Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

Platelet‐Blood Vessel Interactions

Russell Ross, Stephen M. Schwartz

10.1002/cphy.cp030117

Source: Supplement 10: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions

Originally published: 1985

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Morphological Models of Capillary Endothelium
2 Transport Across Endothelium
3 Cell Turnover
4 Endothelial Cell Culture
5 Endothelial Function
6 Endothelial Injury
7 Platelets
7.1 Morphology and Content
7.2 Platelet Function
7.3 Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor
8 Endothelium‐Smooth Muscle Interactions
9 Platelet‐Endothelial Cell Interactions
10 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Mechanisms of permeation across endothelium. A, passage through cell junctions; B, passage through fenestrae; C, direct passage through cell across plasmalemma; D, passage through connected chains of vesicles; E, vesicular transport; and F, high‐affinity endocytosis.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Region of endothelial desquamation in thoracic aorta of a 2‐yr‐old pigtail monkey fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 2 yr. Platelets have adhered to exposed subendothelial collagen. Top, intact endothelium. × 2,040.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Hemostatic plug formation. Platelets are normally nonreactive to intact vascular endothelium. Vessel injury initiates platelet adherence with von Willebrand's factor (vWF) as essential plasma co‐factor. Adherent platelets release densegranule contents, including ADP, and α‐granule contents, including platelet factor 4 (PF4), β‐thromboglobulin (βTG), and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF). Thrombin is generated locally through tissue factor (XIIα) and platelet procoagulant activity. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is synthesized from arachidonic acid liberated by membrane phospholipases. Released ADP, TXA2, and thrombin recruit additional circulating platelets to the enlarging platelet mass. Thrombin‐generated fibrin stabilizes the platelet mass. Prostacyclin (PGI2) released by the vessel wall in response to thrombin limits thrombus formation by inhibiting further platelet aggregation.

From Harlan and Harker 64


Figure 1.

Mechanisms of permeation across endothelium. A, passage through cell junctions; B, passage through fenestrae; C, direct passage through cell across plasmalemma; D, passage through connected chains of vesicles; E, vesicular transport; and F, high‐affinity endocytosis.



Figure 2.

Region of endothelial desquamation in thoracic aorta of a 2‐yr‐old pigtail monkey fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 2 yr. Platelets have adhered to exposed subendothelial collagen. Top, intact endothelium. × 2,040.



Figure 3.

Hemostatic plug formation. Platelets are normally nonreactive to intact vascular endothelium. Vessel injury initiates platelet adherence with von Willebrand's factor (vWF) as essential plasma co‐factor. Adherent platelets release densegranule contents, including ADP, and α‐granule contents, including platelet factor 4 (PF4), β‐thromboglobulin (βTG), and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF). Thrombin is generated locally through tissue factor (XIIα) and platelet procoagulant activity. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is synthesized from arachidonic acid liberated by membrane phospholipases. Released ADP, TXA2, and thrombin recruit additional circulating platelets to the enlarging platelet mass. Thrombin‐generated fibrin stabilizes the platelet mass. Prostacyclin (PGI2) released by the vessel wall in response to thrombin limits thrombus formation by inhibiting further platelet aggregation.

