Abstract
The sections in this article are:
- 1 Stress on Right Heart
- 2 Stress on Left Heart
- 3 Stress on Intrapulmonary Vessels
- 4 Stress on Left Ventricle from Ventricular Interdependence
- 5 Stress on Outer Surface of Abdominal Viscera
- 6 Summary
Solbert Permutt, Robert A. Wise
10.1002/cphy.cp030336
Source: Supplement 12: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Mechanics of Breathing
Originally published: 1986
Published online: January 2011
Full Article on Wiley Online Library
The sections in this article are:
References | |
1. | Aubier, M., T. Trippenbach, and C. Roussos. Respiratory muscle fatigue during cardiogenic shock. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 51: 499–508, 1981. |
2. | Bemis, C. E., J. R. Serur, D. Borkenhagen, and E. H. Sonnenblick. Influence of right ventricular filling on left ventricular pressure and dimension. Circ. Res. 34: 498–504, 1974. |
3. | Brecher, G. A., and C. A. Hubay. Pulmonary blood flow and venous return during spontaneous respiration. Circ. Res. 3: 210–214, 1965. |
4. | Brinker, J. A., J. L. Weiss, D. C. Lappe, J. L. Rabson, W. R. Summer, S. Permutt, and M. L. Weisfeldt. Leftward septal displacement during right ventricular loading in man. Circulation 61: 626–633, 1980. |
5. | Brookhart, J. M., and T. E. Boyd. Local differences in intrathoracic pressure and their relation to cardiac filling pressure in the dog. Am. J. Physiol. 148: 434–444, 1947. |
6. | Brower, R., R. Wise, C. Hassapoyannes, and S. Permutt. The effect of lung inflation on pulmonary venous return (Abstract). Federation Proc. 42: 594, 1983. |
7. | Buda, A. J., G. W. Mackenzie, and E. D. Wigle. Effect of negative intrathoracic pressure on left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in muscular subaortic stenosis. Circulation 63: 875–881, 1981. |
8. | Buda, A., M. R. Pinsky, N. B. Jugels, G. T. Daughters, E. B. Stinson, and E. L. Alderman. Effect of intrathoracic pressure on left ventricular performance. N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 453–459, 1979. |
9. | Caldini, P., S. Permutt, J. A. Waddell, and R. L. Riley. Effect of epinephrine on pressure, flow and volume relationships in the systemic circulation of dogs. Circ. Res. 34: 606–623, 1974. |
10. | Calvin, J. E., A. A. Drieger, and W. J. Sibbald. Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) does not depress left ventricular function in patients with pulmonary edema. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 124: 121–128, 1981. |
11. | Cassidy, S. S., and J. H. Mitchell. Effects of positive pressure breathing on right and left ventricular preload and afterload. Federation Proc. 40: 2178–2181, 1981. |
12. | Cassidy, S. S., and M. Ramanathan. Dimensional analysis of the left ventricle during PEEP: relative septal and lateral wall displacements. Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 15): H792–H805, 1984. |
13. | Chandra, N., A. Guerci, M. L. Weisfeldt, J. Tsitlik, and N. Lepor. Contrasts between intrathoracic pressures during external chest compression and cardiac massage. Crit. Care Med. 9: 789–792, 1981. |
14. | Chandra, N., L. D. Snyder, and M. L. Weisfeldt. Abdominal binding during CPR in man. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 246: 351–353, 1981. |
15. | Charlier, A. A. Beat to Beat Hemodynamic Effects of Lung Inflation and Normal Respiration in Anesthetized Conscious Dogs. Brussels: Arscia, 1967. Thesis. |
16. | Charlier, A. A., P. M. Jaumin, and H. Pouleur. Circulatory effects of deep inspirations, blocked expirations, and positive pressure inflations at equal transpulmonary pressures in dogs. J. Physiol. London 241: 589–605, 1974. |
17. | Cournand, A., H. L. Motley, L. Werko, and D. W. Richards, Jr. Physiological studies of the effects of intermittent positive pressure breathing on cardiac output in man. Am. J. Physiol. 152: 162–174, 1948. |
18. | Criley, J. M., A. H. Blaufuss, and G. L. Kissel. Coughinduced cardiac compression. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 236: 1246–1250, 1976. |
