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Interaction of Body Temperatures in Control of Thermoregulatory Effector Mechanisms

Claus Jessen

10.1002/cphy.cp040107

Source: Supplement 14: Handbook of Physiology, Environmental Physiology

Originally published: 1996

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Sites of Afferent Temperature Signal Generation
1.1 Skin
1.2 Core
1.3 Circumscribed Sites of the Body Core
2 Metabolic Rate and Evaporative Heat Loss as Functions of Various Body Temperatures
2.1 Core and Skin
2.2 Fractional Core Inputs
3 Factors in the Relations Between Temperatures and Responses
3.1 Neuronal Models and Central Commands
3.2 Nonlinearities
3.3 Peripheral Effects on Central Commands
4 Skin and Core Temperatures Under Natural Conditions
4.1 Cold Exposure
4.2 Heat Exposure
5 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

MR and EHL as functions of Tcore and Tskin in humans and goats. Left: Contour lines for humans based on 20 experiments in one subject 7. Single symbols: shivering thresholds from various studies in humans 6,27,28,63; contour lines, for goats 61. Right: Contour lines for humans show EHL when sweating and are based on 106 experiments in one subject [A, 7] or on a smaller number of experiments in six subjects [B, 60]. Contour lines for goats show EHL when panting 61.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

MR and REHL as functions of Thypo and other temperatures in rabbits and dogs. A: rabbits. Tskin was thought to represent all extrahypothalamic inputs 80,81. B: dogs (33, dog B). C1, C2: rabbits. Textrahypo was measured in the esophagus and thought to represent all other inputs. MR and REHL contour lines were determined at +10°C (top) and 39°C (bottom) Tair, respectively 34,35. Shaded areas: test ranges on which the contour lines were calculated.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

MR and REHL as functions of head and trunk temperatures in goats. Head temperature was manipulated by carotid heat exchangers and trunk temperature by heat exchangers in trunk veins. Single symbols represent combinations in which MR and REHL were at near‐basal levels. Contour lines from nonlinear regressions 41.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Selective brain cooling in goat. Left: Trunk temperature (Taorta) was clamped at 39.2°C while the temperature of the blood flowing to the head (Tcarotis) was gradually increased. Brain temperature (Thypo) uncoupled from Tcarotis and at the end was 1.3°C below Tcarotis although skin vasoconstriction continued and the low level of REHL showed no sign of panting. Right: Tcarotis was clamped at 38.4°C while Taorta increased. In response to high trunk temperature, skin blood flow increased and REHL rose due to panting. However, Thypo continued to exceed Tcarotis and there was no selective brain cooling 49.


Figure 1.

MR and EHL as functions of Tcore and Tskin in humans and goats. Left: Contour lines for humans based on 20 experiments in one subject 7. Single symbols: shivering thresholds from various studies in humans 6,27,28,63; contour lines, for goats 61. Right: Contour lines for humans show EHL when sweating and are based on 106 experiments in one subject [A, 7] or on a smaller number of experiments in six subjects [B, 60]. Contour lines for goats show EHL when panting 61.



Figure 2.

MR and REHL as functions of Thypo and other temperatures in rabbits and dogs. A: rabbits. Tskin was thought to represent all extrahypothalamic inputs 80,81. B: dogs (33, dog B). C1, C2: rabbits. Textrahypo was measured in the esophagus and thought to represent all other inputs. MR and REHL contour lines were determined at +10°C (top) and 39°C (bottom) Tair, respectively 34,35. Shaded areas: test ranges on which the contour lines were calculated.



Figure 3.

MR and REHL as functions of head and trunk temperatures in goats. Head temperature was manipulated by carotid heat exchangers and trunk temperature by heat exchangers in trunk veins. Single symbols represent combinations in which MR and REHL were at near‐basal levels. Contour lines from nonlinear regressions 41.



Figure 4.

Selective brain cooling in goat. Left: Trunk temperature (Taorta) was clamped at 39.2°C while the temperature of the blood flowing to the head (Tcarotis) was gradually increased. Brain temperature (Thypo) uncoupled from Tcarotis and at the end was 1.3°C below Tcarotis although skin vasoconstriction continued and the low level of REHL showed no sign of panting. Right: Tcarotis was clamped at 38.4°C while Taorta increased. In response to high trunk temperature, skin blood flow increased and REHL rose due to panting. However, Thypo continued to exceed Tcarotis and there was no selective brain cooling 49.

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Article Title: Interaction of Body Temperatures in Control of Thermoregulatory Effector Mechanisms
 

How to Cite

Claus Jessen. Interaction of Body Temperatures in Control of Thermoregulatory Effector Mechanisms. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 14: Handbook of Physiology, Environmental Physiology: 127-138. First published in print 1996. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp040107