From Harlan and Harker 64
References
 1. Antoniades, H. N., C. D. Scher, And C. D. Stiles. Purification of human platelet‐derived growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 1809–1813, 1979.
 2. Ashida, E. R., A. R. Johnson, And P. E. Lipsky. Human endothelial cell‐lymphocyte interaction. Endothelial cells function as accessory cells necessary for mitogen‐induced human T lymphocyte activation in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 1490–1499, 1981.
 3. Awbrey, B. J., S. C. Hoak, And W. G. Owen. Binding of human thrombin to cultured human endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 4092–4095, 1979.
 4. Beeseley, J. E., J. D. Pearson, A. Hutchings, J. S. Carleton, And J. Gordon. Granulocyte migration through endothelium in culture. J. Cell Sci. 38: 237–248, 1979.
 5. Birdwell, C. R., D. Gospodarowicz, And G. L. Nicolson. Factors from 3T3 cells stimulate proliferation of cultured vascular endothelial cells. Nature London 268: 528–531, 1977.
 6. Birdwell, C. R., D. Gospodarowicz, And G. L. Nicolson. Identification, localization, and role of fibronectin in cultured bovine endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 3273–3277, 1978.
 7. Bondjers, G., S. Bjorkerud, R. Brattsand, A. Bylock, G. Hansson, And H.‐A. Hansson. Endothelial injury in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. In: International Conference on Atherosclerosis, edited by L. A. Carlson, R. Paoletti, and C. R. Weber. New York: Raven, 1978, p. 567–573.
 8. Booyse, F. M., A. J. Quarfoot, S. Bell, D. N. Fass, J. C. Lewis, And K. Mann. Cultured von Willebrand porcine aortic endothelial cells: an in vitro model for studying the molecular defects of the disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5702–5750, 1977.
 9. Booyse, F. M., B. J. Sedlak, And M. J. Rafelson, Jr. Culture of arterial endothelial cells. Characterization and growth of bovine aortic cells. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 34: 825–839, 1975.
 10. Bowen‐Pope, D. and R. Ross. Platelet‐derived growth factor. II. Specific binding on cultured cells. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 5161–5171, 1982.
 11. Bowman, P. D., A. L. Betz, D. Ar, J. S. Wolinsky, J. B. Penney, R. R. Shivers, And G. W. Goldstein. Primary culture of capillary endothelium from rat brain. In Vitro 17: 353–362, 1981.
 12. Brown, M. S., R. G. W. Anderson, And J. L. Goldstein. Role of the coated endocytic vesicle in the uptake of receptor‐bound low density lipoprotein in human fibroblasts. Cell 10: 351–364, 1977.
 13. Bruns, R. R., and G. E. Palade. Studies on blood capillaries. I. General organization of blood capillaries in muscle. J. Cell Biol. 37: 244–276, 1969.
 14. Bundgaard, M. Transport pathways in capillaries—in search of pores. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 42: 325–336, 1980.
 15. Bundgaard, M., J. Frøkjaer‐Jensen, And C. Crone. Endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles as elements in a system of branching invaginations from the cell surface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 6439–6442, 1979.
 16. Buonassisi, V. Sulfated mucopolysaccharide synthesis and secretion in endothelial cell cultures. Exp. Cell Res. 76: 363–368, 1973.
 17. Buonassisi, V. and M. Root. Enzymatic degradation of heparin‐related mucopolysaccharides from the surface of endothelial cell cultures. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 385: 1–10, 1975.
 18. Buonassisi, V., and J. C. Venter. Hormone and neurotransmitter receptors in an established vascular endothelial cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 1612–1616, 1976.
 19. Buzney, S. M., and S. J. Massicotte. Retinal vessels: proliferation of endothelium in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 18: 1191–1195, 1979.
 20. Casley‐Smith, J. R. Freeze‐substitution of capillary endothelium—the artefactual nature of transendothelial channels and the forms of attached vesicles. Micron 11: 461–462, 1980.
 21. Castellot, J. J., M. L. Addonizio, R. Rosenberg, And M. J. Karnovsky. Cultured endothelial cells produce heparin‐like inhibitor of smooth muscle cell growth. J. Cell Biol. 90: 372–379, 1981.
 22. Castellot, J. J., M. J. Karnovsky, And B. M. Spiegelman. Potent stimulation of vascular endothelial cell growth by differentiated 3T3 adipocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 6007–6011, 1980.
