| References |
| 1. |
Allen, W., and
W. H. Pepys.
On the changes produced in atmospheric air, and oxygen gas, by respiration.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
98:
249–281,
1808.
|
| 2. |
Amontons, G.
Moyen de substituer commodement l'action du feu, à la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines. In:
Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique. de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. De l'Année 1699
(3rd ed.).
Paris:
Martin, Coignard, & Guerin,
1732,
p. 112–126.
|
| 3. |
Amontons, G.
Le thermométre réduit à une mesure fixe & certaine, & le moyen d'y rapporter les observations faites avec les anciens thermométres sic.. In:
Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique. de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. De l'Année 1703
(2nd ed.).
Paris:
Hochereau,
1720,
p. 50–56.
|
| 4. |
Arnett, J. H.
The vital capacity of the lungs: early observations and instruments.
Med. Life
43:
2–8,
1936.
|
| 5. |
Bohr, C.
Om iltens afvigelse fra den Boyle‐Mariotteske lov ved lave tryk.
K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Naturvidensk. Math. Afd. Ser. 6,
2:
401–417,
1885.
|
| 6. |
Bohr, C.
Experimentale Untersuchungen über die Sauerstoffaufnahme des Blutfarbstoffes.
Kopenhagen:
Olsen,
1885.
|
| 7. |
Bohr, C.
Ueber die Abweichung des Sauerstoffs von dem Boyle‐Mariotte'schen Gesetze bei niedrigen Drucken.
Wiedemann's Ann. Phys. Chem. Folge 3,
27:
459–479,
1886.
|
| 8. |
Bohr, C.
Die funktionellen Änderungen in der Mittellage und Vitalkapazität der Lungen. Normales und pathologisches Emphysem.
Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med.
88:
385–434,
1907.
|
| 9. |
Borelli, I. A.
De motu animalium.
Rome:
Bernabò,
1680–1681,
vol. 2,
p. 162–164.
|
| 10. |
(Landmarks of Science.
New York:
Readex Microprint,
1967.)
|
| 11. |
Boyle, R.
New Experiments Physico‐Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its Effects, (Made, for the most part, in a New Pneumatical Engine).
Oxford:
H: Hall for T: Robinson,
1660.
|
| 12. |
(Landmarks of Science.
New York:
Readex Microprint,
1973.)
|
| 13. |
Boyle, R.
A defence of the doctrine touching the spring and weight of the air, propos'd by Mr. R. Boyle in his new physico‐mechanical experiments; against the objections of Franciscus Linus. Wherewith the objector's funicular hypothesis is also examin'd. In:
New Experiments Physico‐Mechanical, Touching the Air. The Second Edition. Whereunto is added A Defence of the Authors Explication of the Experiments, Against the Obiections of Franciscus Linus, And, Thomas Hobbes.
Oxford:
H: Hall for T: Robinson,
1662.
|
| 14. |
(Landmarks of Science.
New York:
Readex Microprint,
1974.)
|
| 15. |
Brunner, C., and
G. Valentin.
Ueber das Verhältniss der bei dem Athmen der Menschen ausgeschiedenen Kohlesäure zu dem durch jenen Process aufgenommenen Sauerstoffe.
Arch. Physiol. Heilk. Ser. 1,
2:
373–417,
1843.
|
| 16. |
Buchwald, J. Z.
Sir William Thomas (Baron Kelvin of Largs). In:
Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edited by C. C. Gillispie.
New York:
Scribner,
1976,
vol. 13,
p. 374–388.
|
| 17. |
Bunsen, R. W. E.
Gasometrische Methoden.
Braunschweig:
Vieweg,
1857.
|
| 18. |
Bunsen, R. W. E.
Gasometry, Comprising the Leading Physical and Chemical Properties of Gases,
translated by H. E. Roscoe.
London:
Walton & Maberly,
1857.
|
| 19. |
Bunsen, R. W. E.
Méthodes gazométriques,
translated by T. Schneider.
