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Protein Turnover in the Lungs

Donald Massaro

10.1002/cphy.cp030107

Source: Supplement 10: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions

Originally published: 1985

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Protein Turnover in Nonpulmonary Tissues and Cells
2 Physiological Importance of Protein Turnover
3 Methods of Studying Protein Turnover in the Lung
4 Precursor Pools
5 Effect of Proteolysis on Extracellular Specific Radioactivity
6 Amino Acid Compartmentation in Perfused Lung
7 Protein Turnover Rates
8 Regulation of General Protein Turnover
8.1 Diet
8.2 Hormones
9 Degradation of General Lung Proteins
10 Regulation of Protein Degradation
10.1 Exogenous Amino Acids
10.2 Hypoxia
10.3 Interaction Between Exogenous Amino Acids and Hypoxia
10.4 Potential Physiological Importance of Interaction Between Amino Acids and Hypoxia
10.5 Glucose and Insulin
11 Connective Tissue Proteins of the Lung
11.1 Collagen
11.2 Elastin
12 Pulmonary Fibrosis
13 Proteases and Protease Inhibitors
14 Hyperoxia and Protein Synthesis
15 Protein Turnover in Pulmonary Macrophages
15.1 Choice of Precursor Amino Acid
15.2 Precursor Pools
15.3 Protein Degradation
15.4 Phagocytosis and Protein Turnover
15.5 Substrates and Protein Turnover
15.6 Other Factors Affecting Protein Turnover in Pulmonary Macrophages
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Correlation of enzymes, lectin, and elastin with postnatal anatomical development of rat lung. Left: acetylcholinesterase, lectin, and elastin. Right: angiotensin‐converting enzyme and carbonic anhydrase activity.

From Powell and Whitney 220
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Effect of perfusate phenylalanine concentration on incorporation of radioactive amino acids into protein by rat lung perfused in situ. Perfusate contained 10–690 μM phenylalanine and either (A) [14C]phenylalanine (specific radioactivity 320 dpm/nmol; perfusions of 180 min) or (B) [14C]histidine (specific radioactivity 850 dpm/nmol; perfusions of 60 min). •, Perfusate equilibrated with O2:CO2 (19:1). ▄, □, Perfusate equilibrated with O2:N2:CO2 (4:15:1).

From Watkins and Rannels 289
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Effect of perfusate phenylalanine concentration on specific radioactivity of intracellular phenylalanine in perfused lungs. Rat lungs were perfused in situ for 60 (▄) or 180 (□) min. Data were plotted with perfusate phenylalanine concentration measured at end of perfusion period.

From Watkins and Rannels 289
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Effect of perfusate phenylalanine concentration on estimates of protein synthesis. Rat lungs were perfused in situ for 60 min with [14C]phenylalanine. Rates of protein synthesis were calculated with specific radioactivity of intracellular or extracellular perfusate phenylalanine or of tRNA‐bound phenylalanine at the end of perfusion period.

Data from Watkins and Rannels 289
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Time course of intracellular and medium concentration of phenylalanine. In each experiment lung slices were incubated with or without enough cycloheximide to inhibit protein synthesis by >90%.

From Thet et al. 272
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Time course of specific radioactivity of perfusate phenylalanine. Rat lungs were perfused in situ with either 0.086 or 0.69 mM perfusate phenylalanine.

Data from Watkins and Rannels 289
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Scheme for compartmentation of extracellular phenylalanine in lung tissue.
Figure 8. Figure 8.

RNA concentration of pig tissues plotted against fractional rate of protein synthesis (k8) of these tissues. Pig lung is 4th value from right, d, Day.

From Garlick et al. 87
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Time course of release of [14C]phenylalanine into perfusate by isolated perfused rat lung. Amounts of released label are expressed as percent of initial acid‐insoluble radioactivity.

From Chiang et al. 33
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Protein degradation at different O2 concentrations. Lungs of rats were exposed in vivo during room air breathing to [14C]phenylalanine for 10 min and then perfused and ventilated for 90 min with concentrations of O2 indicated and in presence of rat plasma concentrations of amino acids plus 10 mM nonradioactive phenylalanine and 5.5 mM glucose. In A, bars represent rates of protein degradation during min 15–45. In B, bars represent rates of protein degradation during min 45–90. 10 → 95, Lungs were ventilated with 10% O2 during 0–45 min and 95% O2 during 45–90 min.

From Chiang et al. 31
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Degradation in vitro at different O2 concentrations of proteins labeled in vivo during 5 h.

From Chiang et al. 31
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Effect of used perfusate and lactate on protein degradation. Rat lungs were labeled with [14C]phenylalanine as described in legend of Fig. 10. Cont., control; lungs perfused with fresh medium and ventilated with 95% O2. Shaded bars, values from lungs perfused with used medium, i.e., medium initially used to perfuse unlabeled lungs for 90 min that were ventilated with 0% O2 or 95% O2. In some experiments the pH of used medium from hypoxic lungs was adjusted to 7.4 before it was used to study proteolysis (designated pH adjusted). Lactate, fresh medium identical to control medium but with exogenous (50 mM) lactate. In all experiments, regardless of medium used, lungs were ventilated with 95% O2.