 23. Chait, A., R. Ross, J. J. Albers, And E. L. Bierman. Platelet‐derived growth factor stimulates activity of low density lipoprotein receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4084–4088, 1980.
 24. Chamley‐Campbell, J. H., G. R. Campbell, And R. Ross. Phenotype‐dependent response of cultured aortic smooth muscle to serum mitogens. J. Cell Biol. 89: 379–383, 1981.
 25. Coetzee, G. A., O. Stein, And Y. Stein. Uptake and degradation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) by confluent, contact‐inhibited bovine and human endothelium cells exposed to physiological concentrations of LDL. Atherosclerosis 33: 425–431, 1979.
 26. Cohen, S., G. Carpenter, And K. J. Lembach. Interaction of epidermal growth factor (EGF) with cultured fibroblasts. In: Advances in Metabolic Disorders, edited by R. Luft and K. Hall. New York: Academic, 1975, p. 265–284.
 27. Colburn, P., and V. Buonassisi. Estrogen‐binding sites in endothelial cell cultures. Science 201: 817–819, 1978.
 28. Cotta‐Pereira, G., H. Sage, P. Bornstein, R. Ross, And S. Schwartz. Studies of morphologically atypical (“sprouting”) cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Growth characteristics and connective tissue protein synthesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 102: 183–191, 1980.
 29. Craddock, P. R., J. Fehr, K. L. Brigham, R. S. Kronenberg, And H. S. Jacob. Complement and leukocyte‐mediated pulmonary dysfunction in hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 296: 769–774, 1977.
 30. Curwen, K. D., M. A. Gimbrone, Jr., And R. I. Handin. In vitro studies of thromboresistance: the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) in platelet adhesion to cultured normal and virally transformed human vascular endothelial cells. Lab. Invest. 42: 366–374, 1980.
 31. D'Amore, P. A. and D. Shepro. Stimulation of growth and calcium influx in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells by platelets and vasoactive substances. J. Cell. Physiol. 92: 177–184, 1977.
 32. Davies, P. and R. Ross. Mediation of pinocytosis in cultured arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells by platelet‐derived growth factor. J. Cell Biol. 79: 663–671, 1978.
 33. Davies, P., and R. Ross. Growth‐mediated, density‐dependent inhibition of endocytosis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Exp. Cell Res. 129: 329–336, 1980.
 34. Davison, P. M., K. Bensch, And M. A. Karasek. Growth and morphology of rabbit marginal vessel endothelium in cell culture. J. Cell Biol. 85: 187–198, 1980.
 35. Davison, P. M., K. Bensch, And M. A. Karasek. Isolation and growth of endothelial cells from the microvessels of the newborn human foreskin in cell culture. J. Invest. Dermatol. 75: 316–321, 1980.
 36. DeBault, L. E., E. Henriquez, M. N. Hart, And C. A. Cancilla. Cerebral microvessels and derived cells in tissue culture. II. Establishment. identification, and preliminary characterization of an endothelial cell line. In Vitro 17: 480–494, 1981.
 37. DeBault, L. E., L. E. Kahn, S. P. Frommes, And P. A. Cancilla. Cerebral microvessels and derived cells in tissue culture: isolation and preliminary characterization. In Vitro 15: 437–440, 1979.
 38. DelVecchio, P. J., U. S. Ryan, And J. W. Ryan. Isolation of capillary segments from rat adrenal gland (Abstract). J. Cell Biol. 75: 73A, 1977.
 39. Deuel, T. F., J. S. Huang, R. T. Proffitt, J. U. Baenziger, D. Chang, And B. B. Kennedy. Human platelet‐derived growth factor. Purification and resolution into two active protein fractions. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 8896–8899, 1981.
 40. Duthu, G. S., and J. R. Smith. In vitro proliferation and lifespan of bovine aorta endothelial cells: effects of culture conditions and fibroblast growth factor. J. Cell. Physiol. 103: 385–392, 1980.
 41. Esmon, C. T., and W. G. Owen. Identification of an endothelial cell cofactor for thrombin‐catalyzed activation of protein C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 2249–2252, 1981.
 42. Fielding, C. J., I. Vlodavsky, P. E. Fielding, And D. Gospodarowicz. Characteristics of chylomicron binding and lipid uptake by endothelial cells in culture. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 8861–8868, 1979.
 43. Florentin, R. A., S. C. Nam, K. T. Lee, And W. A. Thomas. Increased 3H‐thymidine incorporation into endothelial cells of swine fed cholesterol for 3 days. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 10: 250–255, 1969.