Paris:
Masson,
1858.
|
| 20. |
Carnot, N. L. S.
Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance.
Paris:
Bachelier,
1824.
(Facs. reprint. Paris: Hermann, 1903.)
|
| 21. |
Carnot, N. L. S.,
E. Clapeyron, and
R. Clausius.
Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, by Sadi Carnot; and Other Papers on the Second Law of Thermodynamics by E. Clapeyron and R. Clausius,
edited by E. Mendoza.
New York:
Dover,
1960.
|
| 22. |
Carpenter, T. M. (editor).
Tables, Factors, and Formulas for Computing Respiratory Exchange and Biological Transformations of Energy.
Washington, DC:
Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ.
303,
1921.
(Reprint. Washington, DC: Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ.,
1924, 1939, 1948.)
|
| 23. |
Clapeyron, É.
Mémoire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur.
J. Ec. Polytech. Paris Ser. 1,
14
(cahier 23):
153–190,
1834.
|
| 24. |
Clausius, R.
Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen.
Poggendorff's Ann. Phys. Chem. Folge 2,
79:
368–397,
500–524,
1850.
|
| 25. |
Comroe, J. H., Jr.
Retrospectroscope: Insights into Medical Discovery.
Menlo Park, CA:
Von Gehr,
1977,
p. 140–148.
|
| 26. |
Crosland, M. P.
Joseph Louis Gay‐Lussac. In:
Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edited by C. C. Gillispie.
New York:
Scribner,
1972,
vol. 5,
p. 317–327.
|
| 27. |
Crosland, M. P.
Gay‐Lussac: Scientist and Bourgeois.
Cambridge:
Cambridge Univ. Press,
1978.
|
| 28. |
Dalton, J.
Meteorological Observations and Essays.
London:
Richardson, Phillips, and Pennington,
1793,
p. 132–145,
200–208.
|
| 29. |
(Landmarks of Science.
New York:
Readex Microprint,
1973.)
|
| 30. |
Dalton, J.
Experimental essays on the constitution of mixed gases; on the force of steam or vapour from water and other liquids in different temperatures, both in a Torricellian vacuum and in air; on evaporation; and on the expansion of gases by heat.
Mem. Lit. Philos. Soc. Manchester Ser. 1,
5:
535–602,
1802.
|
| 31. |
Davy, H.
Researches, Chemical and Philosophical; Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide, or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air, and its Respiration.
London:
Johnson,
1800,
p. 398–411.
|
| 32. |
Davy, J.
An account of some experiments on the blood in connexion with the theory of respiration.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
128:
283–300,
1838.
|
| 33. |
Dejours, P.
Principles of Comparative Respiratory Physiology
(2nd ed.).
Amsterdam:
Elsevier/North‐Holland,
1981.
|
| 34. |
Doebereiner, J. W.
Sur l'action capillaire des fissures, etc.
Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 2,
24:
332–334,
1823.
|
| 35. |
Donders, F. C.
Bedenken gegen die von Buys‐Ballot und Fabius gegebene Formel zur Berechnung der vitalen Kapacität.
Z. Rat. Med. Ser. 2,
4:
304–309,
1853.
|
| 36. |
Douglas, C. G., and
J. G. Priestley.
Human Physiology: A Practical Course
(3rd ed.).
Oxford:
Clarendon,
1948,
p. 8,
20.
|
| 37. |
Duclaux, J.‐P. E.
Calcul de la tension de vapeur de l'eau entre 0à et 100àC; formule donnant cette tension entre −20à et +200à. Volume de la vapeur. Chaleur de vaporisation.
C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci.
236:
2218–2219,
1953.
|
| 38. |
Dulong, P. L., and
A. T. Petit.
Recherches sur les lois de dilatation des solides, des liquides et des fluides élastiques, et sur la mesure exacte des températures.
Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 2,
2:
240–263,
1816.
|
| 39. |
Dulong, P. L., and
A. T. Petit.
Recherches sur la mesure des températures et sur les lois de la communication de la chaleur.
Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser 2,
7:
113–154,
225–264,
337–367,
1817.
|
| 40. |
Exner, F.
Ueber den Durchgang der Gase durch Flüssigkeitslamellen.
Poggendorff's Ann. Phys. Chem. Folge 2,
155:
321–336,
443–464,
1875.
|
| 41. |
Fabius, H.
Neuere Beiträge zur Spirometrie. I. Spirometrische Beobachtungen.
Z. Rat. Med. Ser. 2,
4:
281–304,
1853.
|
| 42. |
Fick, A.
Ueber Diffusion.
Poggendorff's Ann. Phys. Chem. Folge 2,
94:
59–86,
1855.
|
| 43. |
Finkler, D., and
E. Oertmann.
Ueber den Einfluss der Athemmechanik auf den Stoffwechsel.
Pfüger's Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere
14:
38–72,
1877.
|
| 44. |
Fourier, J. B. J.
Théorie analytique de la chaleur.
Paris:
Didot,
1822.
|
| 45. |
Fourier, J. B. J.
The Analytical Theory of Heat,
translated by A. Freeman.
Cambridge:
Cambridge Univ. Press,
1878.
(Reprint. New York: Dover, 1955.)
|
| 46. |
Fox, R.
Henri Victor Regnault. In:
Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edited by C. C. Gillispie.
New York:
Scribner,
1975,
vol. 11,
p. 352–354.
|
| 47. |
Gay‐Lussac, J. L.
Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs.
Ann. Chim. Paris Ser. 1,
43:
137–175,
1802.
|
| 48. |
Gay‐Lussac, J. L.
Mémoire sur la combinaison des substances gazeuses, les unes avec les autres.
Mem. Phys. Chim. Soc. Arcueil
2:
207–234,
252–253,
1809.
|
| 49. |
Gay‐Lussac, J. L.
Memoir on the combination of gaseous substances with each other. In:
Foundations of the Molecular Theory Comprising Papers and Extracts by John Dalton, Joseph‐Louis Gay‐Lussac, and Amadeo Avogadro (1808–1811). Alembic Club Reprints, no. 4.
Edinburgh:
Livingstone,
1899. Reprinted
1950,
p. 8–24.
|
| 50. |
Goodwyn, E.
The Connexion of Life with Respiration
London:
Johnson,
1788,
p. 34–37.
|
| 51. |
Gough, J. B.
Jacques‐Alexandre‐César Charles. In:
Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edited by C. C. Gillispie.
New York:
Scribner,
1971,
vol. 3,
p. 207–208.
|
| 52. |
Graham, T.
On the law of the diffusion of gases.
Philos. Mag. Ser. 3,
2:
175–190,
269–276,
351–358,
1833.
|
| 53. |
Graham, T.
On the diffusion of liquids.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
140:
1–46,
1850.
|
| 54. |
Graham, T.
Supplementary observations on the diffusion of liquids.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
140:
805–836,
1850.
|
| 55. |
Graham, T.
On the molecular mobility of gases.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
153:
385–405,
1864.
|
| 56. |
Brown, T. Graham, and
G. de Beer.
The First Ascent of Mont Blanc.
London:
Oxford Univ. Press,
1957,
p. 52,
420–421.
|
| 57. |
Gréhant, N.
Recherches physiques sur la respiration de l'homme.
Robin's J. Anat. Physiol. Norm. Pathol. Homme Anim.
1:
523–555,
1864.
|
| 58. |
Gunther, R. T.
Early Science in Oxford.
Oxford:
Printed for the author,
1930–1938,
vols. 6–8,
10,
13.
|
| 59. |
Haldane, J. S.
Some improved methods of gas analysis.
J. Physiol. Lond.
22:
465–480,
1898.
|
| 60. |
Haldane, J. S., and
J. G. Priestley.
The regulation of the lung‐ventilation.
J. Physiol. Lond.
32:
225–266,
1905.
|
| 61. |
Hales, S.
