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Neural Control of Extracellular Volume in the Human and Nonhuman Primate

Joseph P. Gilmore

10.1002/cphy.cp020324

Source: Supplement 8: Handbook of Physiology, The Cardiovascular System, Peripheral Circulation and Organ Blood Flow

Originally published: 1983

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Atriorenal Reflex
2 Contribution of Central Nervous System
3 Contribution of Spinal Pathways
4 Contribution of Sympathetic Pathways
5 Water Immersion
6 Extracellular Volume Expansion
7 Osmoreception
8 Atrial Natriuretic Factor
9 General Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Renal responses to increase in circulating blood volume in the dog. ADH, antidiuretic hormone; BF, blood flow; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

From Gilmore and Zucker 57
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Atrial receptor endings (stained with methylene blue; X 200) from dog (A), macaque (B), and human (C). Left atrium in C is close to pulmonary junction where nerve‐ending density is greatest. (From A. Earle, I. H. Zucker, and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Tracing of original recording from type B left atrial receptor in open‐chest rhesus monkey. Control (A); after intravenous infusion of 20 ml (B) and 50 ml (C) of isotonic saline. Spikes, electrogram; ECG, electrocardiogram; AoP, aortic pressure; LAP, left atrial pressure.

From Zucker and Gilmore 141
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Relationship between change in discharge (spikes/cycle) and change in left atrial or central venous pressure for dog (n = 24) and monkey (n = 24). Vertical bars indicate SEM.

From Zucker and Gilmore 141
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Influence of balloon inflation in left atrium on renal function in the dog and monkey. , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; Ccr, creatinine clearance; CPAH, p‐aminohippuric acid clearance; , free‐water clearance; LAP, left atrial pressure; MABP, mean arterial blood pressure; * P < 0.05.

Data from Gilmore and Zucker 56
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Hemodynamic effects of tightening a snare around left atrioventricular groove in the conscious monkey. Snare was tightened between 2 vertical arrows.

From Cornish and Gilmore 20
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Mean hemodynamic responses to atrioventricular groove snaring in the monkey. Snare was tightened between 2 arrows. LVEDP, left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure; *P < 0.05; **P <0.01.

From Cornish and Gilmore 20
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Renal responses to atrioventricular groove snaring in the monkey. , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; UK, potassium excretion; , free‐water excretion; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

From Cornish and Gilmore 20
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Renal responses to atrioventricular groove snaring in the monkey; Cosm, osmolal clearance; FLE, filtered load excreted; Ccr, creatinine clearance; *P < 0.05; **P <0.01.

From Cornish and Gilmore 20
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Hemodynamic and renal responses to snaring of the atrioventricular groove in a conscious dog. LAP, left atrial pressure; Uosm, osmolal excretion; UNa, sodium excretion; , urine flow

From Cornish and Gilmore 20
Figure 11. Figure 11.

A: effect of left atrial balloon inflation on efferent renal nerve activity (RNA) in the intact monkey; B: after bilateral vagotomy; C: after bilateral vagotomy and sinoaortic denervation. IRNA, integrated renal nerve activity; AP, arterial pressure; LAP, left atrial pressure.

From Gilmore et al. 51
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Summary of data showing effect on the monkey of various interventions on relationship between change in renal nerve activity (RNA) and change in left atrial pressure (LAP) during atrial balloon inflation.

From Gilmore et al. 51
Figure 13. Figure 13.

Renal responses of the seated anesthetized monkey to head‐out water immersion. C, control; I, immersion; , urine flow; Cosm, osmolal clearance; , free‐water clearance; UNa, sodium excretion; FNa, fractional sodium excretion; *P < 0.05.

Data from Gilmore and Zucker 55
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Technique used to immerse recumbent anesthetized monkey.

From Peterson, Gilmore, and Zucker 108
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Renal responses of recumbent anesthetized monkey to water immersion. ABP, arterial blood pressure; , urine flow; CCr, creatinine clearance; CPAH, P‐aminohippuric acid clearance; UNa, sodium excretion; , free‐water clearance; CVP, central venous pressure.

From Peterson, Gilmore, and Zucker 108
Figure 16. Figure 16.

Renal and hemodynamic responses of bilateral vagotomized monkey to head‐out water immersion. Animal on positive‐pressure respiration throughout. AP, mean arterial blood pressure; , urine flow; CCr, creatinine clearance; CPAH, p‐aminohippuric acid clearance; UNa, sodium excretion; , free‐water clearance.

From Gilmore and Zucker 55, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc
Figure 17. Figure 17.

Hemodynamic (A) and renal (B, C) responses of the anesthetized, sympathectomized (stellate ganglion T7) monkey to head‐out water immersion. (From K. Cornish and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)
Figure 18. Figure 18.

Renal responses of anesthetized monkey to intravenous high‐molecular‐weight dextran in saline equaling 15% of estimated blood volume. , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; UK, potassium excretion; , free‐water clearance; CCr, creatinine clearance; CPAH, p‐aminohippuric acid clearance; MAP, mean arterial pressure; LVEDP, left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure.

From Gilmore, Peterson, and Zucker 54, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc
Figure 19. Figure 19.

