: Origins of Inbred Mice, edited by H. C. Morse III. New York: Academic, 1978, p. 197–215.
 10. Baker, H., T. H. Joh, and D. J. Reis. Genetic control of the number of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in inbred strains of mice: relationship to size and neuronal density of the striatum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4369–4373, 1980.
 11. Barber, R. P., J. E. Vaughn, R. E. Wimer, and C. C. Wimer. Genetically‐associated variations in the distribution of dentate granule cell synapses upon the pyramidal cell dendrites in mouse hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 156: 417–434, 1974.
 12. Bardin, C. W., and J. F. Catteral. Testosterone: a major determinant of extragenital sexual dimorphism. Science Wash. DC 211: 1285–1294, 1981.
 13. Barsh, G. S., P. H. Seeburg, and R. E. Gelinas. The human growth hormone gene family: structure and evolution of the chromosomal locus. Nucleic Acids Res. 11: 3939–3957, 1983.
 14. Beatty, W. W. Gonadal hormones and sex differences in nonreproductive behaviors in rodents: organizational and activational influences. Horm. Behav. 12: 112–163, 1979.
 15. Becker, J. B., and V. D. Ramirez. Sex differences in the amphetamine stimulated release of catecholamines from rat striatal tissue in vitro. Brain Res. 204: 361–372, 1981.
 16. Belford, G. R., and H. P. Killackey. Vibrissae representation in subcortical trigeminal centers of the neonatal rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 183: 305–321, 1979.
 17. Bentley, D. Genetic analysis of the nervous system. In: Simpler Networks and Behavior, edited by J. C. Fentress. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 1976, p. 126–139.
 18. Benzer, S. Genetic dissection of behavior. Sci. Am. 229: 24–38, 1973.
 19. Bliss, T. V. P., and M. L. Errington. ‘Reeler’ mutant mice fail to show spontaneous alternation. Brain Res. 124: 168–170, 1977.
 20. Bloom, F. E. Prospects from retrospect. In: Molecular Genetic Neuroscience, edited by F. O. Schmitt, S. J. Bird, and F. E. Bloom. New York: Raven, 1982, p. 467–475.
 21. Bodor, N., H. H. Farag, and M. E. Brewster III. Site‐specific, sustained release of drugs to the brain. Science Wash. DC 214: 1370–1372, 1981.
 22. Boklage, C. E. Twinning, handedness, and the biology of symmetry. In: Cerebral Dominance: The Biological Foundations, edited by N. Geschwind and A. M. Galaburda. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984, p. 195–210.
 23. Bourgault, P. C., A. G. Karczmar, and C. L. Scudder. Contrasting behavioral, pharmacological, neurophysiological, and biochemical profiles of C57 Bl/6 and SC‐1 strains of mice. Life Sci. 2: 533–553, 1963.
 24. Britten, R. J., and E. H. Davidson. DNA sequence arrangement and preliminary evidence on its evolution. Federation Proc. 35: 2151–2157, 1976.
 25. Burstein, B., L. Bank, and L. F. Jarvik. Sex differences in cognitive functioning: evidence, determinants, implications. Hum. Dev. 23: 289–313, 1980.
 26. Carey, G., H. H. Goldsmith, A. Tellegen, and I. I. Gottesman. Genetics and personality inventories: the limits of replication with twin data. Behav. Genet. 8: 299–313, 1978.
 27. Carey, G., and J. Rice. Genetics and personality temperament: simplicity or complexity? Behav. Genet. 13: 43–63, 1983.
 28. Caspari, E. W. Evolutionary theory and the evolution of the human brain. In: Development and Evolution of Brain Size: Behavioral Implications, edited by M. E. Hahn, C. Jensen, and B. Dudek. New York: Academic, 1979, p. 9–28.
 29. Castellucci, V. F., E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, F. D. Wilson, A. C. Nairn, and P. Greengard. Intracellular injection of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase simulates facilitation of transmitter release underlying behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7492–7496, 1980.
 30. Cattell, R. B. The heritability of fluid, gf and crystallized, gc intelligence, estimated by a least squares use of the MAVA method. Br. J. Educ. Psychol. 50: 253–65, 1980.
 31. Cattell, R. B., D. C. Rao, J. M. Schuerger, and D. S. Vaughan. Unitary personality source traits analyzed for heritability. Hum. Hered. 31: 261–275, 1981.
 32. Cavalli‐Sforza, L. L., and M. W. Feldman. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1981.
 33. Caviness, V. S., Jr. Neocortical histogenesis in normal and reeler mice: a developmental study based upon [3H] thymidine autoradiography. Dev. Brain Res. 4: 293–302, 1982.
 34. Caviness, V. S., Jr., and P. Rakic. Mechanisms of cortical development: a view from mutations in mice. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1: 297–326, 1978.
 35. Cazala, P., and J. L. Guenet. A genetic analysis of self‐stimulation behaviour in the mouse: possible neurochemical implications. In: Genetics of the Brain, edited by I. Lieblich. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, p. 209–228.
 36. Chalfie, M., H. R. Horvitz, and J. E. Sulston. Mutations that lead to reiterations in the cell lineages of C. elegans. Cell 24: 59–69, 1981.
 37. Cloninger, C. R., T. Reich, and R. Wetzel. Alcoholism and affective disorders: familial associations and genetic models. In: Alcoholism and Affective Disorders, edited by D. W. Goodwin and C. K. Erickson. New York: Spectrum, 1979, p. 57–86.
