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Static Behavior of the Respiratory System

Emilio Agostoni, Robert E. Hyatt

10.1002/cphy.cp030309

Source: Supplement 12: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Mechanics of Breathing

Originally published: 1986

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Lung Volumes
2 Volume‐Pressure Relations of Respiratory System During Relaxation
2.1 Total Respiratory System
2.2 Chest Wall and Lung
2.3 Effects of Gravity and Posture
2.4 Changes Throughout Life Span
3 Volume‐Pressure Relations of Respiratory System During Static Muscular Efforts
3.1 Alveolar Pressure
3.2 Abdominal and Thoracic Pressures
4 Factors Limiting Volume Extremes
4.1 Upper Volume Extreme
4.2 Lower Volume Extreme
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Subdivisions of lung volume.

From Pappenheimer et al. 109
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Static volume‐pressure curve of total respiratory system (Prs) during relaxation in sitting posture, with spirogram showing subdivisions of lung volume. Curve was extended to include full vital capacity (VC) range by means of externally applied pressures. IC, inspiratory capacity; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; RV, residual volume. Broken lines, volume change during relaxation against an obstruction due to gas compression at TLC and expansion at RV.

Adapted from Rohrer 127 by Agostoni and Mead 6
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Static volume‐pressure Curves of lung (PL), chest wall (PW), and total respiratory system (Prs) during relaxation in sitting posture. Large arrows, static forces of lung and chest wall (dimensions of arrows are not to scale). Horizontal broken lines, volume for each drawing.

Adapted from Rahn et al. 116 by Agostoni and Mead 6
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Volume changes of chest wall (ΔVW) and of lung (ΔVL) when volume of gas is introduced into both pleural spaces so that pleural pressure changes from −5 to −2 cmH2O. Position of chest wall (W) moves from point a to a' and that of lung (L) moves from b to b' as indicated by arrows. ΔPW, change in pressure across chest wall; ΔPL, change in transpulmonary pressure.

Adapted from Fenn 50 by Agostoni and Mead 6
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Static volume‐pressure hysteresis of total respiratory system (rs), lung (L), and chest wall (W). Volume shifts (arrowheads) were produced by gradually changing pressure at the mouth relative to that at body surface; a complete cycle took ∼1 min during which the subject attempted to relax respiratory muscles as completely as possible. Volume changes were measured with body plethsymograph. Pleural pressure was estimated from esophageal pressure measurements.

Adapted from Agostoni and Mead 6
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Pressures contributed by various parts of respiratory system in sitting and supine postures. Top: volume‐pressure relations of chest wall (PW), diaphragm (Pdi), and abdomen (Pab); open circles, resting volume of respiratory system. Bottom: volume‐pressure relations of chest wall, lung (PL), and total respiratory system (Prs).

Adapted from Agostoni and Mead 6
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Probable distribution of pressures in rib cage (Prc), lung (PL), abdomen (Pab), and diaphragm (Pdi) at the end of spontaneous expiration in upright and lateral postures. Figure takes into account effect of gravity on chest wall and lung and is based on data for humans and animals. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) = Pab – PL.

From Agostoni 3
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Pulmonary subdivisions in various postures (A), during tilting (B), and as function of body height (C). In instances where residual volume (RV) was not determined it was assumed to be 20% of total lung capacity (TLC) in upright posture. A: standing (141; J. Mead, unpublished observations); seated erect 38,74,144; seated erect, arms supported 38; seated leaning forward, arms supported 38; on hands and knees 38; prone 100; supine 38,45,74,100,144. B: triangles 141; all remaining points (J. Mead, unpublished observations). Dotted (supported at shoulders) and broken lines (supported by ankles) are average values for 5 subjects. Values of TLC and RV are for individual subjects. C: seated 35; ranges are SE for groups of 10 subjects; broken line is fit by eye; supine 101,124.

From Agostoni and Mead 6
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Volume‐pressure curves of relaxed chest wall with subject sitting in air (solid line), submerged to the xiphoid process (broken line), and submerged to neck (dotted line). Open circles, end of spontaneous expirations. Volume‐pressure curve of lung is not appreciably changed during subversion, and therefore volume‐pressure curve of relaxed respiratory system during submersion undergoes same shift as that of chest wall. Volume differences at upper end of curves are due partly to larger compression of gas and partly to a decreased upper limit of VC occurring during submersion.

From Agostoni et al. 5
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Lung volume vs. alveolar pressure during maximum static inspiratory and expiratory efforts and during relaxation in upright posture (solid lines). Broken lines, pressure contributed by muscles (Pmus). Prs, total respiratory system pressure.

Adapted from Rohrer 127 by Agostoni and Mead 6
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Volume‐pressure relations of respiratory system during maximum static inspiratory and expiratory efforts made by upright males of different ages.

From Cook et al. 36
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Lung volume vs. pressure above (solid lines) and below (broken lines) diaphragmatic dome during maximum static inspiratory, expiratory, and expulsive efforts.