Vegetable Staticks: Or, An Account of some Statical Experiments on the Sap in Vegetables: Being an Essay towards a Natural History of Vegetation. Also, a Specimen of An Attempt to Analyse the Air, By a great Variety of Chymio‐Statical Experiments;
London:
W. & J. Innys and Woodward,
1727,
p. 204–248.
(Reprint. London: Scientific Book Guild,
1961,
p. 117–140.)
|
| 62. |
Hales, S.
Statical Essays: Containing Haemastaticks; or, An Account of some Hydraulick and Hydrostatical Experiments made on the Blood and Blood‐Vessels of Animals.
London:
Innys & Manby and Woodward,
1733. (Facs. reprint. New York: Hafner, 1964.)
|
| 63. |
Hall, J. A., and
C. R. Barber.
The International Temperature Scale—1948 revision.
Br. J. Appl. Physics
1:
82–86,
1950.
|
| 64. |
Henry, W.
Experiments on the quantity of gases absorbed by water, at different temperatures, and under different pressures.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
93:
29–42,
1803.
|
| 65. |
Henry, W. C.
A memoir of the life and writings of the late Dr. Henry.
Mem. Lit. Philos. Soc. Manchester
11 Ser. 2,
vol. 6:
99–141,
1842.
|
| 66. |
Herbst, E. F. G.
Ueber die Capacität der Lungen für Luft, im gesunden und kranken Zustande.
Meckel's Arch. Anat. Physiol. 1828:
83–107,
1828.
|
| 67. |
Hutchinson, J.
On the capacity of the lungs, and on the respiratory functions, with a view of establishing a precise and easy method of detecting disease by the spirometer.
Med.‐Chir. Trans.
29:
137–252,
1846.
|
| 68. |
Hutchinson, J.
Von der Capacität der Lungen und von den Athmungs‐Functionen, mit Hinblick auf die Begründung einer genauen und leichten Methode, Krankheiten der Lungen durch das Spirometer zu entdecken,
translated by Samosch.
Braunschweig:
Vieweg,
1849.
Cited by Wintrich (147).
|
| 69. |
International Civil Aviation Organization.
Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere extended to 32 kilometres (105 000 feet)
(2nd ed.).
Montreal:
ICAO,
1964.
(ICAO Document 7488/2.)
|
| 70. |
Jones, H. C., translator and editor.
The Modern Theory of Solution: Memoirs by Pfeffer, van't Hoff, Arrhenius, and Raoult.
New York:
Harper,
1899.
|
| 71. |
Joule, J. P., and
W. Thomson.
On the thermal effects of fluids in motion, Part II.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
144:
321–364,
1854.
|
| 72. |
Jurin, J.
De motu aquarum fluentium.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
30:
748–766,
1718.
|
| 73. |
Kauffman, G. B.
Thomas Graham. In:
Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edited by C. C. Gillispie.
New York:
Scribner,
1972,
vol. 5,
p. 492–495.
|
| 74. |
Kentish, E.
An account of a pulmometer, by which may be known the power and capacity of the lungs to receive the atmospheric air. In:
An Account of Baths, and of a Madeira‐House, at Bristol.
London:
Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Browne,
1814,
p. 81–117.
|
| 75. |
Keyes, F. G.
The thermodynamic properties of water substance 0à to 150àC.
J. Chem. Phys.
15:
602–612,
1947.
|
| 76. |
Krogh, A., and
M. Krogh.
On the rate of diffusion of carbonic oxide into the lungs of man.
Skand. Arch. Physiol.
23:
236–247,
1910.
|
| 77. |
Küchenmeister, F.
Ueber die Spirometrie im Allgemeinen und die Respirationsgrösse der Schwangern im Besondern.
Arch. Ver. Gemein. Arb. Foerd. Wiss. Heilkd.
1:
504–516,
1854.
|
| 78. |
La Hire, P. de.
Experiences et remarques sur la dilatation de l'air par l'eau boüillante.
Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique. de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. De l'Année 1708.
Paris:
Compagnie des Libraires,
1730,
p. 274–288.
|
| 79. |
La Place, P. S. de.