 38. Cohen, P. T. Wade, G. S. Omenn, A. G. Motulsky, S.‐H. Chen, and E. R. Giblett. Restricted variation in the glycolytic enzymes of human brain and erythrocytes. Nat. New Biol. 241: 229–233, 1973.
 39. Damasio, A. R., and R. G. Maurer. A neurological model for childhood autism. Arch. Neurol. 35: 191–194, 1978.
 40. Davidson, E. H. Evolutionary change in genomic regulatory organization: speculations on the origins of novel biological structure. In: Evolution and Development, edited by J. T. Bonner. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1982, p. 65–84.
 41. Defries, J. C., and R. Plomin. Behavioral genetics. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 29: 473–515, 1978.
 42. Defries, J. C., and R. Plomin. Adoption designs for the study of complex behavioral characters. In: Genetic Aspects of Speech and Language Disorders, edited by C. L. Ludlow and J. A. Cooper. New York: Academic, 1983, p. 121–138.
 43. Defries, J. C., S. G. Vandenberg, and G. E. McClearn. Genetics of specific cognitive abilities. Annu. Rev. Genet. 10: 179–207, 1976.
 44. Denckla, M. B. Minimal brain dysfunction. In: Seventy‐Seventh Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1978, pt. II, p. 233–268.
 45. Devor, M., R. Inbal, and R. Govrin‐Lippmann. Genetic factors in the development of chronic pain. In: Genetics of the Brain, edited by I. Lieblich. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, p. 273–322.
 46. Dörner, G., and J. Staudt. Structural changes in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area of the male rat, following neonatal castration and androgen substitution. Neuroendocrinology 3: 136–140, 1968.
 47. Dörner, G., and J. Staudt. Perinatal structural sex differentiation of the hypothalamus in rats. Neuroendocrinology 5: 103–106, 1969.
 48. Durkin, T., G. Ayad, A. Ebel, and P. Mandel. Regional acetylcholine turnover rates in the brains of three inbred strains of mice: correlation with some interstrain behavioral differences. Brain Res. 136: 475–486, 1977.
 49. Dyken, P., and N. Krawiecki. Neurodegenerative diseases of infancy and childhood. Ann. Neurol. 13: 351–364, 1983.
 50. Eaves, L. J., and H. J. Eysenck. A genotype‐environmental model for psychoticism. Adv. Behav. Res. Ther. 1: 5–26, 1977.
 51. Edelman, G. M., and C. M. Chuong. Embryonic to adult conversion of neural cell adhesion molecules in normal and staggerer mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 7036–7040, 1982.
 52. Ehrman, L., and P. A. Parsons. Behavior Genetics and Evolution. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1981.
 53. Finelli, P. F. Metachromatic leukodystrophy manifesting as a schizophrenic disorder: computed tomographic correlation. Ann. Neurol. 18: 94–95, 1985.
 54. Fink, J. S., and D. J. Reis. Genetic variations in midbrain dopamine cell number: parallel with differences in responses to dopaminergic agonists and in naturalistic behaviors mediated by central dopaminergic systems. Brain Res. 222: 335–349, 1981.
 55. Fink, J. S., A. Swerdloff, T. J. Joh, and D. J. Reis. Genetic differences in [3H] spiroperidol binding in caudate nucleus and cataleptic response to neuroleptic drugs in inbred mouse strains with different numbers of midbrain dopamine neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 5: 647, 1979.
 56. Fodor, J. A. Modularity of Mind: An Essay On Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983.
 57. Fox, T.‐O., K. L. Olsen, C. C. Vito, and S. J. Wieland. Putative steroid receptors: genetics and development. In: Molecular Genetic Neuroscience, edited by F. O. Schmitt, S. J. Bird, and F. E. Bloom. New York: Raven, 1982, p. 289–306.
 58. Fulker, D. W. Nature and nurture: heredity. In: The Structure and Measurement of Intelligence, edited by H. J. Eysenck. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1979, p. 102–132.
 59. Fulker, D. W. The genetic and environmental architecture of psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism. In: A Model for Personality, edited by H. J. Eysenck. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1981, p. 88–122.
 60. Galaburda, A. M. Anatomical asymmetries. In: Cerebral Dominance: The Biological Foundations, edited by N. Geschwind and A. M. Galaburda. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984, p. 11–25.
 61. Gerhart, J. C., S. Berking, J. Cooke, G. L. Freeman, A. Hildebrandt, J. Jokusch, P. A. Lawrence, C. Nüsslein‐Volhard, G. F. Oster, K. Sander, H. W. Sauer, G. S. Stent, N. K. Wessells, and L. Wolpert. The cellular basis of morphogenetic change. In: Evolution and Development, edited by J. T. Bonner. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1982, p. 87–114.
 62. Gershon, E. S. Genetics of the major psychoses. In: Genetics of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, edited by S. S. Kety, L. P. Rowland, R. L. Sidman, and S. W. Matthysse. New York: Raven, 1983, p. 121–144.
 63. Geschwind, N., and W. Levitsky. Left‐right asymmetry in temporal speech region. Science Wash. DC 161: 186–187, 1968.
 64. Gilles, F. H., A. Leviton, and E. C. Dooling. The Developing Human Brain: Growth and Epidemiologic Neuropathology. Boston, MA: Wright, 1983.
 65. Goldman, A. I. A. Theory of Human Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice‐Hall, 1970.
 66. Gorski, R. A. Influence of age on the response to perinatal administration of a low dose of androgen. Endocrinology 82: 1001–1004, 1968.
 67. Gorski, R. A., J. H. Gordon, J. E. Shryne, and A. M. Southam. Evidence for a morphologic sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. Brain Res. 148: 333–346, 1978.
