| References |
| 1. |
Abramson, D. I.,
A. Kahn,
S. Tuck, Jr.,
G. A. Turman,
H. Rejal, and
C. J. Fleischer.
Relationship between a range of tissue temperature and local oxygen uptake in the human forearm. I. Changes observed under resting conditions.
J. Clin. Invest.
37:
1031–1038,
1958.
|
| 2. |
Adolph, E. F. and
G. W. Molnar.
Exchanges of heat and tolerances to cold in man exposed to outdoor weather.
Am. J. Physiol.
146:
507–537,
1946.
|
| 3. |
Allen, T. H.,
M. T. Peng,
K. P. Chen,
T. F. Huang,
C. Chang, and
H. S. Fang.
Prediction of total adiposity from skinfolds and the curvilinear relationship between external and internal adiposity.
Metabolism
5:
346–352,
1956.
|
| 4. |
Andersen, K. L.,
Thermogenetic mechanisms involved in man's fitness to resist cold exposure.
In: The Physiology of Cold Weather Survival,
edited by A. Borg and
J. H. Veghte.
AGARD Report No. 620,
Neuilly‐Sur‐Seine, France:
NATO,
1973,
pp. 1–5.
|
| 5. |
Andersen, K. L.,
J. S. Hart,
H. T. Hammel, and
H. B. Sabean.
Metabolic and thermal response of Eskimos during muscular exertion in the cold.
J. Appl. Physiol.
18:
613–618,
1963.
|
| 6. |
Arnett, E. L., and
D. T. Watts.
Catecholamine excretion in men exposed to cold.
J. Appl. Physiol.
15:
499–500,
1960.
|
| 7. |
Aschoff, J., and
R. Wever.
Modellversuche zum Gegenstrom‐Wärmeaustausch in der Extremität.
Z. Ges. Exp. Med.
130:
385–395,
1958.
|
| 8. |
Astrup, A.,
Thermogenesis in human brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle induced by sympathomimetic stimulation.
Acta Endocrinol.
112
(Suppl. 278):
1–32,
1986.
|
| 9. |
Baker, P. T., and
F. Daniels, Jr,
Relationship between skinfold thickness and body cooling for two hours at 15°C.
J. Appl. Physiol.
8:
409–416,
1956.
|
| 10. |
Bigelow, W. G.,
W. K. Lindsay,
R. C. Harrison,
R. A. Gordon, and
W. F. Greenwood.
Oxygen transport and utilization in dogs at low body temperatures.
Am. J. Physiol.
160:
125–137,
1950.
|
| 11. |
Boulant, J. A.,
Hypothalamic control of thermoregulation: Neurophysiological basis.
In: Handbook of the Hypothalamus,
edited by P. Morgane and
J. Panksepp.
New York:
Marcel Dekker,
1981.
|
| 12. |
Boutelier, C.,
Survival and protection of aircrew in the event of accidental immersion in cold water.
AGARD Report No. AG‐211,
Neuilly‐Sur‐Seine, France:
NATO,
1979.
|
| 13. |
Boutelier, C.,
L. Bougues, and
J. Timbal.
Experimental study of convective heat transfer coefficient for the human body in water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
42:
93–100,
1977.
|
| 14. |
Boutelier, C.,
J. Colon, and
J. Timbal.
Determination de la Zone de Neutralite Thermique dans l'Eau.
Rev. Med. Aero. Spat.
10:
25–29,
1971.
|
| 15. |
Brebbia, D. R.,
R. F. Goldman, and
E. R. Buskirk.
Water vapor loss from the respiratory tract during outdoor exercise in the cold.
J. Appl. Physiol.
11:
219–222,
1957.
|
| 16. |
Bullard, R. W., and
G. M. Rapp.
Problems of body heat loss in water immersion.
Aerosp. Med.
41:
1269–1277,
1970.
|
| 17. |
Burton, A. C.,
The application of the theory of heat flow to the study of energy metabolism.
J. Nutrition
7:
497–533,
1934.
|
| 18. |
Burton, A. C.,
Human calorimetry. II. The average temperature of the tissues of the body.
J. Nutrition
9:
261–280,
1935.
|
| 19. |
Burton, A. C.,
The direct measurement of thermal conductance of the skin as an index of peripheral blood flow.
Am. J. Physiol.
129:
326–327,
1940.
|
| 20. |
Burton, A. C., and
H. C. Bazett.
The study of the average temperature of the exchanges of heat and vasomotor responses in man by means of a bath calorimeter.
Am. J. Physiol.