Supplement to the Tenth Book. In:
Mécanique Céleste,
translated by N. Bowditch.
Boston, MA:
Little, Brown,
1839,
vol. 4,
p. 685–1018.
|
| 80. |
Lavoisier, A.‐L.
Expéeriences sur la respiration des animaux, et sur les changemens qui arrivent à l'air en passant par leur poumon. In:
Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique. de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Année 1777.
Paris:
Imprimerie Royale,
1780,
p. 185–194.
|
| 81. |
Lavoisier, A.‐L., and
P. S. de la Place.
Mémoire sur la chaleur. In:
Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique. de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Année 1780.
Paris:
Imprimerie Royale,
1784,
p. 355–408.
|
| 82. |
Lavoisier, A.‐L., and
A. Séguin.
Second mémoire sur la respiration.
Ann. Chim. Paris Ser. 1,
91:
318–334,
1814.
|
| 83. |
Liebig, G. von.
Ueber die Respiration der Muskeln.
Müller's Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med.
1850:
393–416,
1850.
|
| 84. |
Lieibg, G. von.
Ueber das Athmen unter erhöhtem Luftdruck.
Z. Biol. Munich Ser. 1,
5:
1–27,
1869.
|
| 85. |
Liebig, G. von.
Beobachtungen über das Athmen unter dem erhöhten Luftdruck.
Du Bois‐Reymond's Arch. Anat. Physiol. Physiol. Abt.
1889
Suppl. Bd.:
41–90,
1889.
|
| 86. |
Linus, F.
Tractatus de Corporum Inseparabilitate.
London:
Martin, Allestry, & Ditas,
1661.
|
| 87. |
Loewy, A.
Untersuchungen über die Respiration und Circulation bei Aenderung des Druckes und des Sauerstoffgehaltes der Luft.
Berlin:
Hirschwald,
1895.
|
| 88. |
Lundsgaard, C.
Studies of oxygen in the venous blood. I. Technique and results on normal individuals.
J. Boyl. Chem.
33:
133–144,
1918.
|
| 89. |
Lundsgaard, C., and
D. D. Van Slyke.
Studies of lung volume. I. Relation between thorax size and lung volume in normal adults.
J. Exp. Med.
27:
65–86,
1918.
|
| 90. |
Maddison, R. E. W.
The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle F.R.S.
London:
Taylor & Francis,
1969.
|
| 91. |
Magnus, G.
Ueber die im Blute enhaltenen Gase, Sauerstoff, Stickstoff und Kohlensäure.
Poggendorff's Ann. Phys. Chem. Folge 2,
40:
583–606,
1837.
|
| 92. |
Magnus, G.
Ueber die Ausdehnung der Gase durch die Wärme.
Poggendorff's Ann. Phys. Chem. Folge 2,
55:
1–27,
1842.
|
| 93. |
Magnus, G.
Ueber die Ausdehnung der atmosphärischen Luft in höheren Temperaturen.
Poggendorff's Ann. Phys. Chem. Folge 2,
57:
177–199,
1842.
|
| 94. |
Magnus, G.
Sur la dilatation de l'air dans les hautes températures.
Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 3,
6:
353–369,
1842.
|
| 95. |
Mariotte, E.
De la nature de l'air. In:
Oeuvres de Mr. Mariotte, de l'Academie Royale des Sciences.
Leiden:
Pierre Vander Aa,
1717,
vol. 1,
p. 148–182.
(See esp.
p. 150–155.)
|
| 96. |
(Landmarks of Science.
New York:
Readex Microprint,
1967.)
(First published in 1679.)
|
| 97. |
Marvin, C. F.
Barometers and the Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure (Circular F,
7th ed).
Washington, DC:
US Govt. Printing Office,
1941.
(Weather Bur. no. 1010.)
|
| 98. |
McKie, D.
Boyle's Law.
Endeavour
7:
141–151,
1948.
|
| 99. |
Menzies, R.