 68. Gottesman, I. I. Schizophrenia and genetics. Where are we? Are you sure? In: The Nature of Schizophrenia: New Approaches to Research and Treatment, edited by L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, and S. Matthysse. New York: Wiley, 1978, p. 59–69.
 69. Gould, S. J. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: Norton, 1981.
 70. Green, M. C. (editor). Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse. New York: Fischer, 1981.
 71. Greenough, W. T., C. S. Carter, C. Steerman, and T. J. Devoogd. Sex differences in dendritic patterns in hamster preoptic area. Brain Res. 126: 63–72, 1977.
 72. Greenspan, R. J. Mutations of choline acetyltransferase and associated neural defects in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Comp. Physiol. 137: 83–92, 1980.
 73. Guenet, J. L., C. Sotelo, and J. Mariani. Hyperspiny Purkinje cell, a new neurological mutation in the mouse. J. Hered. 74: 105–108, 1983.
 74. Guillery, R. W., and J. H. Kaas. A study of normal and congenitally abnormal retinogeniculate projections in cats. J. Comp. Neurol. 143: 73–100, 1971.
 75. Gusella, J. F., N. S. Wexler, P. M. Conneally, S. L. Naylor, M. A. Anderson, R. E. Tanzi, P. C. Watkins, K. Ottina, M. R. Wallace, A. Y. Sakaguchi, A. B. Young, I. Shoulson, E. Bonilla, and J. B. Martin. A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington's disease. Nature Lond. 306: 234–238, 1983.
 76. Guttman, R., and I. Shoham. Intrafamilial invariance and parent‐offspring resemblance in spatial abilities. Behav. Genet. 9: 367–378, 1979.
 77. Habener, J. F., R. H. Goodman, J. W. Jacobs, and P. K. Lund. Somatostatin, glucagon, and calcitonin: a molecular approach to biosynthesis in peripheral and neural tissues. In: Molecular Genetic Neuroscience, edited by F. O. Schmitt, S. J. Bird, and F. E. Bloom. New York: Raven, 1982, p. 349–372.
 78. Hahn, W. E., J. Van Ness, and N. Chaudhari. Overview of the molecular genetics of mouse brain. In: Molecular Genetic Neuroscience, edited by F. O. Schmitt, S. J. Bird, and F. E. Bloom. New York: Raven, 1982, p. 323–334.
 79. Hall, J. C., R. J. Greenspan, and W. A. Harris. Genetic Neurobiology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982.
 80. Harris, H. Enzyme polymorphism in man. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 164: 298–310, 1966.
 81. Harris, W. A., W. S. Stark, and J. A. Walker. Genetic dissection of the photoreceptor system in the compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Physiol. Lond. 256: 415–439, 1976.
 82. Heikkila, R. E., L. Manzino, F. S. Cabbat, and R. C. Duvoisin. Protection against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1, 2, 5, 6‐tetrahydropyridine by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nature Lond. 311: 467–469, 1984.
 83. Heisenberg, M., and E. Buchner. The role of retinula cell types in visual behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Comp. Physiol. 117: 127–162, 1977.
 84. Heisenberg, M., R. Wonneberger, and R. Wolf. Optomotor‐blindH31—a Drosophila mutant of the lobula plate giant neurons. J. Comp. Physiol. 124: 287–296, 1978.
 85. Henderson, N. D. Human behavior genetics. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 33: 403–440, 1982.
 86. Hendry, S. H. C., S. Hockfield, E. G. Jones, and R. McKay. Monoclonal antibody that identifies subsets of neurones in the central visual system of monkey and cat. Nature Lond. 307: 267–269, 1984.
 87. Herbert, E., O. Civelli, N. Birnberg, P. Rosa, and M. Uhler. Relation of expression of pro‐opiomelanocortin and related genes in various tissues: use of cell‐free systems and hybridization probes. In: Molecular Genetic Neuroscience, edited by F. O. Schmitt, S. J. Bird, and F. E. Bloom. New York: Raven, 1982, p. 219–230.
 88. Herrick, C. J. The Brain of the Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1965.
 89. Herrup, K., and R. J. Mullen. Staggerer chimeras: intrinsic nature of Purkinje cell defects and implications for normal cerebellar development. Brain Res. 178: 443–457, 1979.
 90. Herrup, K., and S. L. Wilczynski. Cerebellar cell degeneration in the leaner mutant mouse. Neuroscience 7: 2185–2196, 1982.
 91. Hockfield, S., and R. D. G. McKay. A surface antigen expressed by a subset of neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 5758–5761, 1983.
 92. Holden, C. Identical twins reared apart. Science Wash. DC 207: 1323–1328, 1980.
 93. Holloway, R. L. Brain size, allometry, and reorganization: toward a synthesis. In: Development and Evolution of Brain Size: Behavioral Implications, edited by M. E. Hahn, C. Jensen, and B. C. Dudek. New York: Academic, 1979, p. 59–88.
 94. Horn, J. M., J. C. Loehlin, and L. Willerman. Intellectual resemblance among adoptive and biological relatives: the Texas adoption project. Behav. Genet. 4: 133–143, 1979.
 95. Hubel, D. H., T. N. Wiesel, and S. LeVay. Plasticity of ocular dominance columns in monkey striate cortex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 278: 377–409, 1977.
 96. Igisu, H., H. Takahashi, K. Suzuki, and K. Suzuki. Abnormal accumulation of galactosylceramide in the kidney of twitcher mouse. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 110: 940–944, 1983.