Response of anesthetized cardiac‐denervated monkey to same infusion as in Fig. 18. Cosm, osmolal clearance. (From T. Peterson and C. E. Jones, unpublished observations.)
Figure 20. Figure 20.

Response of anesthetized, cardiac‐denervated, vagotomized, sinoaortic‐denervated monkey to the same infusion as in Fig. 18. (From T. Peterson and C. E. Jones, unpublished observations.)
Figure 21. Figure 21.

Effect of a 2‐step blood volume (BV) expansion on arterial pressure (AP), left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP), plasma antidiuretic hormone (PADH), and plasma osmolality (Posm) in the anesthetized monkey (see Fig. 22).

Data from Gilmore et al. 58
Figure 22. Figure 22.

Relationship between change in arterial pressure (ΔAP) and change in plasma antidiuretic hormone (ΔPADH) in response to volume expansion in the anesthetized monkey (see Fig. 21).

From Gilmore et al. 58
Figure 23. Figure 23.

Relationship of plasma arginine vasopressin (PAVP) to plasma osmolality (Posm) in healthy adults in varying states of water balance. Posm, was changed by acute water loading and/or variable periods of dehydration. Above a Posm of 280 mmol/kg, PAVP (pg/ml) = 0.38 (Posm − 280) where 0.38 is slope of regression line.

From Robertson et al. 113
Figure 24. Figure 24.

Relationship of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) to plasma osmolality (Posm) in isolated, sitting adult monkeys during water loading or dehydration. PAVP (μU/ml) = 0.19 (Posm − 292).

From Hayward et al. 66
Figure 25. Figure 25.

A: responses of an anesthetized monkey to a 3‐min bilateral intracarotid infusion of hypertonic NaCl (45 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 per artery). Total volume infused was 3 ml (1.5 ml per artery). B: responses of an anesthetized monkey to the same infusion administered intravenously. , urine flow; PAVP, plasma arginine vasopressin; PNa, plasma sodium; UNa, sodium excretion; Cosm, osmolal clearance; , free‐water clearance. (From A. Wu and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)
Figure 26. Figure 26.

Renal responses of a monkey to intravenous injection of monkey atrial (atria) and ventricular (vent) extract. , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; UK, potassium excretion; CCr, creatinine clearance; Cosm, osmolal clearance; , free‐water clearance. (From L. Huffman and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)
Figure 27. Figure 27.

Renal responses of a monkey to intravenous injection of human atrial extract and furosemide (furos). , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; UK, potassium excretion; CCr, creatinine clearance; Cosm, osmolal clearance; , free‐water clearance. (From M. Nemeh and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)


Figure 1.

Renal responses to increase in circulating blood volume in the dog. ADH, antidiuretic hormone; BF, blood flow; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

From Gilmore and Zucker 57


Figure 2.

Atrial receptor endings (stained with methylene blue; X 200) from dog (A), macaque (B), and human (C). Left atrium in C is close to pulmonary junction where nerve‐ending density is greatest. (From A. Earle, I. H. Zucker, and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)



Figure 3.

Tracing of original recording from type B left atrial receptor in open‐chest rhesus monkey. Control (A); after intravenous infusion of 20 ml (B) and 50 ml (C) of isotonic saline. Spikes, electrogram; ECG, electrocardiogram; AoP, aortic pressure; LAP, left atrial pressure.

From Zucker and Gilmore 141


Figure 4.

Relationship between change in discharge (spikes/cycle) and change in left atrial or central venous pressure for dog (n = 24) and monkey (n = 24). Vertical bars indicate SEM.

From Zucker and Gilmore 141


Figure 5.

Influence of balloon inflation in left atrium on renal function in the dog and monkey. , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; Ccr, creatinine clearance; CPAH, p‐aminohippuric acid clearance; , free‐water clearance; LAP, left atrial pressure; MABP, mean arterial blood pressure; * P < 0.05.

Data from Gilmore and Zucker 56


Figure 6.

Hemodynamic effects of tightening a snare around left atrioventricular groove in the conscious monkey. Snare was tightened between 2 vertical arrows.

From Cornish and Gilmore 20


Figure 7.

Mean hemodynamic responses to atrioventricular groove snaring in the monkey. Snare was tightened between 2 arrows. LVEDP, left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure; *P < 0.05; **P <0.01.

From Cornish and Gilmore 20


Figure 8.

Renal responses to atrioventricular groove snaring in the monkey. , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; UK, potassium excretion; , free‐water excretion; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

From Cornish and Gilmore 20


Figure 9.

Renal responses to atrioventricular groove snaring in the monkey; Cosm, osmolal clearance; FLE, filtered load excreted; Ccr, creatinine clearance; *P < 0.05; **P <0.01.

From Cornish and Gilmore 20


Figure 10.

Hemodynamic and renal responses to snaring of the atrioventricular groove in a conscious dog. LAP, left atrial pressure; Uosm, osmolal excretion; UNa, sodium excretion; , urine flow

From Cornish and Gilmore 20


Figure 11.