19. | Dhainaut, J. F., J. Y. Devaux, J. F. Monsallier, B. Schlemmer, and C. Bricard. Mechanisms of normalizing stroke volume with volume expansion during continuous positive pressure ventilation (Abstract). Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125, Suppl.: 84, 1982. |
20. | Downing, S. E., and E. H. Sonnenblick. Cardiac muscle mechanics and ventricular performance: force and time parameters. Am. J. Physiol. 207: 705–715, 1964. |
21. | Elzinga, G., and N. Westerhof. Pressure and flow generated by the left ventricle against different impedances. Circ. Res. 32: 178–186, 1973. |
22. | Fewell, J. E., D. R. Abendschein, C. J. Carlson, J. F. Murray, and E. Rapaport. Continuous positive‐pressure ventilation decreases right and left ventricular end‐diastolic volumes in the dog. Circ. Res. 46: 125–132, 1980. |
23. | Fewell, J. E., D. R. Abendschein, C. J. Carlson, E. Rapaport, and J. F. Murray. Mechanism of decreased right and left ventricular end‐diastolic volumes during continuous positive‐pressure ventilation in dogs. Circ. Res. 47: 467–472, 1980. |
24. | Fewell, J. E., D. R. Abendschein, C. J. Carlson, E. Rapaport, and J. F. Murray. Continuous positive‐pressure ventilation does not alter ventricular pressure‐volume relationship. Am. J. Physiol. 240 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 9): H821–H826, 1981. |
25. | Franklin, D. L., R. L. VanCitters, and R. Rushmer. Balance between right and left ventricular output. Circ. Res. 10: 17–26, 1962. |
26. | Gabe, I. T., J. H. Gault, J. Ross, Jr., D. T. Mason, C. J. Mills, J. P. Schillinsford, and E. Braunwald. Measurement of instantaneous blood flow velocity and pressure in conscious man with a catheter tip velocity probe. Circulation 40: 603–614, 1969. |
27. | Glantz, S. A., G. A. Wisback, W. Y. Moores, D. G. Mathey, J. Leleven, D. F. Stowe, W. W. Parmley, and J. V. Tyberg. The pericardium substantially affects the left ventricular diastolic pressure‐volume relationship in the dog. Circ. Res. 42: 533–541, 1978. |
28. | Goldblatt, A., D. C. Harrison, G. Glick, and E. Braunwald. Studies on cardiac dimension in intact, unanesthetized man. II. Effects of respiration. Circ. Res. 13: 455–460, 1963. |
29. | Guntheroth, W. B., B. C. Morgan, and G. L. Mullins. Effect of respiration on venous return and stroke volume in cardiac tamponade. Mechanism of pulsus paradoxus. Circ. Res. 20: 381–390, 1967. |
30. | Guyton, A. C., A. W. Lindsey, B. Abernathy, and T. Richardson. Venous return at various right atrial pressures and the normal venous return curve. Am. J. Physiol. 189: 609–615, 1957. |
31. | Guyton, A. C., D. Polizo, and G. G. Armstrong. Mean circulatory filling pressure measured immediately after cessation of heart pumping. Am. J. Physiol. 179: 261–267, 1954. |
32. | Hakim, T. S., C. A. Dawson, and J. H. Linehan. Hemodynamic responses of dog lung lobe to lobar venous occlusion. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 47: 145–152, 1979. |
33. | Hassapoyannes, C., R. Wise, R. Brower, B. Bromberger‐Barnea, and S. Permutt. Effect of intrathoracic counterpulsation on left ventricular performance (Abstract). Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 127: 311, 1983. |
34. | Haynes, J. B., S. Carson, W. P. Whitney, G. O. Zerbe, T. M. Ayers, and P. Steele. Positive end‐expiratory pressure shifts left ventricular diastolic pressure‐area curves. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 48: 670–676, 1980. |
35. | Hoffman, J. I. E., A. Guz, A. A. Charlier, and D. E. L. Wilcken. Stroke volume in conscious dogs; effect of respiration, posture, and vascular occlusion. J. Appl. Physiol. 20: 865–877, 1965. |
36. | Holt, J. P. Regulation of the degree of emptying of the left ventricle by the force of ventricular contraction. Circ. Res. 5: 281–287, 1957. |
37. | Howell, J. B. L., S. Permutt, D. F. Proctor, and R. L. Riley. Effect of inflation of the lung on different parts of pulmonary vascular bed. J. Appl. Physiol. 16: 71–76, 1961. |
