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Control of Breathing in Birds

Peter Scheid, Johannes Piiper

10.1002/cphy.cp030226

Source: Supplement 11: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Control of Breathing

Originally published: 1986

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Structure of Avian Respiratory System
2 Factors that Affect Breathing
2.1 Respiratory Gases
2.2 Other Factors
3 Afferent Pathways Mediating Respiratory Stimuli
3.1 Chemoreceptors
3.2 Other Receptors
4 Involvement of Receptor Systems in Chemical Control of Breathing
4.1 Vagal Afferents
4.2 Carotid Bodies and O2 Sensitivity
4.3 Sensitivity to CO2
5 Central Respiratory Areas
6 Respiration in Special Conditions
6.1 Breathing at Elevated Metabolism
6.2 Breathing in Hot Environments
6.3 Respiration and Diving
6.4 Respiration at High Altitude
7 Conclusions: Control of Breathing in Birds Versus Mammals
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Structure of avian respiratory system comprising lung and air sacs (AS). Unpaired cervical and paired clavicular and cranial thoracic air sacs constitute cranial group (connections with medioventral secondary bronchi); paired caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs form caudal group (connections with main bronchus). Gas exchanging parabronchi connect mediodorsal and medioventral secondary bronchi; airflow through them is from former to latter during both respiratory phases (arrow, upper right). Periparabronchial tissue contains meshwork of air capillaries contacting blood capillaries enroute from peripheral arterioles to venules that lie close to parabronchial lumen and drain collected blood to veins in periphery. Serial multicapillary system formed by blood (and air) capillaries along parabronchus is basis for crosscurrent model describing parabronchial gas exchange.

From Scheid 260
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Functional characteristics of intrapulmonary chemoreceptor (IPC) in duck 108. A: single‐unit discharge is shown at various levels of lung gas CO2 partial pressure (Pico,) in unidirectional ventilation during low (3 cmH2O, left) and high (10 cmH2O, right) intrapulmonary pressure (Pip). Increasing inspiratory partial pressure of CO2 (Pico,) reversibly suppresses receptor discharge, but changes in Pip remain without effect. B: receptor discharge (middle) and corresponding instantaneous discharge frequency (upper) are displayed in response to sudden stepdown and backup in Pico2. Receptor response occurs within first second after changing Pico2. C: IPC responds to rhythmic changes in Pico2 during tidal pump ventilation.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Response characteristics of mechanoreceptor (A, B) and intrapulmonary chemoreceptor (IPC) (C, D) recorded in unidirectionally ventilated duck 109. Step decrease in lung CO2 concentration (Fico2) without changing intrapulmonary pressure (Pip) yields no response in mechanoreceptor (A) but elicits short‐latency increase in IPC activity (instantaneous discharge frequency, fdis) with dynamic overshoot (C). On the other hand, changing Pip without affecting Fico2 results in distinct change in fdis in mechanoreceptor (B) and no consistent response in IPC (D).


Figure 1.

Structure of avian respiratory system comprising lung and air sacs (AS). Unpaired cervical and paired clavicular and cranial thoracic air sacs constitute cranial group (connections with medioventral secondary bronchi); paired caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs form caudal group (connections with main bronchus). Gas exchanging parabronchi connect mediodorsal and medioventral secondary bronchi; airflow through them is from former to latter during both respiratory phases (arrow, upper right). Periparabronchial tissue contains meshwork of air capillaries contacting blood capillaries enroute from peripheral arterioles to venules that lie close to parabronchial lumen and drain collected blood to veins in periphery. Serial multicapillary system formed by blood (and air) capillaries along parabronchus is basis for crosscurrent model describing parabronchial gas exchange.

From Scheid 260


Figure 2.

Functional characteristics of intrapulmonary chemoreceptor (IPC) in duck 108. A: single‐unit discharge is shown at various levels of lung gas CO2 partial pressure (Pico,) in unidirectional ventilation during low (3 cmH2O, left) and high (10 cmH2O, right) intrapulmonary pressure (Pip). Increasing inspiratory partial pressure of CO2 (Pico,) reversibly suppresses receptor discharge, but changes in Pip remain without effect. B: receptor discharge (middle) and corresponding instantaneous discharge frequency (upper) are displayed in response to sudden stepdown and backup in Pico2. Receptor response occurs within first second after changing Pico2. C: IPC responds to rhythmic changes in Pico2 during tidal pump ventilation.



Figure 3.

Response characteristics of mechanoreceptor (A, B) and intrapulmonary chemoreceptor (IPC) (C, D) recorded in unidirectionally ventilated duck 109. Step decrease in lung CO2 concentration (Fico2) without changing intrapulmonary pressure (Pip) yields no response in mechanoreceptor (A) but elicits short‐latency increase in IPC activity (instantaneous discharge frequency, fdis) with dynamic overshoot (C). On the other hand, changing Pip without affecting Fico2 results in distinct change in fdis in mechanoreceptor (B) and no consistent response in IPC (D).

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Article Title: Control of Breathing in Birds
 

How to Cite

Peter Scheid, Johannes Piiper. Control of Breathing in Birds. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 11: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Control of Breathing: 815-832. First published in print 1986. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030226