From Chiang et al. 31
Figure 13. Figure 13.

Changes in rabbit lung weight and collagen and body weight with age.

From Crystal 46
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Effect of right pneumonectomy in rabbits on collagen in remaining left lung.

From Cowan and Crystal 44
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Effect of right pneumonectomy in rabbits on collagen and protein synthesis in remaining left lung.

From Cowan and Crystal 44
Figure 16. Figure 16.

Time course of effect of in vivo hyperoxia on L‐[U‐14C]leucine incorporation into protein by rat lung slices.

From Massaro and Massaro 183


Figure 1.

Correlation of enzymes, lectin, and elastin with postnatal anatomical development of rat lung. Left: acetylcholinesterase, lectin, and elastin. Right: angiotensin‐converting enzyme and carbonic anhydrase activity.

From Powell and Whitney 220


Figure 2.

Effect of perfusate phenylalanine concentration on incorporation of radioactive amino acids into protein by rat lung perfused in situ. Perfusate contained 10–690 μM phenylalanine and either (A) [14C]phenylalanine (specific radioactivity 320 dpm/nmol; perfusions of 180 min) or (B) [14C]histidine (specific radioactivity 850 dpm/nmol; perfusions of 60 min). •, Perfusate equilibrated with O2:CO2 (19:1). ▄, □, Perfusate equilibrated with O2:N2:CO2 (4:15:1).

From Watkins and Rannels 289


Figure 3.

Effect of perfusate phenylalanine concentration on specific radioactivity of intracellular phenylalanine in perfused lungs. Rat lungs were perfused in situ for 60 (▄) or 180 (□) min. Data were plotted with perfusate phenylalanine concentration measured at end of perfusion period.

From Watkins and Rannels 289


Figure 4.

Effect of perfusate phenylalanine concentration on estimates of protein synthesis. Rat lungs were perfused in situ for 60 min with [14C]phenylalanine. Rates of protein synthesis were calculated with specific radioactivity of intracellular or extracellular perfusate phenylalanine or of tRNA‐bound phenylalanine at the end of perfusion period.

Data from Watkins and Rannels 289


Figure 5.

Time course of intracellular and medium concentration of phenylalanine. In each experiment lung slices were incubated with or without enough cycloheximide to inhibit protein synthesis by >90%.

From Thet et al. 272


Figure 6.

Time course of specific radioactivity of perfusate phenylalanine. Rat lungs were perfused in situ with either 0.086 or 0.69 mM perfusate phenylalanine.

Data from Watkins and Rannels 289


Figure 7.

Scheme for compartmentation of extracellular phenylalanine in lung tissue.



Figure 8.

RNA concentration of pig tissues plotted against fractional rate of protein synthesis (k8) of these tissues. Pig lung is 4th value from right, d, Day.

From Garlick et al. 87


Figure 9.

Time course of release of [14C]phenylalanine into perfusate by isolated perfused rat lung. Amounts of released label are expressed as percent of initial acid‐insoluble radioactivity.

From Chiang et al. 33


Figure 10.

Protein degradation at different O2 concentrations. Lungs of rats were exposed in vivo during room air breathing to [14C]phenylalanine for 10 min and then perfused and ventilated for 90 min with concentrations of O2 indicated and in presence of rat plasma concentrations of amino acids plus 10 mM nonradioactive phenylalanine and 5.5 mM glucose. In A, bars represent rates of protein degradation during min 15–45. In B, bars represent rates of protein degradation during min 45–90. 10 → 95, Lungs were ventilated with 10% O2 during 0–45 min and 95% O2 during 45–90 min.

From Chiang et al. 31


Figure 11.

Degradation in vitro at different O2 concentrations of proteins labeled in vivo during 5 h.

From Chiang et al. 31


Figure 12.

Effect of used perfusate and lactate on protein degradation. Rat lungs were labeled with [14C]phenylalanine as described in legend of Fig. 10. Cont., control; lungs perfused with fresh medium and ventilated with 95% O2. Shaded bars, values from lungs perfused with used medium, i.e., medium initially used to perfuse unlabeled lungs for 90 min that were ventilated with 0% O2 or 95% O2. In some experiments the pH of used medium from hypoxic lungs was adjusted to 7.4 before it was used to study proteolysis (designated pH adjusted). Lactate, fresh medium identical to control medium but with exogenous (50 mM) lactate. In all experiments, regardless of medium used, lungs were ventilated with 95% O2.

From Chiang et al. 31


Figure 13.

Changes in rabbit lung weight and collagen and body weight with age.

From Crystal 46


Figure 14.

Effect of right pneumonectomy in rabbits on collagen in remaining left lung.

From Cowan and Crystal 44


Figure 15.

Effect of right pneumonectomy in rabbits on collagen and protein synthesis in remaining left lung.

From Cowan and Crystal 44


Figure 16.

Time course of effect of in vivo hyperoxia on L‐[U‐14C]leucine incorporation into protein by rat lung slices.

From Massaro and Massaro 183
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Article Title: Protein Turnover in the Lungs
 

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Donald Massaro. Protein Turnover in the Lungs. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 10: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions: 277-308. First published in print 1985. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030107