38. | Hughes, J. M. B., J. B. Glazier, J. E. Maloney, and J. B. West. Effect of extra‐alveolar vessels on distribution of blood flow in the dog lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 25: 701–712, 1968. |
39. | Jardin, F., J. Farcot, L. Borsiante, N. Airien, A. Margairazi, and J. Bourclarin. Influence of positive end‐expiratory pressure on left ventricular performance. N. Engl. J. Med. 304: 387–392, 1981. |
40. | Karam, M., R. Wise, T. K. Natarajan, S. Permutt, and H. N. wagner. Effect of inspiratory threshold loading on left ventricular performance (Abstract). Federation Proc. 42: 309, 1983. |
41. | Lai‐Fook, S. J. A continuum mechanics analysis of pulmonary vascular interdependence in isolated dog lobes. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 46: 419–429, 1979. |
42. | Laks, M. M., D. Garner, and H. J. C. Swan. Volumes and compliances measured simultaneously in the right and left ventricles of the dog. Circ. Res. 20: 565–569, 1967. |
43. | Lichtenstein, S., H. Goldberg, W. Mitzner, C. Fuhrman, W. Summer, H. Menkes, N. Fortuin, L. Griffith, and S. Permutt. Respiratory effects of cardiac function (Abstract). Federation Proc. 34: 436, 1975. |
44. | Lloyd, T. C., Jr. Mechanical cardiopulmonary interdependence. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 52: 333–339, 1982. |
45. | Lloyd, T. C., Jr. Respiratory system compliance as seen from the cardiac fossa. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 53: 57–62, 1982. |
46. | Lopez‐Muniz, R., N. L. Stephens, B. Bromberger‐Barnea, S. Permutt, and R. L. Riley. Critical closure of pulmonary vessels analyzed in terms of Starling resistor model. J. Appl. Physiol. 24: 625–635, 1968. |
47. | Marini, J. J., B. H. Culver, and J. Butler. Effect of positive end‐expiratory pressure on canine ventricular function curves. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 51: 1367–1374, 1981. |
48. | Marini, J. J., B. H. Culver, and J. Butler. Mechanical effect of lung distension with positive pressure on cardiac function. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 124: 382–386, 1981. |
49. | Martins, J., J. Jardin, M. Sampson, and L. E. Engel. Factors influencing pulsus paradoxus in asthma. Chest 80: 543–549, 1981. |
50. | Maughan, W. L., C. H. Kallnan, and A. A. Shoukas. The effect of right ventricular filling on the pressure‐volume relationship of the ejecting canine left ventricle. Circ. Res. 49: 382–388, 1981. |
51. | Maulsby, R. L., and H. E. Hoff. Hypotensive mechanisms of pulmonary insufflation in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 202: 505–509, 1962. |
52. | McGregor, M. Current concepts: pulsus paradoxus. N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 480–482, 1979. |
53. | McHale, P. A., and J. C. Greenfield, Jr. Evaluation of several geometric models for estimation of left ventricular circumferential wall stress. Circ. Res. 33: 303–312, 1973. |
54. | Mead, J., T. Takishima, and D. Leith. Stress distribution in lungs: a model of pulmonary elasticity. J. Appl. Physiol. 28: 596–608, 1970. |
55. | Menkes, H., J. Forster, L. Griffith, and W. Summer. Interdependence of the heart and surrounding structures (Abstract). Federation Proc. 33: 448, 1974. |
56. | Moreno, A. H. Dynamics of pressure in the central veins. In: Cardiovascular System Dynamics, edited by J. Baan, A. Noordergraaf, and J. Raines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978, p. 266–282. |
57. | Morgan, B. C., E. W. Crawford, T. F. Hornbein, W. E. Martin, and W. G. Guntheroth. Hemodynamic effects of changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension during intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Anesthesiology 28: 866–873, 1967. |
58. | Morgan, B. C., D. H. Dillard, and W. G. Guntheroth. Effect of cardiac and respiratory cycle on pulmonary vein flow, pressure, and diameter. J. Appl. Physiol. 21: 1276–1280, 1966. |
59. | Morkin, E., J. A. Collins, H. S. Goldman, and A. P. Fishman. Pattern of blood flow in the pulmonary veins of the dog. J. Appl. Physiol. 20: 1118–1128, 1965. |