 97. Ikeda, K. Genetically patterned neural activity. In: Simpler Networks and Behavior, edited by J. C. Fentress. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 1976, p. 140–152.
 98. Ingram, D. K., and T. P. Corfman. An overview of neurobiological comparisons in mouse strains. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 4: 421–435, 1980.
 99. Jacobson, M. Developmental Neurobiology (2nd ed). New York: Plenum, 1978.
 100. Jan, Y. N., and L. Y. Jan. Genetic dissection of short‐term and long‐term facilitation at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 515–519, 1978.
 101. Jan, Y. N., L. Y. Jan, and M. J. Dennis. Two mutations of synaptic transmission in Drosophila. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 198: 87–108, 1977.
 102. Jensen, A. R., and D. Q. Marisi. A note on the heritability of memory span. Behav. Genet. 9: 379–387, 1979.
 103. Jerison, H. J. The evolution of diversity in brain size. In: Development and Evolution of Brain Size: Behavioral Implications, edited by M. E. Hahn, C. Jensen, and B. C. Dudek. New York: Academic, 1979, p. 29–57.
 104. Jones, E. G. Anatomy of cerebral cortex: columnar inputoutput organization. In: The Organization of the Cerebral Cortex, edited by F. O. Schmitt, F. G. Worden, G. Adelman, and S. G. Dennis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981, p. 199–235.
 105. Kasamatsu, T., J. D. Pettigrew, and M. Ary. Restoration of visual cortical plasticity by local microperfusion of norepinephrine. J. Comp. Neurol. 185: 163–182, 1979.
 106. Kellogg, C. Serotonin metabolism in the brains of mice sensitive or resistant to audiogenic seizures. J. Neurobiol. 2: 209–219, 1971.
 107. Kellogg, C. Audiogenic seizures: relation to age and mechanisms of monoamine neurotransmission. Brain Res. 106: 87–103, 1976.
 108. Kempf, E., J. Greilsamer, G. Mack, and P. Mandel. Correlation of behavioral differences in three strains of mice with differences in brain amines. Nature Lond. 247: 483–485, 1974.
 109. Kety, S. S., D. Rosenthal, P. H. Wender, F. Schulsinger, and B. Jacobsen. The biologic and adoptive families of adopted individuals who became schizophrenic: prevalence of mental illness and other characteristics. In: The Nature of Schizophrenia: New Approaches to Research and Treatment, edited by L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, and S. Matthysse. New York: Wiley, 1978, p. 25–37.
 110. Kidd, K. K. A genetic perspective on schizophrenia. In: The Nature of Schizophrenia: New Approaches to Research and Treatment, edited by L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, and S. Matthysse. New York: Wiley, 1978, p. 70–75.
 111. Killackey, H. P., and G. R. Belford. The formation of afferent patterns in the somatosensory cortex of the neonatal rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 183: 285–304, 1979.
 112. Kolodny, E. H. Storage diseases of the reticuloendothelial system. In: Hematology of Infancy and Childhood, edited by D. G. Nathan and F. A. Oski. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1980, p. 1104–1144.
 113. Landis, S. C. Ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria of cerebellar Purkinje cells of nervous mutant mice. J. Cell Biol. 57: 782–797, 1973.
 114. Langston, J. W., P. Ballard, J. W. Tetrud, and I. Irwin. Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine‐analog synthesis. Science Wash. DC 219: 979–980, 1983.
 115. La Vail, J. H., R. A. Nixon, and R. L. Sidman. Genetic control of retinal ganglion cell projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 182: 399–421, 1978.
 116. La Vail, M. M. Analysis of neurological mutants with inherited retinal degeneration. Friedenwald Lecture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 21: 638–657, 1981.
 117. Law, P. Y., R. A. Harris, H. H. Loh, and E. L. Way. Evidence for the involvement of cerebroside sulfate in opiate receptor binding: studies with Azure A and jimpy mutant mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 207: 458–468, 1978.
 118. Levitt, P. A monoclonal antibody to limbic system neurons. Science Wash. DC 223: 299–301, 1984.
 119. Levitt, P., C. Lau, A. Pylypiw, and L. L. Ross. Central adrenergic receptors in the inherited noradrenergic hyperinnervated mutant mouse tottering. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 10: 672, 1984.
 120. Levitt, P., and J. L. Noebels. Mutant mouse tottering: selective increase of locus ceruleus axons in a defined single‐locus mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 4630–4634, 1981.
 121. Levitt, P., J. E. Pintar, and X. O. Breakfield. Immunocytochemical demonstration of monamine oxidase B in brain astrocytes and serotonergic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 6385–6389, 1982.
 122. Lewin, R. Brain enzyme is the target of drug toxin. Science Wash. DC 225: 1460–1462, 1984.
 123. Lieblich, I. From a selection program on lateral hypothalamic self‐stimulation to a neurochemical metaphor for hedonic and emotional behavior. In: Genetics of the Brain, edited by I. Lieblich. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, p. 231–270.
 124. Lipp, H. P., and H. Schwegler. Hippocampal mossy fibers and avoidance learning. In: Genetics of the Brain, edited by I. Lieblich. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, p. 325–364.
 125. Lloyd, K. G., O. Hornykiewicz, L. Davidson, K. Shannak, I. Farley, M. Goldstein, M. Shibuya, W. M. Kelley, and I. H. Fox. Biochemical evidence of dysfunction of brain neurotransmitters in the Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 1106–1111, 1981.
 126. Loehlin, J. C. Are personality traits differentially heritable? Behav. Genet. 12: 417–428, 1982.
 127. Loehlin, J. C., J. M. Horn, and L. Willerman. Personality resemblance in adoptive families. Behav. Genet. 11: 309–330, 1981.
