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Macrophages in the Respiratory Tract

Joseph D. Brain

10.1002/cphy.cp030114

Source: Supplement 10: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions

Originally published: 1985

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Classes of Pulmonary Macrophages
2 Origin of Pulmonary Macrophages
3 Fate of Pulmonary Macrophages
4 Harvesting Pulmonary Macrophages
5 Role of Pulmonary Macrophages
5.1 Particle Clearance
5.2 Mucociliary Transport
5.3 Secretion and Regulation
6 Measuring the Phagocytic Properties of Pulmonary Macrophages
6.1 In Situ
6.2 In Vitro
7 Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Macrophages
7.1 Emphysema
7.2 Fibrosis
8 Conclusion
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Scanning electron micrograph showing human alveolar macrophage “climbing” over a capillary. Cell is clearly not part of the epithelial lining but is moving above it. The 5 cells in upper part of field with abundant microvilli are epithelial type II cells. × 3,700.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Alveolar macrophage tightly applied to alveolar epithelium of a dog lung fixed by intratracheal instillation. Macrophage has a trailing pseudopodium and appears to be migrating toward the left. Upper left shows a capillary containing 2 erythrocytes. Upper right reveals a capillary with part of a white cell in the lumen and the nucleus of an endothelial cell directly to the right. × 7,000.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Section of a human lung showing an interstitial macrophage in the center. To the right is the nucleus of an endothelial cell. Above and right of the macrophage is a bundle of collagen and elastin fibers, × 17,600.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Distribution of phagocytic ability in Syrian golden hamster macrophages. Cells were incubated in a balanced salt solution containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ (1 mM each) for 90 min; cells phagocytized an average of 4.3 particles per cell. Solid bars, theoretical fraction of cells with x particles as predicted by the Poisson formula. Open bars, fraction of cells with x particles actually observed.

From Parod and Brain 114
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Free alveolar macrophage in a mouse lung with chromosomes in its cytoplasm. Presence of such cells in mitosis shows that alveolar macrophages can divide and thus may help maintain the pool size of phagocytic cells. ×37,000.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. M. Grant
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Human alveolar macrophage obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of a smoker's lung. Compared to that of a non‐smoker, lysosomal compartment is greatly expanded and consists mainly of hetero‐lysosomes, some possessing clear lipid‐rich centers. × 11,000.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. M. Grant
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Yield of cells per wash recovered from hamster lungs washed with either saline (0.85% NaCl) or BSS (balanced salt solution containing Ca2+ and Mg2+). Dashed line, 12 saline washes; solid line, 6 BSS washes followed by 6 saline washes. Means ± SE.

From Brain et al. 24
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Hamster alveolar macrophage recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage 1 day after the animal received an intratracheal instillation of magnetite (Fe3O4). These particles of iron oxide can be seen in phagosomes on left side of the cell; because they absorb electrons efficiently they appear black. Small pseudopods extend from the plasma membrane, × 12,400.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Scanning electron micrograph of horse lung revealing a macrophage moving on surface of the alveolar epithelium that overlies the capillaries. Note prominent ridge in the upper left. Two pseudo‐pods that are being extended can be seen. × 5,200.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Dose‐response curve for Λ‐assay 1 day after exposure to iron oxide, aluminum oxide, or α‐quartz. Fraction of gold ingested was measured 90 min after its instillation. Wilcoxon rank‐sum test used to compare experimental groups and saline‐only controls. Means ± SE. P < 0.01 for 0.75 and 3.75 mg α‐quartz, P < 0.01 for 0.75 mg aluminum oxide, P < 0.05 for 0.15 mg iron oxide; all other data points not significantly different from control value (P < 0.05).

From Beck, Brain, and Bohannon 11
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Effect of temperature and divalent cations on uptake of fluorescent latex particles as measured with a dual‐laser flow cytometer. Experiments performed by adding a 0.01 ml aliquot of cells (at 0 min) to 3 ml of balanced salt solution (BSS) containing particles. At indicated times, 1 aliquot of the cell‐particle suspension was analyzed. Closed symbols represent data from cells incubated in BSS containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ (1 mM each); open symbols represent data from cells incubated in BSS without added Ca2+ and Mg2+ and 0.1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Incubation temperatures: 37°C (circles), 24°C (triangles), and 3°C (squares). Each data point is mean of 4 experiments; SE averaged 10% of means.