60. | Moulopoulos, S. D., A. Sarcas, S. Stamatelopoulos, and E. Arealis. Left ventricular performance during bypass or distension of the right ventricle. Circ. Res. 17: 484–491, 1965. |
61. | Nieman, J. T., J. P. Rosborough, D. Brown, M. Hausknecht, and J. M. Criley. Cough CPR: documentation of systemic perfusion in man and an experimental model and a “window” to the mechanism of blood flow in external CPR. Crit. Care Med. 8: 141, 1980. |
62. | Olson, C., G. S. Tyson, G. W. Maier, J. W. Davis, and J. S. Rankin. Mechanism of decreased left ventricular stroke volume during inspiration in the conscious dog (Abstract). Am. J. Cardiol. 49: 1049, 1982. |
63. | Parsons, G. H., and J. F. Green. Mechanisms of pulsus paradoxus in upper airway obstruction. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45: 598–603, 1978. |
64. | Permutt, S. Physiologic changes in the acute asthma attack. In: Asthma: Physiology, Immunopharmacology, and Treatment, edited by K. F. Austen and L. M. Lichtenstein. New York: Academic, 1973, p. 15–24. |
65. | Permutt, S. Relation between pulmonary and arterial pressure and pleural pressure during the acute asthmatic attack. Chest 63, Suppl.: 25S–28S, 1973. |
66. | Permutt, S. Mechanical influences on water accumulation in the lungs. In: Pulmonary Edema, edited by A. P. Fishman and E. M. Renkin. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1979, chapt. 13, p. 175–193. |
67. | Permutt, S., and P. Caldini. Regulation of cardiac output by the circuit: venous return. In: Cardiovascular System Dynamics, edited by J. Baan, A. Noordergraaf, and J. Raines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978, p. 465–479. |
68. | Permutt, S., and M. L. Weisfeldt (editors). The role of lung mechanics. In: Report of Workshop on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Washington, DC: Public Health Service, Natl. Inst. Health, 1982. |
69. | Prewitt, R. M., and L. D. H. Wood. Effect of altered resistive load on left ventricular systolic mechanics in dogs. Anesthesiology 56: 195–262, 1982. |
70. | Quist, J., H. Pontoppidan, and R. S. Wilson. Hemodynamic responses to mechanical ventilation with PEEP. Anesthesiology 42: 45–55, 1975. |
71. | Robotham, J. L., M. K. Kindred, M. K. Beaton, and F. R. Badke. Left ventricular (LV) dimension changes during spontaneous respiration (Abstract). Federation Proc. 41: 1249, 1982. |
72. | Robotham, J. L., W. Lixfeld, L. Holland, D. MacGregor, A. C. Bryan, and J. Rabson. Effects of respiration on cardiac performance. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 44: 703–709, 1978. |
73. | Robotham, J. L., and W. Mitzner. A model of the effects of respiration on left ventricular performance. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 46: 411–418, 1979. |
74. | Robotham, J. L., J. Rabson, S. Permutt, and B. Bromberger‐Barnea. Left ventricular hemodynamics during respiration. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 47: 1295–1303, 1979. |
75. | Robotham, J. L., R. Wise, and B. Bromberger‐Barnea. Effects of abdominal pressure on regional blood flow and left ventricular performance (Abstract). Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125, Suppl.: 237, 1982. |
76. | Rudikoff, M. T., W. L. Maughan, M. Effron, P. Freund, and M. L. Weisfeldt. Mechanisms of blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 61: 345–352, 1980. |
77. | Ruskin, J., R. J. Bache, J. C. Rembert, and J. C. Greenfield, Jr. Pressure‐flow studies in man: effect of respiration on left ventricular stroke volume. Circulation 48: 79–85, 1973. |
78. | Sagawa, K., H. Suga, A. A. Shoukas, and K. M. Bakalar. End systolic pressure‐volume ratio: a new index of contractility. Am. J. Cardiol. 40: 748–753, 1977. |
79. | Santamore, W. P., P. R. Lynch, G. Meier, J. Heckman, and A. A. Bove. Myocardial interaction between the ventricles. J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 362–368, 1976. |