Adapted from Agostoni and Rahn 10 by Agostoni 3


Figure 1.

Subdivisions of lung volume.

From Pappenheimer et al. 109


Figure 2.

Static volume‐pressure curve of total respiratory system (Prs) during relaxation in sitting posture, with spirogram showing subdivisions of lung volume. Curve was extended to include full vital capacity (VC) range by means of externally applied pressures. IC, inspiratory capacity; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; RV, residual volume. Broken lines, volume change during relaxation against an obstruction due to gas compression at TLC and expansion at RV.

Adapted from Rohrer 127 by Agostoni and Mead 6


Figure 3.

Static volume‐pressure Curves of lung (PL), chest wall (PW), and total respiratory system (Prs) during relaxation in sitting posture. Large arrows, static forces of lung and chest wall (dimensions of arrows are not to scale). Horizontal broken lines, volume for each drawing.

Adapted from Rahn et al. 116 by Agostoni and Mead 6


Figure 4.

Volume changes of chest wall (ΔVW) and of lung (ΔVL) when volume of gas is introduced into both pleural spaces so that pleural pressure changes from −5 to −2 cmH2O. Position of chest wall (W) moves from point a to a' and that of lung (L) moves from b to b' as indicated by arrows. ΔPW, change in pressure across chest wall; ΔPL, change in transpulmonary pressure.

Adapted from Fenn 50 by Agostoni and Mead 6


Figure 5.

Static volume‐pressure hysteresis of total respiratory system (rs), lung (L), and chest wall (W). Volume shifts (arrowheads) were produced by gradually changing pressure at the mouth relative to that at body surface; a complete cycle took ∼1 min during which the subject attempted to relax respiratory muscles as completely as possible. Volume changes were measured with body plethsymograph. Pleural pressure was estimated from esophageal pressure measurements.

Adapted from Agostoni and Mead 6


Figure 6.

Pressures contributed by various parts of respiratory system in sitting and supine postures. Top: volume‐pressure relations of chest wall (PW), diaphragm (Pdi), and abdomen (Pab); open circles, resting volume of respiratory system. Bottom: volume‐pressure relations of chest wall, lung (PL), and total respiratory system (Prs).

Adapted from Agostoni and Mead 6


Figure 7.

Probable distribution of pressures in rib cage (Prc), lung (PL), abdomen (Pab), and diaphragm (Pdi) at the end of spontaneous expiration in upright and lateral postures. Figure takes into account effect of gravity on chest wall and lung and is based on data for humans and animals. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) = Pab – PL.

From Agostoni 3


Figure 8.

Pulmonary subdivisions in various postures (A), during tilting (B), and as function of body height (C). In instances where residual volume (RV) was not determined it was assumed to be 20% of total lung capacity (TLC) in upright posture. A: standing (141; J. Mead, unpublished observations); seated erect 38,74,144; seated erect, arms supported 38; seated leaning forward, arms supported 38; on hands and knees 38; prone 100; supine 38,45,74,100,144. B: triangles 141; all remaining points (J. Mead, unpublished observations). Dotted (supported at shoulders) and broken lines (supported by ankles) are average values for 5 subjects. Values of TLC and RV are for individual subjects. C: seated 35; ranges are SE for groups of 10 subjects; broken line is fit by eye; supine 101,124.

From Agostoni and Mead 6


Figure 9.

Volume‐pressure curves of relaxed chest wall with subject sitting in air (solid line), submerged to the xiphoid process (broken line), and submerged to neck (dotted line). Open circles, end of spontaneous expirations. Volume‐pressure curve of lung is not appreciably changed during subversion, and therefore volume‐pressure curve of relaxed respiratory system during submersion undergoes same shift as that of chest wall. Volume differences at upper end of curves are due partly to larger compression of gas and partly to a decreased upper limit of VC occurring during submersion.

From Agostoni et al. 5


Figure 10.

Lung volume vs. alveolar pressure during maximum static inspiratory and expiratory efforts and during relaxation in upright posture (solid lines). Broken lines, pressure contributed by muscles (Pmus). Prs, total respiratory system pressure.

Adapted from Rohrer 127 by Agostoni and Mead 6


Figure 11.

Volume‐pressure relations of respiratory system during maximum static inspiratory and expiratory efforts made by upright males of different ages.

From Cook et al. 36


Figure 12.

Lung volume vs. pressure above (solid lines) and below (broken lines) diaphragmatic dome during maximum static inspiratory, expiratory, and expulsive efforts.

Adapted from Agostoni and Rahn 10 by Agostoni 3
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Article Title: Static Behavior of the Respiratory System
 

How to Cite

Emilio Agostoni, Robert E. Hyatt. Static Behavior of the Respiratory System. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 12: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Mechanics of Breathing: 113-130. First published in print 1986. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030309