 128. Loehlin, J. C., and R. C. Nichols. Heredity, Environment, and Personality: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1976.
 129. Lohmann, S. M., U. Walter, P. E. Miller, P. Greengard, and P. De Camilli. Immunohistochemical localization of cyclic GMP‐dependent protein kinase in mammalian brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 653–657, 1981.
 130. Ludlow, C. L., and J. A. Cooper. Genetic aspects of speech and language disorders: current status and future directions. In: Genetic Aspects of Speech and Language Disorders, edited by C. L. Ludlow and J. A. Cooper. New York: Academic, 1983, p. 3–20.
 131. Lumsden, C. J., and E. O. Wilson. Genes, Mind, Culture: The Coevolutionary Process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1981.
 132. Lund, R. D. Development and Plasticity of the Brain: An Introduction. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978.
 133. MacLeod, A. R., R. H. Waterston, and S. Brenner. An internal deletion mutant of a myosin heavy chain in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5336–5340, 1977.
 134. Margoliash, E., and W. M. Fitch. Evolutionary variability of cytochrome primary structures. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 151: 359–381, 1968.
 135. Markey, S. P., J. N. Johannessen, C. C. Chiueh, R. S. Burns, and M. A. Herkenham. Intraneuronal generation of pyridinium metabolite may cause drug‐induced parkinsonism. Nature Lond. 311: 464–467, 1984.
 136. Martin, J. B. Huntington's disease: new approaches to an old problem. Neurology 34: 1059–1072, 1984.
 137. Mayr, E. Populations, Species and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1970.
 138. McKusick, V. A. Genetic disorders of the human nervous system: a commentary. In: Molecular Genetic Neuroscience, edited by F. O. Schmitt, S. J. Bird, and F. E. Bloom. New York: Raven, 1982, p. 401–405.
 139. McKusick, V. A., and F. H. Ruddle. The status of the gene map of the human chromosomes. Science Wash. DC 196: 390–405, 1979.
 140. Meier, G. W., J. L. Hatfield, and D. P. Foshee. Genetic and behavioural aspects of pharmacologically induced arousal. Psychopharmacologia 4: 81–90, 1963.
 141. Mikoshiba, K., K. Takamatsu, and Y. Tsukada. Peripheral nervous system of shiverer mutant mice: developmental change of myelin components and immunohistochemical demonstration of the absence of MBP and presence of P2 protein. Brain Res. 283: 71–79, 1983.
 142. Miller, P., U. Walter, W. E. Theurkauf, R. B. Vallee, and P. De Camilli. Frozen tissue sections as an experimental system to reveal specific binding sites for the regulatory subunit of type II cAMP‐dependent protein kinase in neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 79: 5562–5566, 1982.
 143. Miller, W. L. Recombinant DNA and the pediatrician. J. Pediatr. 99: 1–15, 1981.
 144. Moser, A. E., I. Singh, F. R. Brown III, G. I. Solish, R. I. Kelley, P. J. Benke, and H. W. Moser. The cerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger) syndrome. Increased levels and impaired degradation of very‐long‐chain fatty acids and their use in prenatal diagnosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 310: 1141–1146, 1984.
 145. Mountcastle, V. B. An organizing principle for cerebral function: the unit module and the distributed system. In: The Mindful Brain: Cortical Organization and the Group‐Selective Theory of Higher Brain Function, edited by G. M. Edelman and V. B. Mountcastle. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978, p. 7–50.
 146. Myers, R. H., J. J. Madden, J. L. Teague, and A. Falek. Factors related to onset age of Huntington's disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 34: 481–488, 1982.
 147. Noebels, J. L. Single gene control of excitability in central neurones. In: Electrophysiology of Epilepsy, edited by P. A. Schwartzkroin and H. Wheal. New York: Academic, 1984, p. 201–217.
 148. Noebels, J. L. A single gene error of noradrenergic axon growth synchronizes central neurones. Nature Lond. 310: 409–411, 1984.
 149. Norton, W. T. Formation, structure, and biochemistry of myelin. In: Basic Neurochemistry (3rd ed.), edited by G. J. Siegel, R. W. Albers, B. W. Agranoff, and R. Katzman. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1981, p. 63–92.
 150. Nowakowski, R. S. The mode of inheritance of a defect in lamination in the hippocampus of BALB/c mice. J. Neurogenet. 1: 249–258, 1984.
 151. O'Gorman, S. Morphological and Genetic Analyses of the “Purkinje Cell Degeneration” Mutation of the Mouse. Boston, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1983. Dissertation.
 152. Ohno, S. Evolution by Gene Duplication. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1970.
 153. Ohta, T., and M. Kimura. On the constancy of the evolutionary rate of cistrons. J. Mol. Evol. 1: 18–25, 1971.
 154. Omenn, G. S. Protein polymorphisms. In: Genetic Research Strategies in Psychobiology and Psychiatry, edited by E. S. Gershon, S. Matthysse, X. O. Breakfield, and R. D. Ciaranello. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood, 1981, p. 65–77.
 155. Omenn, G. S. Biochemical genetic approaches to human studies. In: Genetics of the Brain, edited by I. Lieblich. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, p. 439–479.
 156. Omenn, G. S., and A. G. Motulsky. Biochemical genetics and the evolution of human behavior. In: Genetics, Environment and Behavior: Implications for Educational Policy, edited by L. Ehrman, G. S. Omenn, and E. Caspari. New York: Academic, 1972, p. 129–171.