A: effect of left atrial balloon inflation on efferent renal nerve activity (RNA) in the intact monkey; B: after bilateral vagotomy; C: after bilateral vagotomy and sinoaortic denervation. IRNA, integrated renal nerve activity; AP, arterial pressure; LAP, left atrial pressure.

From Gilmore et al. 51


Figure 12.

Summary of data showing effect on the monkey of various interventions on relationship between change in renal nerve activity (RNA) and change in left atrial pressure (LAP) during atrial balloon inflation.

From Gilmore et al. 51


Figure 13.

Renal responses of the seated anesthetized monkey to head‐out water immersion. C, control; I, immersion; , urine flow; Cosm, osmolal clearance; , free‐water clearance; UNa, sodium excretion; FNa, fractional sodium excretion; *P < 0.05.

Data from Gilmore and Zucker 55


Figure 14.

Technique used to immerse recumbent anesthetized monkey.

From Peterson, Gilmore, and Zucker 108


Figure 15.

Renal responses of recumbent anesthetized monkey to water immersion. ABP, arterial blood pressure; , urine flow; CCr, creatinine clearance; CPAH, P‐aminohippuric acid clearance; UNa, sodium excretion; , free‐water clearance; CVP, central venous pressure.

From Peterson, Gilmore, and Zucker 108


Figure 16.

Renal and hemodynamic responses of bilateral vagotomized monkey to head‐out water immersion. Animal on positive‐pressure respiration throughout. AP, mean arterial blood pressure; , urine flow; CCr, creatinine clearance; CPAH, p‐aminohippuric acid clearance; UNa, sodium excretion; , free‐water clearance.

From Gilmore and Zucker 55, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc


Figure 17.

Hemodynamic (A) and renal (B, C) responses of the anesthetized, sympathectomized (stellate ganglion T7) monkey to head‐out water immersion. (From K. Cornish and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)



Figure 18.

Renal responses of anesthetized monkey to intravenous high‐molecular‐weight dextran in saline equaling 15% of estimated blood volume. , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; UK, potassium excretion; , free‐water clearance; CCr, creatinine clearance; CPAH, p‐aminohippuric acid clearance; MAP, mean arterial pressure; LVEDP, left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure.

From Gilmore, Peterson, and Zucker 54, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc


Figure 19.

Response of anesthetized cardiac‐denervated monkey to same infusion as in Fig. 18. Cosm, osmolal clearance. (From T. Peterson and C. E. Jones, unpublished observations.)



Figure 20.

Response of anesthetized, cardiac‐denervated, vagotomized, sinoaortic‐denervated monkey to the same infusion as in Fig. 18. (From T. Peterson and C. E. Jones, unpublished observations.)



Figure 21.

Effect of a 2‐step blood volume (BV) expansion on arterial pressure (AP), left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP), plasma antidiuretic hormone (PADH), and plasma osmolality (Posm) in the anesthetized monkey (see Fig. 22).

Data from Gilmore et al. 58


Figure 22.

Relationship between change in arterial pressure (ΔAP) and change in plasma antidiuretic hormone (ΔPADH) in response to volume expansion in the anesthetized monkey (see Fig. 21).

From Gilmore et al. 58


Figure 23.

Relationship of plasma arginine vasopressin (PAVP) to plasma osmolality (Posm) in healthy adults in varying states of water balance. Posm, was changed by acute water loading and/or variable periods of dehydration. Above a Posm of 280 mmol/kg, PAVP (pg/ml) = 0.38 (Posm − 280) where 0.38 is slope of regression line.

From Robertson et al. 113


Figure 24.

Relationship of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) to plasma osmolality (Posm) in isolated, sitting adult monkeys during water loading or dehydration. PAVP (μU/ml) = 0.19 (Posm − 292).

From Hayward et al. 66


Figure 25.

A: responses of an anesthetized monkey to a 3‐min bilateral intracarotid infusion of hypertonic NaCl (45 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 per artery). Total volume infused was 3 ml (1.5 ml per artery). B: responses of an anesthetized monkey to the same infusion administered intravenously. , urine flow; PAVP, plasma arginine vasopressin; PNa, plasma sodium; UNa, sodium excretion; Cosm, osmolal clearance; , free‐water clearance. (From A. Wu and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)



Figure 26.

Renal responses of a monkey to intravenous injection of monkey atrial (atria) and ventricular (vent) extract. , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; UK, potassium excretion; CCr, creatinine clearance; Cosm, osmolal clearance; , free‐water clearance. (From L. Huffman and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)



Figure 27.

Renal responses of a monkey to intravenous injection of human atrial extract and furosemide (furos). , urine flow; UNa, sodium excretion; UK, potassium excretion; CCr, creatinine clearance; Cosm, osmolal clearance; , free‐water clearance. (From M. Nemeh and J. P. Gilmore, unpublished observations.)

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Article Title: Neural Control of Extracellular Volume in the Human and Nonhuman Primate
 

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Joseph P. Gilmore. Neural Control of Extracellular Volume in the Human and Nonhuman Primate. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 8: Handbook of Physiology, The Cardiovascular System, Peripheral Circulation and Organ Blood Flow: 885-915. First published in print 1983. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp020324