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Abnormalities in Respiratory Rhythm

Neil S. Cherniack, Guy S. Longobardo

10.1002/cphy.cp030222

Source: Supplement 11: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Control of Breathing

Originally published: 1986

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Basic Features of Respiratory Control
2 Changes in Breathing Pattern Caused by Sleep‐Waking Cycle
3 Cheyne‐Stokes Breathing and Other Respiratory Rhythm Disorders
4 Animal Models of Disordered Breathing Rhythm
4.1 Biot's and Apneustic Breathing
4.2 Cheyne‐Stokes Breathing
5 Instability in Respiratory Control‐Analytical Considerations
6 Factors Affecting Stability of Respiratory Control System
6.1 Chemoreceptors
6.2 Ventilatory Depressant Effect of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia
6.3 Apnea Threshold
6.4 Effects of Sleep
6.5 Effects of Chemical Stimuli in Upper Airway Muscles
6.6 Body Gas Stores
6.7 Effects of Chest Bellows and Respiratory Mechanoreceptors
6.8 Circulation Effects
6.9 Interaction of Factors Producing Instability
6.10 Interaction of Circulation Time and Controller Gain
7 Conclusions
Figure 1. Figure 1.

A: physical control system. B: respiratory control system.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Phrenic nerve activity recorded by moving‐average technique. A: normal breath. B: apneustic breath. C: sigh. D: gasp.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Example of phrenic nerve tracings (moving average) in A: Cheyne‐Stokes breathing. B: ataxic breathing. C: Biot's breathing.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Spring‐mass system.
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Response of spring‐mass system at several damping ratios (ζ) in absence of feedback control.
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Response of spring‐mass system with and without proportional controller.
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Response of spring‐mass system with proportional controller reset at increasing rates.
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Effect of hypoxia on CO2 controller gain. , alveolar partial pressure of O2.
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Effect of circulation delays in mathematical model of respiratory control system on length of apnea at normal controller gain and at controller gains 3 and 5 times normal.


Figure 1.

A: physical control system. B: respiratory control system.



Figure 2.

Phrenic nerve activity recorded by moving‐average technique. A: normal breath. B: apneustic breath. C: sigh. D: gasp.



Figure 3.

Example of phrenic nerve tracings (moving average) in A: Cheyne‐Stokes breathing. B: ataxic breathing. C: Biot's breathing.



Figure 4.

Spring‐mass system.



Figure 5.

Response of spring‐mass system at several damping ratios (ζ) in absence of feedback control.



Figure 6.

Response of spring‐mass system with and without proportional controller.



Figure 7.

Response of spring‐mass system with proportional controller reset at increasing rates.



Figure 8.

Effect of hypoxia on CO2 controller gain. , alveolar partial pressure of O2.



Figure 9.

Effect of circulation delays in mathematical model of respiratory control system on length of apnea at normal controller gain and at controller gains 3 and 5 times normal.

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Article Title: Abnormalities in Respiratory Rhythm
 

How to Cite

Neil S. Cherniack, Guy S. Longobardo. Abnormalities in Respiratory Rhythm. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 11: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Control of Breathing: 729-749. First published in print 1986. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030222