 157. Oppenheim, R. W., and I.‐W. Chu Wang. Aspects of naturally‐occurring motor neuron death in the chick spinal cord during embryonic development. In: Somatic and Autonomic Nerve‐Muscle Interactions, edited by G. Burnstock, R. O'Brien, and G. Vrbová. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1983.
 158. Pak, W. L., S. K. Conrad, N. E. Kremer, D. C. Larrivee, R. H. Schinz, and F. Wong. Photoreceptor function. In: Development and Neurobiology of Drosophila, edited by O. Siddiqi and P. Babu. New York: Plenum, 1980, p. 331–346.
 159. Pakkenberg, H. The number of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex of man. J. Comp. Neurol. 128: 17–20, 1966.
 160. Palmiter, R. D., R. L. Brinster, R. E. Hammer, M. E. Trumbauer, M. G. Rosenfeld, N. C. Birnberg, and R. M. Evans. Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionein‐growth hormone fusion genes. Nature Lond. 300: 611–615, 1982.
 161. Palmiter, R. D., G. Norstedt, R. E. Gelinas, R. E. Hammer, and R. L. Brinster. Metallothionein‐human GF fusion genes stimulate growth of mice. Science Wash. DC 222: 809–814, 1983.
 162. Papez, J. W. Comparative Neurology. New York: Hafner, 1967.
 163. Piletz, J. E., and H. R. Herschman. Hepatic metallothionein synthesis in neonatal Mottled‐Brindled mutant mice. Biochem. Genet. 21: 465–475, 1983.
 164. Pinto‐Lord, M. C., P. Evrard, and V. S. Caviness, Jr. The development of neocortical noradrenergic innervation in the mouse: a quantitative radioenzymatic analysis. Dev. Brain Res. 3: 652–656, 1982.
 165. Plomin, R., and J. C. Defries. Genetics and intelligence: recent data. Intelligence 4: 15–24, 1980.
 166. Raisman, G., and P. M. Field. Sexual dimorphism in the preoptic area of the rat. Science Wash. DC 173: 731–733, 1971.
 167. Raisman, G., and P. M. Field. Sexual dimorphism in the neuropil of the preoptic area of the rat and its dependence on neonatal androgen. Brain Res. 54: 1–29, 1973.
 168. Rakic, P. Prenatal development of the visual system in rhesus monkey. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 278: 245–260, 1977.
 169. Rakic, P., and R. L. Sidman. Sequence of developmental abnormalities leading to granule cell deficit in cerebellar cortex of weaver mutant mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 152: 103–132, 1973.
 170. Rakic, P., and R. L. Sidman. Weaver mutant mouse cerebellum: defective neuronal migration secondary to abnormality of Bergmann glia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 240–244, 1973.
 171. Rice, J., C. R. Cloninger, and T. Reich. Analysis of behavioral traits in the presence of cultural transmission and assortative mating. Applications to IQ and SES. Behav. Genet. 10: 73–92, 1980.
 172. Riddell, W. I. Cerebral indices and behavioral differences. In: Development and Evolution of Brain Size: Behavioral Implications, edited by M. E. Hahn, C. Jensen, and B. C. Dudek. New York: Academic, 1979, p. 89–109.
 173. Robinson, T. E., J. B. Becker, and V. D. Ramirez. Sex differences in amphetamine‐elicited rotational behavior and the lateralization of striatal dopamine in rats. Brain Res. Bull. 5: 539–545, 1980.
 174. Rockel, A. J., R. W. Hiorns, and T. P. S. Powell. The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 103: 221–244, 1980.
 175. Roderick, T. H. Genetic techniques as tools for analysis of brain‐behavior relationships. In: Development and Evolution of Brain Size: Behavioral Implications, edited by M. E. Hahn, C. Jensen, and B. C. Dudek. New York: Academic, 1979, p. 133–146.
 176. Rosenberg, R. N. Recombinant DNA and neurologic disease: the coming of a new age. Neurology 33: 622–625, 1983.
 177. Ross, R. A., A. B. Judd, V. M. Pickel, T. H. Joh, and D. J. Reis. Strain‐dependent variations in number of midbrain dopaminergic neurones. Nature Lond. 264: 654–656, 1976.
 178. Rowland, L. P. Molecular genetics, pseudogenetics, and clinical neurology. The Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 33: 1179–1195, 1983.
 179. Sacher, G. A. Allometric and factorial analysis of brain structure in insectivores and primates. In: The Primate Brain: Advances in Primatology, edited by C. R. Noback and W. Montagna. New York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 1970, vol. 1, p. 245–287.
 180. Satz, P., and J. Zaide. Sex differences: clues of myths on genetic aspects of speech and language disorders. In: Genetic Aspects of Speech and Language Disorders, edited by C. L. Ludlow and J. A. Cooper. New York: Academic, 1983, p. 85–105.
 181. Scarr, S., and R. A. Weinberg. Intellectual similarities within families of both adopted and biological children. Intelligence 1: 170–191, 1977.
 182. Scarr, S., and R. A. Weinberg. The influence of “family background” on intellectual attainment. Am. Sociol. Rev. 43: 674–692, 1978.
 183. Schlesinger, K., W. Boggan, and D. X. Freedman. Genetics of audiogenic seizures. I. Relation to brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice. Life Sci. 4: 2345–2351, 1965.
 184. Schwartz, J. H., L. Bernier, V. F. Castellucci, M. Palazzolo, T. Saitoh, A. Stapleton, and E. R. Kandel. What molecular steps determine the time course of the memory for short‐term sensitization in Aplysia. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 47: 811–819, 1983.