 44. Folkman, J., C. C. Haudenschild, And B. R. Zetter. Long‐term culture of capillary endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 5217–5221, 1979.
 45. Frank, R. N., V. E. Kinsey, K. W. Frank, K. P. Mikus, And A. Randolph. In vitro proliferation of endothelial cells from kitten retinal capillaries. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 18: 1195–1200, 1979.
 46. Friedman, R. J., M. B. Stemerman, B. Wenz, S. Moore, J. Gauldie, M. Gent, M. L. Tiell, And T. H. Spaet. The effect of thrombocytopenia on experimental atherosclerotic lesion formation in rabbits. Smooth muscle cell proliferation and re‐endothelialization. J. Clin. Invest. 60: 1191–1201, 1977.
 47. Fry, D. I. Acute vascular endothelial changes associated with increased blood velocity gradients. Circ. Rev. 22: 165–197, 1968.
 48. Fry, G. L., R. L. Czervionke, J. C. Hoak, J. B. Smith, And D. L. Haycraft. Platelet adherence to cultured vascular cells: influence of prostacyclin PGI2. Blood 55: 271–275, 1980.
 49. Furchgott, R. F., and J. V. Zawadzki. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature London 288: 373–376, 1980.
 50. Fuster, W., E. J. Bowie, J. C. Lewis, D. N. Fass, C. A. Owen, Jr., And A. L. Brown. Resistance to arteriosclerosis in pigs with von Willebrand's disease. Spontaneous and high cholesterol diet‐induced arteriosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 61: 722–730, 1978.
 51. Gabbiani, G., G. Elemer, C. Guelpa, M. B. Vallottan, M. C. Badonnel, And I. HÜTtner. Morphologic and functional changes of the aortic intima during experimental hypertension. Am. J. Pathol. 96: 399–422, 1979.
 52. Gajdusek, C., P. DiCorleto, R. Ross, And S. Schwartz. An endothelial cell‐derived growth factor. J. Cell Biol. 85: 467–472, 1980.
 53. Gajdusek, C. M., and S. M. Schwartz. Ability of endothelial cells to condition culture medium. J. Cell. Physiol. 110: 35–42, 1982.
 54. Gimbrone, M. A., Jr. Culture of vascular endothelium. In: Progress in Hemostasis and Thrombosis, edited by T. H. Spaet. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1976, vol. 3, p. 1–28.
 55. Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., R. S. Cotran, And J. Folkman. Human vascular endothelial cells in culture. Growth and DNA synthesis. J. Cell Biol. 60: 673–684, 1974.
 56. Glenn, K., D. F. Bowen‐Pope, And R. Ross. Platelet‐derived growth factor. III. Identification of a platelet‐derived growth factor receptor by affinity labeling. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 5172–5176, 1982.
 57. Glenn, K. C. and R. Ross. Human monocyte‐derived growth factor(s) for mesenchymal cells: activation of secretion by endotoxin and concanavalin A. Cell 25: 603–615, 1981.
 58. Gospodarowicz, D., G. Greenburg, H. Bialecki, And B. R. Zetter. Factors involved in the modulation of cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro: the role of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors in the proliferative response of mammalian cells. In Vitro 14: 85–118, 1978.
 59. Gospodarowicz, D. and C. Ill. Extracellular matrix and control of proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 65: 1351–1364, 1980.
 60. Greenburg, G., I. Vlodavsky, J. M. Foidart, And D. Gospodarowicz. Conditioned medium from endothelial cell cultures can restore the normal phenotypic expression of vascular endothelium maintained in vitro in the presence of fibroblast growth factor. J. Cell. Physiol. 103: 333–347, 1980.
 61. Grotendorst, G. R., H. Sepa, H. K. Kleinman, And G. R. Martin. Attachment of smooth muscle cells to collagen and their migration toward platelet‐derived growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 3669–3672, 1981.
 62. Habenicht, H. J. R., J. A. Glomset, W. C. King, C. Nist, C. D. Mitchell, And R. Ross. Early changes in phosphatidylinositol and arachidonic acid metabolism in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells stimulated to divide by platelet‐derived growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 12329–12335, 1981.
 63. Hansson, G. K., T. Björnheden, A. Bylock, And G. Bondjers. Fc‐dependent binding of monocytes to areas with endothelial injury in the rabbit aorta. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 34: 264–280, 1981.