117:
36–54,
1936.
|
| 21. |
Burton, A. C., and
O. G. Edholm.
Man in a Cold Environment.
London:
Arnold,
1955.
|
| 22. |
Buskirk, E. R.,
O. Bar‐Or, and
J. Kollias.
Physiological effects of heat and cold.
In: Obesity,
edited by N. L. Wilson.
Philadelphia:
F. A. Davis,
1969,
pp. 119–139.
|
| 23. |
Buskirk, E. R., and
J. Kollias.
Total body metabolism in the cold. hull.
N.J. Acad. Sci., Spec. Symp. Issue
17–25,
1969.
|
| 24. |
Buskirk, E. R.,
R. H. Thompson, and
G. D. Whedon.
Metabolic response to cooling in the human: role of body composition and particularly of body fat.
In: Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry.
New York:
Reinhold,
Vol. 3,
Part 3,
1963,
pp. 429–442.
|
| 25. |
Buskirk, E. R.,
R. H. Thompson, and
G. D. Whedon.
Metabolic response to cold air in men and women in relation to total body fat content.
J. Appl. Physiol.
18:
603–612,
1963.
|
| 26. |
Busse, W.,
Exercise induced asthma.
Am. J. Med.
68:
471–476,
1980.
|
| 27. |
Cannon, P., and
W. R. Keatinge.
The metabolic rate and heat loss of fat and thin men in heat balance in cold and warm water.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
154:
329–344,
1960.
|
| 28. |
Caputa, M., and
M. Cabanac.
Muscular work as thermal behavior in humans.
J. Appl. Physiol.
48:
1020–1023,
1980.
|
| 29. |
Carlson, L. D.,
The adequate stimulus for shivering.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
85:
303–305,
1954.
|
| 30. |
Carlson, L. D.,
A. C. L. Hsieh,
F. Fullington, and
R. W. Eisner.
Immersion in cold water and body tissue insulation.
J. Aviat. Med.
29:
145–152,
1958.
|
| 31. |
Claremont, A. D.,
F. Nagle,
W. D. Reddan, and
G. A. Brooks.
Comparison of metabolic, temperature, heart rate and ventilatory responses to exercise at extreme ambient temperatures (0°C and 35°C).
Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
7:
150–154,
1975.
|
| 32. |
Craig, Jr.A. B., and
M. Dvorak.
Thermal regulation during water immersion.
J. Appl. Physiol.
21:
1577–1585,
1966.
|
| 33. |
Craig, Jr., A. B., and
M. Dvorak.
Thermal regulation of man exercising during water immersion.
J. Appl. Physiol.
25:
28–35,
1968.
|
| 34. |
Crittenden, G.,
J. F. Morlock, and
T. O. Moore.
Recovery parameters following underwater exercise.
Aerosp. Med.
45:
1225–1260,
1974.
|
| 35. |
Daniels, Jr., F., and
P. T. Baker.
Relationship between body fat and shivering in air at 15°C.
J. Appl. Physiol.
16:
421–425,
1961.
|
| 36. |
Dawkins, M. J. R., and
D. Hull.
The production of heat by fat.
Sci. Am.
213:
62–67,
1965.
|
| 37. |
Dill, D. B., and
W. H. Forbes.
Respiratory and metabolic effects of hypothermia.
Am. J. Physiol.
132:
685–697,
1941.
|
| 38. |
Ducharme, M. B., and
P. Tikuisis.
In vivo thermal conductivity of the human forearm tissues.
J. Appl. Physiol.
70:
2682–2690,
1991.
|
| 39. |
Ducharme, M. B.,
W. P. VanHelder, and
M. W. Radomski.
Cyclic intramuscular temperature fluctuations in the human forearm during cold‐water immersion.
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
63:
188–193,
1991.
|
| 40. |
Epstein, Y.,
Y. Shapiro, and
S. Brill.
Role of surface area‐to‐mass ratio and work efficiency in heat intolerance.
J. Appl. Physiol.
54:
831–836,
1983.
|
| 41. |
Ferretti, G.,
A. Veicsteinas, and
D. W. Rennie.
Conductive and convective heat flows of exercising humans in cold water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
67:
2473–2480,
1989.
|
| 42. |
Fregly, M. J.,
Hormonal interactions in body temperature regulation.
In: Neural Integration of Physiological Mechanisms and Behavior,
edited by G. J. Mogenson and
F. R. Calaresu.
Toronto:
University of Toronto Press,
1975,
pp. 309–325.
|
| 43. |
Gee, G. K., and
R. F. Goldman.
Heat loss of man in total water immersion.