 185. Seiden, L. S., and D. D. Peterson. Reversal of the reserpineinduced suppression of the conditioned avoidance response by l‐dopa: correlation of behavioral and biochemical differences in two strains of mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 159: 422–428, 1968.
 186. Seyfried, T. N., and W. L. Daniel. Inheritance of brain weight in two strains of mice. J. Hered. 68: 337–338, 1977.
 187. Seyfried, T. N., G. H. Glaser, and R. K. Yu. Cerebral, cerebellar, and brain stem gangliosides in mice susceptible to audiogenic seizures. J. Neurochem. 31: 21–27, 1978.
 188. Shariff, G. A. Cell counts in the primate cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 98: 381–400, 1953.
 189. Shuster, L. A pharmacogenetic approach to the brain. In: Genetics of the Brain, edited by I. Lieblich. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, p. 157–173.
 190. Siddiqi, O., and S. Benzer. Neurophysiological defects in temperature‐sensitive paralytic mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 3253–3257, 1976.
 191. Sidman, R. L., M. C. Green, and S. H. Appel. Catalog of the Neurological Mutants of the Mouse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1965.
 192. Silver, J., and R. M. Robb. Studies on the development of the eye cup and optic nerve in normal mice and in mutants with congenital optic nerve aplasia. Dev. Biol. 68: 175–190, 1979.
 193. Silver, J., and J. Sapiro. Axonal guidance during development of the optic nerve: the role of pigmented epithelia and other extrinsic factors. J. Comp. Neurol. 202: 521–538, 1981.
 194. Sims, T. J., J. E. Vaughn, and C. C. Wimer. Genetically associated similarities and differences in the generation of neurons comprising an early developing reflex pathway in mouse spinal cord. J. Neurocytol. 10: 833–846, 1981.
 195. Skolnick, P., P. J. Syapin, B. A. Paugh, and S. M. Paul. Reduction in benzodiazepine receptors associated with Purkinje cell degeneration in ‘nervous’ mutant mice. Nature Lond. 277: 397–399, 1979.
 196. Smith, S. D., B. F. Pennington, W. J. Kimberling, and H. A. Lubs. A genetic analysis of specific reading disability. In: Genetic Aspects of Speech and Language Disorders, edited by C. L. Ludlow and J. A. Cooper. New York: Academic, 1983, p. 169–178.
 197. Snyder, S. H. Dopamine and schizophrenia. In: The Nature of Schizophrenia. New Approaches to Research and Treatment, edited by L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, and S. Matthysse. New York: Wiley, 1978, p. 87–94.
 198. Snyder, S. J. MPTP: a neurotoxin providing molecular clues to parkinsonism. Program, American Academy of Neurology, Annual Meeting, Dallas, TX, April 28‐May 4, 1985, p. 11.
 199. Soreq, H., A. Safran, and R. Zisling. Variations in gene expression during development of the rat cerebellum. Dev. Brain Res. 3: 5–79, 1982.
 200. Spearman, C. E. The Abilities of Man, Their Nature and Measurement. New York: Macmillan, 1927.
 201. Steel, K. P., and G. R. Bock. Cochlear dysfunction in the jerker mouse. Behav. Neurosci. 97: 381–391, 1983.
 202. Stephan, H. Quantitative investigations on visual structures in primate brains. Proc. 2nd Int. Congr. Primates 3: 34–42, 1969.
 203. Stephan, H., R. Bauchot, and O. J. Andy. Data on size of the brain and of various brain parts in insectivores and primates. In: The Primate Brain: Advances in Primatology, edited by C. R. Noback and W. Montagna. New York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 1970, vol. 1, p. 289–297.
 204. Sudarsky, L., R. H. Myers, and T. M. Walshe. Huntington's disease in monozygotic twins reared apart. J. Med. Genet. 20: 408–411, 1983.
 205. Sutcliffe, J. G., R. J. Milner, T. M. Shinnick, and F. E. Bloom. Identifying the protein products of brain‐specific genes with antibodies to chemically synthesized peptides. Cell 33: 671–682, 1983.
 206. Sze, P. Y. Genetic variation in brain l‐glutamate decarboxylase activity from two inbred strains of mice. Brain Res. 122: 59–69, 1977.
 207. Taylor, B. A. Genetic relationships between inbred strains of mice. J. Hered. 63: 83–86, 1972.
 208. Tunnicliff, G., C. C. Wimer, and R. E. Wimer. Relationship between neurotransmitter metabolism and behaviour in seven inbred strains of mice. Brain Res. 61: 428–434, 1973.
 209. Uhl, G. R., J. A. Javitch, and S. H. Snyder. Normal MPTP binding in parkinsonian substantia nigra: evidence for extraneuronal toxin conversion in human brain. Lancet 1: 956–957, 1985.
 210. Valenstein, E. S., V. C. Cox, and J. W. Kakolewski. Sex differences in hyperphagia and body weight following hypothalamic damage. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 157: 1030–1048, 1969.
 211. Valzelli, L., and S. Bernasconi. Aggressiveness by isolation and brain serotonin turnover changes in different strains of mice. Neuropsychobiology 5: 129–135, 1979.
 212. Van der Loos, H., J. Dörfl, and E. Welker. Variation in the pattern of mystacial vibrissae; a quantitative study of mice of ICR stock and of several inbred strains. J. Hered. 75: 326–336, 1984.
 213. Van der Loos, H., and E. Welker. Development and plasticity of somatosensory brain maps. In: Development, Organization, and Processing in Somatosensory Pathways, edited by M. J. Rowe and W. D. Willis. New York: Liss, 1985, p. 52–67.