Tentamen physiologicum inaugurale, de respiratione.
Edinburgh:
Creech,
1790.
|
| 100. |
Menzies, R.
A Dissertation on Respiration,
translated by C. Sugrue.
Edinburgh: Mudie,
1796.
|
| 101. |
Meyer, L.
Die Gase des Blutes.
Z. rat. Med. Ser. 2,
8:
256–316,
1857.
|
| 102. |
Middleton, W. E. K.
The History of the Barometer.
Baltimore, MD:
Johns Hopkins Press,
1964.
|
| 103. |
Middleton, W. E. K.
A History of the Thermometer and its Use in Meteorology.
Baltimore, MD:
Johns Hopkins Press,
1966.
|
| 104. |
Mosso, A.
Life of Man on the High Alps,
translated by E. L. Kiesow.
London:
Fisher Unwin,
1898,
p. 41.
|
| 105. |
Myers, J. A.
Vital Capacity of the Lungs: A Handbook for Clinicians and Others Interested in the Examination of the Heart and Lungs Both in Health and Disease.
Baltimore, MD:
Williams & Wilkins,
1925,
p. 15–23,
120–135.
|
| 106. |
National Research Council.
Committee on Aviation Medicine. Subcommittee on Oxygen and Anoxia.
Handbook of Respiratory Data in Aviation. Washington, DC,
1944,
Chart R‐1.
|
| 107. |
Pappenheimer, J. R.
Chairman. Standardization of definitions and symbols in respiratory physiology.
Federation Proc.
9:
602–605,
1950.
|
| 108. |
Partington, J. R.
A History of Chemistry.
London:
Macmillan,
1962,
vol. 3.
|
| 109. |
Pascal, B.
Traitez de l'eqvilibre des liqvevrs, et de la pesantevr de la masse de l'air.
Paris:
Desprez,
1663.
|
| 110. |
Pascal, B.
The Physical Treatises of Pascal,
translated by I. H. B. Spiers and
A. G. H. Spiers.
New York:
Columbia Univ. Press,
1937.
|
| 111. |
Peabody, F. W., and
J. A. Wentworth.
Clinical studies of the respiration. IV. The vital capacity of the lungs and its relation to dyspnea.
Arch. Intern. Med.
20:
443–467,
1917.
|
| 112. |
Peabody, F. W.,
J. A. Wentworth, and
B. I. Barker.
Clinical studies on the respiration. V. The basal metabolism and the minute‐volume of the respiration of patients with cardiac disease.
Arch. Intern. Med.
20:
468–478,
1917.
|
| 113. |
Pepper, W.
The spirometer; its use in detecting disease of the lungs.
Am. J. Med. Sci. Ser. 2,
25:
297–312,
1853.
|
| 114. |
Peters, J. P., and
D. D. Van Slyke.
Quantitative Clinical Chemistry.
Baltimore, MD:
Williams & Wilkins,
1932,
vol. 2,
p. 129.
|
| 115. |
Pflüger, E. F. W.
Ueber den Einfluss der Athemmechanik auf den Stoffwechsel.
Pflüger's Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere
14:
1–37,
1877.
|
| 116. |
Piiper, J.,
P. Dejours,
P. Haab, and
H. Rahn.
Concepts and basic quantities in gas exchange physiology.
Respir. Physiol.
13:
292–304,
1971.
|
| 117. |
Poiseuille, J.‐L.‐M.
Recherches expérimentales sur le mouvement des liquides dans les tubes de trés‐petits diamètres. Mémoires présentés par divers savants á l'Académie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France
(Savants étrangers).
9:
433–543,
1846.
|
| 118. |
Priestley, J.
Observations on different kinds of air.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond
62:
147–264,
1772.
|
| 119. |
Prins, J. A.
Johannes Diderik van der Waals. In:
Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edited by C. C. Gillispie.
New York:
Scribner,
1976,
vol. 14,
p. 109–111.
|
| 120. |
Radford, E. P., Jr.