Physiologist
(abstract)
16:
318,
1973.
|
| 44. |
Giesbrecht, G. G.,
G. K. Bristow,
A. Uin,
A. E. Ready, and
R. A. Jones.
Effectiveness of three field treatments for induced mild (33.0°C) hypothermia.
J. Appl. Physiol.
63:
2375–2379,
1987.
|
| 45. |
Glickman‐Weiss, E. L.,
A. G. Nelson,
C. M. Hearon,
F. L. Goss,
R. J. Robertson, and
D. A. Cassinelli.
Effects of body morphology and mass on thermal responses to cold water: revisited.
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
66:
299–303,
1993.
|
| 46. |
Golden, F. St. C.,
Immersion hypothermia.
In: The Physiology of Cold Weather Survival,
edited by A. Borg and
J. H. Veghte.
NATO Report, AGARD‐R‐620,
London:
Technical Editing and Reproduction, LTD,
1974,
pp. 77–90.
|
| 47. |
Golden, F. St. C., and
M. J. Tipton.
Human thermal responses during leg‐only exercise in cold water.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
391:
399–405,
1987.
|
| 48. |
Golden, F. St. C.,
I. F. G. Hampton,
G. R. Hervey, and
A. V. Knibbs.
Shivering intensity in humans during immersion in cold water.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
(abstract)
290:
48P,
1979.
|
| 49. |
Golden, F. St. C.,
I. F. G. Hampton, and
D. Smith.
Lean long distance swimmers.
J. Roy. Naval Med. Serv.
66:
26–30,
1980.
|
| 50. |
Golden, F. St. C., and
G. R. Hervey.
A class experiment on immersion hypothermia.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
(abstract)
227:
35–36,
1972.
|
| 51. |
Gordon, R. G.,
R. B. Roemer, and
S. M. Horvath.
A mathematical model of the human temperature regulatory system‐transient cold exposure response.
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME
23:
434–444,
1976.
|
| 52. |
Greenleaf, J. E.,
E. Shvartz,
S. Kravik, and
L. C. Keil.
Fluid shifts and endocrine responses during chair rest and water immersion in man.
J. Appl. Physiol.
48:
79–88,
1980.
|
| 53. |
Griffith, Jr., F. R.,
Fact and theory regarding the calorigenic action of adrenaline.
Physiol. Rev.
31:
151–187,
1951.
|
| 54. |
Gutierrez, G.,
A. R. Warley, and
D. R. Dantzker.
Oxygen delivery and utilization in hypothermic dogs.
J. Appl. Physiol.
60:
751–757,
1986.
|
| 55. |
Hanna, J. M., and
S. K. Hong.
Critical water temperature and effective insulation in scuba divers in Hawaii.
J. Appl. Physiol.
33:
770–773,
1972.
|
| 56. |
Hardy, J. D., and
G. F. Soderstrom.
Heat loss from the nude body and peripheral blood flow at temperatures of 22°C to 35°C.
J. Nutr.
16:
493–510,
1938.
|
| 57. |
Hart, J. S.,
Surface cooling versus metabolic response to cold.
Federation Proc.
22:
940–942,
1963.
|
| 58. |
Hartung, G. H.,
L. G. Myhre, and
S. A. Nunneley.
Physiological effects of cold air inhalation during exercise.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
51:
591–594,
1980.
|
| 59. |
Hatfield, H. S., and
L. G. C. Pugh.
Thermal conductivity of human fat and muscle.
Nature
168:
918–919,
1951.
|
| 60. |
Hayward, J. S.,
M. L. Collis, and
J. Eckerson.
Thermographic evaluation of relative heat loss areas of man during cold water immersion.
Aerosp. Med.
44:
708–711,
1973.
|
| 61. |
Hayward, J. S., and
J. D. Eckerson.
Physiological responses and survival time prediction for humans in ice‐water.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
55:
206–212,
1984.
|
| 62. |
Hayward, J. S.,
J. D. Eckerson, and
M. L. Collis.
Thermal balance and survival time prediction of man in cold water.
Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
53:
21–32,
1975.
|
| 63. |
Hayward, J. S.,
J. Eckerson, and
M. L. Collis.
Fffect of behavioral variables on cooling rate of man in cold water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
38:
1073–1077,
1975.
|
| 64. |
Hayward, J. S.,
J. D. Fxkerson, and
M. L. Collis.
Thermoregulatory heat production in man: prediction equation based on skin and core temperatures.
J. Appl. Physiol.
42:
377–384,
1977.
|
| 65. |
Hayward, M. G., and
W. R. Keatinge.
Roles of subcutaneous fat and thermoregulatory reflexes in determining ability to stabilize body temperature in water.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
320:
229–251,
1981.
|
| 66. |
Hemingway, A.