80. | Scharf, S. M., J. A. Bianco, D. E. Tow, and R. Brown. The effects of large negative intrathoracic pressure on left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 63: 871–875, 1981. |
81. | Scharf, S. M., R. Brown, N. Saunders, and L. H. Green. Effects of normal and loaded spontaneous inspiration on cardiovascular function. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 47: 582–590, 1979. |
82. | Scharf, S. M., R. Brown, N. Saunders, L. Green, and R. Ingram, Jr. Changes in canine left ventricular size and configuration with positive end‐expiratory pressure. Circ. Res. 44: 672–678, 1979. |
83. | Schrijen, F., W. Ehrlich, and S. Permutt. Cardiovascular changes in conscious dogs during spontaneous deep breaths. Pfluegers Arch. 355: 205–215, 1975. |
84. | Shabetai, R., N. O. Fowler, J. C. Fenton, and M. Masangkay. Pulsus paradoxus. J. Clin. Invest. 44: 1882–1898, 1965. |
85. | Shabetai, R., N. O. Fowler, and M. Gueron. The effects of respiration on aortic pressure and flow. Am. Heart J. 65: 525–533, 1963. |
86. | Shepherd, J. T. The lungs as receptor sites for cardiovascular regulation. Circulation 63: 1–10, 1981. |
87. | Shuler, R. H., C. Ensor, R. E. Gunning, W. G. Moss, and V. Johnson. The differential effects of respiration on the left and right ventricles. Am. J. Physiol. 137: 620–627, 1942. |
88. | Smith, J. C., and W. Mitzner. Analysis of pulmonary vascular interdependence in excised dog lobes. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 48: 450–467, 1980. |
89. | Stalcup, S. A., and R. B. Mellins. Mechanical forces producing pulmonary edema in acute asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 297: 592–595, 1977. |
90. | Stool, E. W., C. B. Mullins, S. J. Leshin, and J. H. Mitchell. Dimensional changes of the left ventricle during acute pulmonary arterial hypertension in dogs. Am. J. Cardiol. 33: 868–875, 1974. |
91. | Suga, H., and K. Sagawa. Instantaneous pressure‐volume relationships and their ratio in the excised, supported canine left ventricle. Circ. Res. 35: 117–126, 1974. |
92. | Suga, H., K. Sagawa, and H. A. Shoukas. Load independence of the instantaneous pressure‐volume ratio of the canine left ventricle and effects of epinephrine and heart rate on the ratio. Circ. Res. 32: 314–322, 1973. |
93. | Summer, W., S. Permutt, K. Sagawa, A. Shoukas, and B. Bromberger‐Barnea. Effects of spontaneous respiration on canine left ventricular function. Circ. Res. 45: 719–728, 1979. |
94. | Sunagawa, K., W. L. Maughan, D. Burkhoff, and K. Sagawa. The effect of arterial impedance changes on the end systolic pressure‐volume relation (Abstract). Circulation 64, pt. 2: 209, 1981. |
95. | Sylvester, J. T., H. A. Menkes, and F. Stitik. Lung volume and interdependence in the pig. J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 395–401, 1975. |
96. | Taylor, R. R., J. W. Covell, E. H. Sonnenblick, and J. Ross, Jr. Dependence of ventricular distensibility on filling of the opposite ventricle. Am. J. Physiol. 213: 711–718, 1967. |
97. | Visscher, M. B., A. Rupp, and F. H. Scott. The respiratory wave in arterial blood pressure. Am. J. Physiol. 70: 586–606, 1924. |
98. | Wead, W. B., and J. F. Norton. Effects of intrapleural pressure changes on canine left ventricular function. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 50: 1027–1035, 1981. |
99. | Weber, K. T., J. S. Janicki, R. C. Reeves, L. L. Hefner, and T. J. Reeves. Determinants of stroke volume in the isolated canine heart. J. Appl. Physiol. 37: 742–747, 1974. |
100. | Wise, R. A., J. L. Robotham, B. Bromberger‐Barnea, and S. Permutt. Effect of PEEP on left ventricular function in right‐heart‐bypassed dogs. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 51: 541–546, 1981. |
101. | Wise, R. A., J. L. Robotham, B. Bromberger‐Barnea, W. R. Taylor, and S. Permutt. Elevation of left ventricular diastolic pressure by PEEP in the isolated in‐situ heart (Abstract). Physiologist 22 (4): 134, 1979. |
102. | Wise, R. A., J. L. Robotham, and W. R. Summer. Effects of spontaneous ventilation on the circulation. Lung 159: 175–186, 1981. |