The physics of gases. In:
Handbook of Physiology. Respiration,
edited by W. O. Fenn and
H. Rahn.
Washington, DC:
Am. Physiol. Soc,
1964,
sect. 3,
vol. I,
chapt. 3,
p. 125–152.
|
| 121. |
Rahn, H., and
W. O. Fenn.
A Graphical Analysis of the Respiratory Gas Exchange.
The O2‐CO2 Diagram.
Washington, DC:
Am. Physiol. Soc.,
1955,
p. 37.
|
| 122. |
Rahn, H., and
D. Hammond.
Vital capacity at reduced barometric pressure.
J. Appl. Physiol.
4:
715–724,
1952.
|
| 123. |
Randall, W. W. (translator and editor).
The Expansion of Gases by Heat. Memoirs by Dalton, Gay‐Lussac, Regnault and Chappuis.
New York:
Am. Book,
1902.
|
| 124. |
Raoult, F.‐M.
Loi générate des tensions de vapeur des dissolvants.
C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci.
104:
1430–1433,
1887.
|
| 125. |
Regnault, V.
Sur le coefficient de dilatation des gaz.
C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci.
13:
1077–1079,
1841.
|
| 126. |
Regnault, V.
Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz.
Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 3,
4:
5–67,
1842.
|
| 127. |
Regnault, V.
Relation des expériences entreprises par ordre de monsieur le ministre des travaux publics, et sur la proposition de la commission centrale des machines à vapeur, pour déterminer les principales lois et les données numériques qui entrent dans le calcul des machines à vapeur.
Mem. Acad. R. Sci. Inst. Fr.
21:
1–767,
1847.
|
| 128. |
Regnault, V., and
J. Reiset.
Recherches chimiques sur la respiration des animaux des diverses classes.
Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 3,
26:
299–519,
1849.
|
| 129. |
Rosenthal, J.
Die Physiologie der Athembewegungen und der Innvervation derselben. In:
Handbuch der Physiologie,
edited by L. Hermann.
Leipzig:
Vogel,
1882,
vol. 4,
pt. 2,
p. 163–286.
|
| 130. |
Roth, P.
Modifications of apparatus and improved technic adaptable to the Benedict type of respiration apparatus.
Boston Med. Surg. J.
186:
457–465,
491–501,
1922.
|
| 131. |
Rudberg, F.
Ueber die Ausdehnung der trocknen Luft zwischen 0° und 100°C.
Poggendorff's Ann. Phys. Chem. Folge 2,
41:
271–293,
558–559,
1837.
|
| 132. |
Rudberg, F.
Zweite Reihe von Versuchen über die Ausdehnung der trocknen Luft zwischen 0à und 100à.
Poggendorff's Ann. Phys. Chem. Folge 2,
44:
119–123,
1838.
|
| 133. |
Scholander, P. F.
Analyzer for accurate estimation of respiratory gases in one‐half cubic centimeter samples.
J. Biol. Chem.
167:
235–250,
1947.
|
| 134. |
Schott, G.
Mechanica Hydraulico‐Pneumatica. Accessit Experimentum novum Magdeburgicum, quo vacuum alij stabilire, alij evertere conantur. Frankfurt am Main: Sumptu Heredum J. G. Schönwetterei, Excudebat H. Pigrin,
1657,
p. 441–484.
(Landmarks of Science.
New York:
Readex Microprint,
1975.)
|
| 135. |
Schultz, A. W. F.
Ueber die Wärmeerzeugung bei der Athmung.
Müller's Arch. Anat. Physïol. Wiss. Med.
1842:
121–144,
1842.
|
| 136. |
Schumburg, W. A. E. F., and
N. Zuntz.
Zur Kenntniss der Einwirkungen des Hochgebirges auf den menschlichen Organismus.
Pflüger's Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere
63:
461–494,
1896.
|
| 137. |
Séguin, A., and
A.‐L. Lavoisier.
Premier mémoire sur la respiration des animaux.
Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique. de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Anne 1789.