 214. Vaughn, J. E., C. K. Henrickson, C. R. Chernow, J. A. Grieshaber, and C. C. Wimer. Genetically‐associated variations in the development of reflex movements and synaptic junctions within an early reflex pathway of mouse spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 161: 541–554, 1975.
 215. Vaughn, J. E., D. A. Matthews, R. P. Barber, C. C. Wimer, and R. E. Wimer. Genetically‐associated variations in the development of hippocampal pyramidal neurons may produce differences in mossy fiber connectivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 173: 41–52, 1977.
 216. Vernon, P. E. The Structure of Human Abilities. London: Methuen, 1950.
 217. Wahlsten, D. Heritable aspects of anomalous myelinated fiber tracts in the forebrain of the laboratory mouse. Brain Res. 68: 1–18, 1974.
 218. Wahlsten, D. Genetic variation in the development of mouse brain and behavior: evidence from the middle postnatal period. Dev. Psychobiol. 8: 371–380, 1975.
 219. Wahlsten, D. Genes with incomplete penetrance and the analysis of brain development. In: Genetics of the Brain, edited by I. Lieblich. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, p. 367–391.
 220. Walkley, S. U. Feline models of the gangliosidoses: research applications for investigating the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage disease. Einstein Q. J. Biol. Med. 1: 12–21, 1982.
 221. Walkley, S. U., W. F. Blakemore, and D. P. Purpura. Alterations in neuron morphology in feline mannosidosis: a Golgi study. Acta Neuropathol. 53: 75–79, 1981.
 222. Ward, S. Invertebrate neurogenetics. Annu. Rev. Genet. 11: 415–450, 1977.
 223. Waterston, R. H., R. M. Fishpool, and S. Brenner. Mutants affecting paramyosin in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Mol. Biol. 117: 679–697, 1977.
 224. Watson, J. D. Molecular Biology of the Gene (3rd ed.). Reading, MA: Benjamin, 1976.
 225. West, G. J., and W. A. Catterall. Selection of variant neuroblastoma clones with missing or altered sodium channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 4136–4140, 1979.
 226. Wetts, R., and K. Herrup. Cerebellar Purkinje cells are descended from a small number of progenitors committed during early development: quantitative analysis of lurcher chimeric mice. J. Neurosci. 2: 1494–1498, 1982.
 227. White, W. F., and A. H. Heller. Glycine receptor alteration in the mutant mouse spastic. Nature Lond. 298: 655–657, 1982.
 228. Willmer, E. N. Cytology and Evolution. New York: Academic, 1960.
 229. Wilson, J. R., and S. G. Vandenberg. Sex differences in cognition: evidence from the Hawaii family study. In: Sex and Behavior, edited by T. E. McGill, D. A. Dewsbury, and B. D. Sachs. New York: Plenum, 1978, p. 317–335.
 230. Wilson, R. S. Synchronies in mental development: an epigenetic perspective. Science Wash. DC 202: 939–948, 1978.
 231. Wilson, R. S. The Louisville Twin Study: developmental synchronies in behavior. Child Dev. 54: 298–316, 1983.
 232. Wimer, C. Correlates of mouse brain weight: a search for component morphological traits. In: Development and Evolution of Brain Size: Behavioral Implications, edited by M. E. Hahn, C. Jensen, and B. C. Dudek. New York: Academic, 1979, p. 147–162.
 233. Wimer, R. E., and C. C. Wimer. A biometrical‐genetic analysis of granule cell number in the area dentata of house mice. Brain Res. 254: 129–140, 1981.
 234. Wimer, R. E., and C. C. Wimer. A geneticist's map of the mouse brain. In: Genetics of the Brain, edited by I. Lieblich. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, p. 395–420.
 235. Wimer, R. E., and C. C. Wimer. Animal behavior genetics: a search for the biological foundations of behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 36: 171–218, 1985.
 236. Wimer, R. E., C. C. Wimer, J. E. Vaughn, R. P. Barber, B. A. Balvanz, and C. R. Chernow. The genetic organization of neuron number in Ammon's horns of house mice. Brain Res. 118: 219–243, 1976.
 237. Wittig, M. A., and A. C. Petersen (editors). Sex‐Related Differences in Cognitive Functioning: Developmental Issues. New York: Academic, 1979.
 238. Woolsey, T. A., J. R. Anderson, J. R. Wann, and B. B. Stanfield. Effects of early vibrissae damage on neurons in the ventrobasal (VB) thalamus of the mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 184: 363–380, 1979.
 239. Woolsey, T. A., and J. R. Wann. Areal changes in mouse cortical barrels following vibrissal damage at different postnatal ages. J. Comp. Neurol. 170: 53–66, 1976.
 240. Wu, C. F., and B. Ganetsky. Genetic alteration of nerve membrane excitability in temperature‐sensitive paralytic mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Nature Lond. 286: 814–816, 1980.
 241. Wu, C. F., B. Ganetsky, L. Y. Jan, Y. N. Jan, and S. Benzer. A Drosophila mutant with a temperature‐sensitive block in nerve conduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 4047–4051, 1978.
 242. Wyman, R. J. A simple network for the study of neurogenetics. In: Simpler Networks and Behavior, edited by J. C. Fentress. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 1976, p. 153–166.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Neurogenetics and Behavior Related to Higher Brain Functions
 

How to Cite

Verne S. Caviness. Neurogenetics and Behavior Related to Higher Brain Functions. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 5: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain: 109-135. First published in print 1987. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010504