 64. Harker, L., R. Ross, S. Slichter, And C. Scott. Homocystine‐induced arteriosclerosis: the role of endothelial cell injury and platelet response in its genesis. J. Clin. Invest. 58: 731–741, 1976.
 65. Harlan, J. M., and L. A. Harker. Hemostasis, thrombosis, and thromboembolic disorders. The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in platelet‐vessel wall interactions. Med. Clin. North Am. 65: 855–880, 1981.
 66. Harlan, J. M., P. D. Killen, L. A. Harker, G. E. Striker, And D. G. Wright. Neutrophil‐mediated endothelial injury in vitro: mechanisms of cell detachment. J. Clin. Invest. 68: 1394–1403, 1981.
 67. Heldin, C.‐H., B. Westermark, And A. Wasteson. Platelet‐derived growth factor. Purification and partial characterization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 3722–3726, 1979.
 68. Heldin, C.‐H., B. Westermark, And A. Wasteson. Specific receptors for PDGF on cells derived from connective tissue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 3664–3668, 1981.
 69. Henriksen, T., S. A. Evensen, And B. Carlander. Injury to human endothelial cells in culture induced by low density lipoproteins. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 39: 361–368, 1979.
 70. Hessler, J. R., A. L. Robertson, And G. M. Chisolm. LDL‐induced cytotoxicity and its inhibition by HDL in human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in culture. Atherosclerosis 32: 213–229, 1979.
 71. Hirschberg, H., O. T. Bergh, And E. Thorshy. Antigen presenting properties of human vascular endothelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 152: 249–255, 1980.
 72. Hjelle, J. T., J. Baird‐Lambert, G. Cardinale, S. Specor, And S. Udenfriend. Isolated microvessels: the blood‐brain barrier in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 4544–4548, 1978.
 73. Hoover, R. L., R. T. Briggs, And M. J. Karnovsky. The adhesive interaction between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and endothelial cell in vitro. Cell 14: 423–428, 1978.
 74. Ingerman‐Wojenski, C., M. J. Silver, J. B. Smith, And E. Macarak. Bovine endothelial cells in culture produce thromboxane as well as prostacyclin. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 1292–1296, 1981.
 75. Jacobs, H. S., R. P. Hebbel, O. Yamada, And C. F. Moldow. Abnormal adherence of sickle erythrocytes to cultured vascular endothelium. J. Clin. Invest. 65: 154–160, 1980.
 76. Jaffe, E. A., R. L. Nachman, C. G. Becker, And C. R. Minick. Culture of human endothelial cells derived from umbilical veins. J. Clin. Invest. 52: 2745–2756, 1973.
 77. Jones, T. R., K. J. Kao, S. V. Pizzo, And D. D. Bigner. Endothelial cell surface expression and binding of factor VIII/von Willebrand's factor. Am. J. Pathol. 103: 304–308, 1981.
 78. Karnovsky, M. J. The ultrastructural basis of capillary permeability studied with peroxidase as a tracer. J. Cell Biol. 35: 213–236, 1967.
 79. Landis, E. M., and J. R. Pappenheimer. Exchange of substances through the capillary walls. In: Handbook of Physiology. Circulation, edited by W. F. Hamilton. Washington, DC: Am. Physiol. Soc, 1963, sect. 2, vol. II, chapt. 29, p. 961–1034.
 80. Levin, E. G., and D. J. Loskutoff. Serum mediated suppression of cell associated plasminogen activator in cultured endothelial cells. Cell 22: 701–707, 1980.
 81. Levin, R. I., E. A. Jaffe, B. B. Weksler, And K. Tackgoldman. Nitroglycerin stimulates synthesis of prostacyclin by cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 762–769, 1981.
 82. Levine, E. M., and S. N. Mueller. Cultured vascular endothelial cells as a model system for the study of cellular senescence. Int. Rev. Cytol. Suppl. 10: 67–76, 1979.
 83. Lewis, L. J., J. C. Hoak, R. D. Maca, And G. L. Fry. Replication of human endothelial cells in culture. Science 181: 453–454, 1973.
 84. MacGregor, R. R., H. M. Friedman, E. J. Macarak, And N. A. Kefalides. Virus infection of endothelial cells increases granulocyte adherence. J. Clin. Invest. 65: 1469–1477, 1980.
 85. Maciag, T., J. Cerundolo, S. Ilsley, P. R. Kelley, And R. Forand. An endothelial cell growth factor from bovine hypothalamus: identification and partial characterization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 5674–5678, 1979.
 86. Majno, G. Ultrastructure of the vascular membrane. In: Handbook of Physiology. Circulation, edited by W. F. Hamilton. Washington, DC: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1965, sect. 2, vol. III, chapt. 64, p. 2293–2375.