From Parod and Brain 114


Figure 1.

Scanning electron micrograph showing human alveolar macrophage “climbing” over a capillary. Cell is clearly not part of the epithelial lining but is moving above it. The 5 cells in upper part of field with abundant microvilli are epithelial type II cells. × 3,700.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr


Figure 2.

Alveolar macrophage tightly applied to alveolar epithelium of a dog lung fixed by intratracheal instillation. Macrophage has a trailing pseudopodium and appears to be migrating toward the left. Upper left shows a capillary containing 2 erythrocytes. Upper right reveals a capillary with part of a white cell in the lumen and the nucleus of an endothelial cell directly to the right. × 7,000.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr


Figure 3.

Section of a human lung showing an interstitial macrophage in the center. To the right is the nucleus of an endothelial cell. Above and right of the macrophage is a bundle of collagen and elastin fibers, × 17,600.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr


Figure 4.

Distribution of phagocytic ability in Syrian golden hamster macrophages. Cells were incubated in a balanced salt solution containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ (1 mM each) for 90 min; cells phagocytized an average of 4.3 particles per cell. Solid bars, theoretical fraction of cells with x particles as predicted by the Poisson formula. Open bars, fraction of cells with x particles actually observed.

From Parod and Brain 114


Figure 5.

Free alveolar macrophage in a mouse lung with chromosomes in its cytoplasm. Presence of such cells in mitosis shows that alveolar macrophages can divide and thus may help maintain the pool size of phagocytic cells. ×37,000.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. M. Grant


Figure 6.

Human alveolar macrophage obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of a smoker's lung. Compared to that of a non‐smoker, lysosomal compartment is greatly expanded and consists mainly of hetero‐lysosomes, some possessing clear lipid‐rich centers. × 11,000.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. M. Grant


Figure 7.

Yield of cells per wash recovered from hamster lungs washed with either saline (0.85% NaCl) or BSS (balanced salt solution containing Ca2+ and Mg2+). Dashed line, 12 saline washes; solid line, 6 BSS washes followed by 6 saline washes. Means ± SE.

From Brain et al. 24


Figure 8.

Hamster alveolar macrophage recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage 1 day after the animal received an intratracheal instillation of magnetite (Fe3O4). These particles of iron oxide can be seen in phagosomes on left side of the cell; because they absorb electrons efficiently they appear black. Small pseudopods extend from the plasma membrane, × 12,400.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr


Figure 9.

Scanning electron micrograph of horse lung revealing a macrophage moving on surface of the alveolar epithelium that overlies the capillaries. Note prominent ridge in the upper left. Two pseudo‐pods that are being extended can be seen. × 5,200.

Micrograph courtesy of Dr. P. Gehr


Figure 10.

Dose‐response curve for Λ‐assay 1 day after exposure to iron oxide, aluminum oxide, or α‐quartz. Fraction of gold ingested was measured 90 min after its instillation. Wilcoxon rank‐sum test used to compare experimental groups and saline‐only controls. Means ± SE. P < 0.01 for 0.75 and 3.75 mg α‐quartz, P < 0.01 for 0.75 mg aluminum oxide, P < 0.05 for 0.15 mg iron oxide; all other data points not significantly different from control value (P < 0.05).

From Beck, Brain, and Bohannon 11


Figure 11.

Effect of temperature and divalent cations on uptake of fluorescent latex particles as measured with a dual‐laser flow cytometer. Experiments performed by adding a 0.01 ml aliquot of cells (at 0 min) to 3 ml of balanced salt solution (BSS) containing particles. At indicated times, 1 aliquot of the cell‐particle suspension was analyzed. Closed symbols represent data from cells incubated in BSS containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ (1 mM each); open symbols represent data from cells incubated in BSS without added Ca2+ and Mg2+ and 0.1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Incubation temperatures: 37°C (circles), 24°C (triangles), and 3°C (squares). Each data point is mean of 4 experiments; SE averaged 10% of means.

From Parod and Brain 114
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Article Title: Macrophages in the Respiratory Tract
 

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Joseph D. Brain. Macrophages in the Respiratory Tract. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 10: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions: 447-471. First published in print 1985. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030114