Paris:
Imprimerie de du Pont,
1793,
p. 566–584.
|
| 138. |
Severinghaus, J. W.
Methods of measurement of blood and gas carbon dioxide during anesthesia.
Anesthesiology
21:
717–726,
1960.
|
| 139. |
Sharlin, H. I.
Lord Kelvin: The Dynamic Victorian.
University Park:
Pennsylvania State Univ. Press,
1979.
|
| 140. |
Thackray, A.
John Dalton. In:
Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edited by C. C. Gillispie.
New York:
Scribner,
1971,
vol. 3,
p. 537–547.
|
| 141. |
Thomson, W.
On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations.
Philos. Mag. Ser. 3,
33:
313–317,
1848.
|
| 142. |
Thomson, W.
On the equilibrium of vapour at a curved surface of liquid.
Philos. Mag. Ser. 4,
42:
448–452,
1871.
|
| 143. |
Uotila, U. A.
Earth, figure of. In:
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica.
(15th ed.).
Chicago:
Encyclopaedia Britannica,
1974,
Macropaedia,
vol. 6,
p. 1–8.
|
| 144. |
Vierordt, C.
Ueber die Abhängigkeit des Kohlesäuregehaltes der ausgeathmeten Luft von der Häufigkeit der Athembewegungen: Ein Beitrag zur Experimentalphysiologie.
Arch. physiol. Heilk. Ser. 1,
3:
536–558,
1844.
|
| 145. |
Vivenot, R. von, jun.
Ueber die Zunahme der Lungencapacität bei therapeutischer Anwendung der verdichteten Luft.
Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol.
33:
126–144,
1865.
|
| 146. |
Waals, J. D. van der.
The continuity of the liquid and gaseous states of matter.
Physical Memoirs, Selected and Translated from Foreign Sources under the Direction of the Physical Society of London
1
(Pt. 3):
333–496,
1890.
|
| 147. |
Waals, J. D. van der.
Condensation of gases. In:
Encylopaedia Britannica
(11th ed.).
New York:
Encylopaedia Britannica,
1910,
vol. 6,
p. 844–849.
|
| 148. |
Walker, J. E. C.,
R. E. Wells, Jr., and
E. W. Merrill.
Heat and water exchange in the respiratory tract.
Am. J. Med.
30:
259–267,
1961.
|
| 149. |
Weast, R. C.,
M. J. Astle, and
W. H. Beyer (editors).
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
(66th ed.).
Boca Raton, FL:
CRC,
1985,
p. D‐188–D‐190,
E‐34–E‐37,
F‐148–F‐156.
|
| 150. |
Webster, C.
The discovery of Boyle's Law, and the concept of the elasticity of air in the seventeenth century.
Arch. Hist. Exact Sci.
2:
441–502,
1965.
|
| 151. |
West, J. B.,
C. J. Pizzo,
J. S. Milledge,
K. H. Maret, and
R. M. Peters.
Barometric pressure and alveolar gas composition on the summit of Mt. Everest (Abstract).
Federation Proc.
41:
1109,
1982.
|
| 152. |
Westfall, R. S.
Robert Hooke.
Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edited by C. C. Gillispie.
New York:
Scribner,
1972,
vol. 6,
p. 481–488.
|
| 153. |
Wintrich, M. A.
Einleitung zur Darstellung der Krankheiten der Respirationsorgane. In:
Handbuch der speciellen Patholagie und Therapie,
edited by R. Virchow.
Erlangen:
Enke,
1854,
vol. 5,
pt. 1,
p. 1–224.
|
| 154. |
Young, T.
An essay on the cohesion of fluids.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
95:
65–87,
1805.
|
| 155. |
Zupko, R. E.
British Weights & Measures: A History From Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century.
Madison:
Univ. of Wisconsin Press,
1977,
p. 174.
|
| 156. |
Zupko, R. E.
French Weights and Measures Before the Revolution: A Dictionary of Provincial and Local Units.
Bloomington:
Indiana Univ. Press,
1978,
p. 143.
|