 87. Marcus, A. J., B. B. Weksler, E. A. Jaffe, And M J. Broekman. Synthesis of prostacyclin from platelet‐derived endoperoxides by cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 66: 979–986, 1980.
 88. Martin, B. M., M. A. Gimbrone, Jr., G. R. Majeau, E. R. Unanue, And R. S. Cotran. Monocyte/macrophage‐derived growth factor production: modulation by cold‐insoluble globulin and extracellular matrix (Abstract). Circulation 64, Suppl. 4: 214, 1981.
 89. Mason, R. G., and J. U. Balis. Pathology of the endothelium. Pathobiol. Cell Membr. 2: 425–471, 1980.
 90. Meyrick, B. and L. Reid. Endothelial and subintimal changes in rat hilar pulmonary artery during recovery from hypoxia. A quantitative ultrastructural study. Lab. Invest. 42: 603–615, 1980.
 91. Minick, C. R., M. B. Stemerman, And W. Insull, Jr. Effect of regenerated endothelium on lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 1724–1728, 1977.
 92. Moore, A., R. J. Friedman, D. P. Singal, J. Gauldie, And M. A. Blajchman. Inhibition of injury induced thromboath‐erosclerotic lesions by antiplatelet serum in rabbits. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 35: 70–81, 1976.
 93. Nachman, R. L., E. A. Jaffe, And B. Ferris. Multiple forms of endothelial cell factor VIII related antigen. Biochim. Bio‐phys. Acta 667: 361–369, 1981.
 94. Nees, S., A. L. Gerbes, E. Gerlach, And J. Staubesand. Isolation, identification, and continuous culture of coronary endothelial cells from guinea pig hearts. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 24: 287–297, 1981.
 95. Ng, K. K. F., and J. R. Vane. Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Nature London 216: 762–766, 1967.
 96. O'Brodovich, H. M., S. A. Stalcup, L. M. Pang, J. S. Lipset, And R. B. Mellins. Bradykinin production and increased pulmonary endothelial permeability during acute respiratory failure in unanesthetized sheep. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 514–522, 1981.
 97. Owen, W. G., and C. T. Esmon. Functional properties of an endothelial cell cofactor for thrombin‐catalyzed activation of protein C. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 5532–5535, 1981.
 98. Parshley, M. S., J. M. Cerreta, I. Mandl, J. A. Fierer, And G. M. Turino. Characteristics of a clone of endothelial cells derived from a line of normal adult rat lung cells. In Vitro 15: 709–722, 1979.
 99. Pauli, B. U., S. N. Anderson, V. A. Memoli, And K. Z. Kuettner. The isolation and characterization in vitro of normal epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts from rat urinary bladder. Tissue Cell 12: 419–436, 1980.
 100. Pelikan, P., M. A. Gimbrone, Jr., And R. S. Cotran. Distribution and movement of anionic cell surface sites in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 32: 69–80, 1979.
 101. Phillips, P., P. Kumar, S. Kumar, And M. Waghe. Isolation and characterization of endothelial cells from rat and cow brain white matter. J. Anal 129: 261–272, 1979.
 102. Pick, R., P. J. Johnson, And G. Glick. Deleterious effects of hypertension on the development of aortic and coronary atherosclerosis in stumptail macaques (Macaca speciosa) on an atherogenic diet. Circ. Res. 35: 472–482, 1974.
 103. Pollack, O. J. and T. Kasai. Appearance and behavior of aortic cells in vitro. Am. J. Med. Sci. 248: 71–78, 1964.
 104. Raines, E. W. and R. Ross. Platelet‐derived growth factor. I. High yield purification and evidence for multiple forms. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 5154–5160, 1982.
 105. Rand, J. H., J. J. Sussman, R. E. Gordon, S. V. Chu, And V. Soloman. Localization of factor‐VIII‐related antigen in human vascular subendothelium. Blood 55: 752–756, 1980.
 106. Renkin, E. M. Transport pathways through capillary endothelium. Microvasc. Res. 15: 123–135, 1978.
 107. Richardson, M., I. Ihnatowycz, And S. Moore. Glycos‐aminoglycan distribution in rabbit aortic wall following balloon catheter deendothelialization. An ultrastructural study. Lab. Invest. 43: 509–516, 1980.
 108. Rosen, E. M., S. N. Mueller, J. P. Noveral, And E. M. Levine. Proliferative characteristics of clonal endothelial cell strains. J. Cell. Physiol. 107: 123–137, 1981.
 109. Ross, R. George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Atherosclerosis: a problem of the biology of arterial wall cells and their interaction with blood components. Arteriosclerosis 1: 293–311, 1981.
 110. Ross, R. The platelet‐derived growth factor. In: Tissue Growth Factors, edited by R. Baserga. Heidelberg, West Germany: Springer‐Verlag, 1981, p. 133–159.
 111. Ross, R. and L. Harker. Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Chronic hyperlipidemia initiates and maintains lesions by endothelial cell desquamation and lipid accumulation. Science 193: 1094–1100, 1976.
 112. Ross, R. and A. Vogel. The platelet‐derived growth factor. Cell 14: 203–210, 1978.
 113. Ryan, U. S. Structural basis for metabolic activity. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 44: 223–239, 1982.
 114. Ryan, U. S., E. Clement, D. Habilstan, And J. W. Ryan. Isolation and culture of pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Tissue Cell 10: 535–554, 1978.
 115. Ryan, U. S., D. R. Schultz, And J. W. Ryan. Fc and C3b receptors on pulmonary endothelial cells: induction by injury. Science 214: 557–558, 1981.
 116. Sacks, T., C. F. Moldow, P. R. Craddock, T. K. Bowers, And H. S. Jacob. Oxygen radicals mediate endothelial cell damage by complement‐stimulated granulocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 61: 1161–1167, 1978.
 117. Sage, H., P. Pritzl, And P. Bornstein. Characterization of cell matrix associated collagens synthesized by aortic endothelial cells in culture. J. Biol. Chem. 20: 436–442, 1981.
 118. Sakariassen, K. S., P. A. Bolhuis, And J. J. Sixma. Human blood platelet adhesion to artery subendothelium is mediated by factor VIII‐von Willebrand factor bound to the subendothelium. Nature London 279: 636–638, 1979.
 119. Samuelsson, B., G. Folco, E. Granström, H. Kindahl, And C. Malmsten. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes: biochemical and physiological considerations. Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res. 4: 1–25, 1978.
 120. Schwartz, S. M. Hypertension, endothelial injury, and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Med. 2: 991–1002, 1977.
 121. Schwartz, S. M. Selection and characterization of bovine aortic endothelial cells. In Vitro 14: 966–980, 1978.
 122. Schwartz, S. M., and E. P. Benditt. Aortic endothelial cell replication. I. Effects of age and hypertension in the rat. Circ. Res. 41: 248–255, 1977.
 123. Schwartz, S. M., C. M. Gajdusek, M. A. Reidy, S. C. Selden III, and C. C. Haudenschild. Maintenance of integrity in aortic endothelium. Federation Proc. 39: 2618–2625, 1980.
 124. Schwartz, S. M., S. C. Selden III, and P. Bowman. Growth control in aortic endothelium at wound edges. In: Hormones and Cell Culture, edited by R. Ross and G. Sato. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab., 1979, p. 593–610. (Cold Spring Harbor Conf. Cell Proliferation, 3rd, 1979.)
 125. Schwartz, S. M., and D. M. Standaert. Endothelial cell turnover in rats: effects of angiotensin, age and chronic hypertension. Atheroscler. Rev. 9: 109–121, 1982.
 126. Scow, R., E. J. Blanchette‐Mackie, And L. C. Smith. Role of capillary endothelium on the clearance of chylomicrons. Circ. Res. 39: 149–162, 1976.
 127. Sherer, G. K., T. P. Fitzharris, W. P. Faulk, And E. C. LeRoy. Cultivation of microvascular endothelial cells from human preputial skin. In Vitro 16: 675–684, 1980.
 128. Simionescu, N., M. Simionescu, And G. E. Palade. Permeability of intestinal capillaries. Pathway followed by dextrans and glycogens. J. Cell Biol. 53: 365–392, 1972.
 129. Simionescu, M., N. Simionescu, And G. E. Palade. Segmental differentiations of cell junctions in the vascular endothelium. The microvasculature. J. Cell Biol. 67: 863–885, 1975.
 130. Simionescu, N., M. Simionescu, And G. E. Palade. Structural‐functional correlates in the transendothelial exchange of water‐soluble macromolecules. Throrrib. Res. 8, Suppl. 11: 257–269, 1976.
 131. Simionescu, N., M. Simionescu, And G. E. Palade. Differentiated microdomains on the luminal surface of capillary endothelium. I. Preferential distribution of anionic sites. J. Cell Biol. 90: 605–613, 1981.
 132. Slater, D. N., and J. M. Sloan. The porcine endothelial cell in tissue culture. Atherosclerosis 21: 259–274, 1975.
 133. Spatz, M., J. Bembry, R. Dodson, H. Hervonen, And M. R. Murray. Endothelial cell cultures derived from isolated cerebral microvessels. Brain Res. 191: 577–582, 1980.
 134. Stalcup, S. A., J. S. Lipset, J.‐M. Woan, P. Leuonberger, And R. B. Mellins. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme activity in cultured endothelial cells by hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 63: 966–976, 1979.
 135. Staub, N. C. Brief reviews: pulmonary edema due to increased microvascular permeability to fluid and protein. Circ. Res. 43: 143–151, 1978.
 136. Stein, O. and Y. Stein. High density lipoproteins reduce the uptake of low density lipoproteins by human endothelial cells in culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 431: 363–368, 1976.
 137. Stein, O. and Y. Stein. Bovine aortic endothelial cells display macrophage‐like properties towards acetylated 125I‐labeled low density lipoprotein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 620: 631–635, 1980.
 138. Stemerman, M. B. and R. Ross. Experimental arteriosclerosis. I. Fibrous plaque formation in primates. An electron microscopic study. J. Exp. Med. 136: 769–789, 1972.
 139. Tauber, J. P., J. Cheng, And D. Gospodarowicz. Effect of high and low density lipoproteins on proliferation of cultured bovine vascular endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 66: 696–708, 1980.
 140. Taylor, R. F., T. H. Price, S. M. Schwartz, And D. C. Dale. Neutrophil‐endothelial cell interactions on endothelial monolayers grown on micropore filters. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 584–587, 1981.
 141. Thomas, W. A., J. M. Reiner, R. A. Florentin, And R. F. Scott. Population dynamics of arterial cells during athero‐genesis. VIII. Separation of the roles of injury and growth stimulation in early aortic atherogenesis in swine originating in pre‐existing intimal smooth muscle cell masses. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 31: 124–144, 1979.
 142. Thorgeirsson, G., A. L. Robertson, Jr., And D. H. Lowdan. Migration of human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Lab. Invest. 41: 51–62, 1979.
 143. Thornthwaite, J. T., and R. C. Leif. A permanent cell viability assay using alcian blue. Stain Technol. 53: 199–204, 1978.
 144. Udeinya, I. J., J. A. Schmidt, M. Aikawa, L. H. Miller, And I. Green. Falciparum malaria‐infected erythrocytes specifically bind to cultured human endothelial cells. Science 312: 555–557, 1981.
 145. Vlodavsky, I., P. E. Fielding, C. J. Fielding, And D. Gospodarowicz. Role of contact inhibition in the regulation of receptor mediated uptake of low density lipoprotein in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 356–360, 1978.
 146. Wall, R. T., L. A. Harker, L. J. Quadracci, And G. E. Striker. Factors influencing endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. J. Cell. Physiol. 96: 203–214, 1978.
 147. Weber, G., P. Fabbrini, L. Resi, And P. Toti. Aortic surface coat scanning electron‐microscopic modifications after short‐term hypercholesterolic diet, visualized in rabbits by con A‐haemocyanin reaction. Atherosclerosis 27: 141–145, 1977.
 148. Wedmore, C. V., and T. J. Williams. Control of vascular permeability by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in inflammation. Nature London 289: 646–650, 1981.
 149. Weiss, H. J., H. R. Baumgartner, T. B. Tschopp, D. Cohen, And V. T. Turitto. Correction by factor VIII of the impaired platelet adhesion to subendothelium in von Willi‐brand disease. Blood 51: 267–279, 1978.
 150. Weksler, B. B., C. W. Ley, And E. A. Jaffe. Stimulation of endothelial cell prostacyclin production of thrombin, trypsin, and the ionophore A 23187. J. Clin. Invest. 62: 923–930, 1978.
 151. Williams, M. C., and S. L. Wissig. The permeability of muscle capillaries to horseradish peroxidase. J. Cell Biol. 66: 531–555, 1975.
 152. Zetter, B. R., and H. N. Antoniades. Stimulation of human vascular endothelial cell growth by a platelet‐derived growth factor and thrombin. J. Supramol. Struct. 11: 361–370, 1979.
 153. Zetter, B. R., L. K. Johnson, M. A. Shuman, And D. Gospodarowicz. The isolation of vascular endothelial cell lines with altered cell surface and platelet binding properties. Cell 14: 501–509, 1978.
 154. Zucker, M. B. The functioning of blood platelets. Sci. Am. 242: 86–103, 1980.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Platelet‐Blood Vessel Interactions
 

How to Cite

Russell Ross, Stephen M. Schwartz. Platelet‐Blood Vessel Interactions. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 10: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions: 545-558. First published in print 1985. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030117