Shivering,
Physiol. Rev.
43:
397–422,
1963.
|
| 67. |
Hensel, H.
Thermoreceptors,
Annu. Rev. Physiol.
36:
233–249,
1974.
|
| 68. |
Hong, S. K.,
C. K. Lee,
J. K. Kim,
S. H. Song, and
D. W. Rennie.
Peripheral blood flow and heat flux of Korean women divers.
Federation Proc.
28:
1143–1148,
1969.
|
| 69. |
Horvath, S. M.,
G. B. Spurr,
B. K. Hutt, and
L. H. Hamilton.
Metabolic cost of shivering.
J. Appl. Physiol.
8:
595–602,
1956.
|
| 70. |
Huttunen, P.,
J. Hirvonen, and
V. Kinnula.
The occurrence of brown adipose tissue in outdoor workers.
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
46:
339–345,
1981.
|
| 71. |
Iampietro, P. F.,
J. A. Vaughan,
R. F. Goldman,
M. B. Kreider,
F. Masucci, and
D. E. Bass.
Heat production from shivering.
J. Appl. Physiol.
15:
632–634,
1960.
|
| 72. |
Jacobs, I.,
T. Romet,
J. Frim, and
A. Hynes.
Effects of endurance fitness on responses to cold water immersion.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
55:
715–720,
1984.
|
| 73. |
Jaeger, J. J.,
E. C. Deal, Jr.,
D. E. Roberts,
R. H. Ingram, Jr., and
E. R. McFadden, Jr,
Cold air inhalation and esophageal temperature in exercising humans.
Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
12:
365–369,
1980.
|
| 74. |
Johnson, D. G.,
J. S. Hayward,
T. P. Jacobs,
M. L. Pollis,
J. D. Eckerson, and
R. H. Williams.
Plasma norepinephrine responses of man in cold water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
43:
216–220,
1977.
|
| 75. |
Jung, R. T.,
P. S. Shetty,
W. P. T. James,
M. A. Barrand, and
B. A. Callingham.
Reduced thermogenesis in obesity.
Nature
279:
322–323,
1979.
|
| 76. |
Keatinge, W. R.,
The effects of subcutaneous fat and of previous exposure to cold on the body temperature, peripheral blood flow and metabolic rate of men in cold water.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
153:
166–178,
1960.
|
| 77. |
Keatinge, W. R.,
The effect of work and clothing on the maintenance of body temperature.
Q. J. Exp. Physiol.
46:
69–82,
1961.
|
| 78. |
Keatinge, W. R.,
Survival in Cold Water.
Oxford:
Blackwell,
1969.
|
| 79. |
Keatinge, W. R., and
M. Clare Harman.
Local Mechanisms Controlling Blood Vessels.
Monographs of the Physiological Society.
London:
Academic Press,
1980.
|
| 80. |
Kollias, J.,
L. Barlett,
V. Bergsteinova,
J. S. Skinner,
E. R. Buskirk, and
W. C. Nicholas.
Metabolic and thermal responses of women during cooling in water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
36:
577–580,
1974.
|
| 81. |
Lamke, L.‐O.,
S. Lennquist,
S.‐O. Liljedahl, and
B. Wedin.
The influence of cold stress on catecholamine excretion and oxygen uptake of normal persons.
Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest.
30:
57–62,
1972.
|
| 82. |
LeBlanc, J.,
Subcutaneous fat and skin temperature.
Can. J. Biochem. Physiol.
32:
354–358,
1954.
|
| 83. |
LeBlanc, J.,
Factors affecting cold acclimation and thermogenesis in man.
Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
20:
S193–S196,
1988.
|
| 84. |
LeBlanc, J. A., and
G. Nadeau.
Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in normal and cold‐adapted animals.
Can. J. Biochem. Physiol.
39:
215–217,
1961.
|
| 85. |
Lefevre, J.,
Chaleur Animate et Bioenergetique.
Paris, France:
Masson & Cie,
1911.
|
| 86. |
Lewis, Steven F.,
Cardiovascular response to exercise as functions of absolute and relative work load.
J. Appl. Physiol.
54:
1314–1323,
1983.
|
| 87. |
Lewis, T.,
Observations upon the reactions of the vessels of the human skin to cold.
Heart
15:
177–208,
1930.
|
| 88. |
Lucas, A. A.,
Therminarias, and M. Tanche. Maximum oxygen consumption in dogs during muscular exercise and cold exposure.
Pflugers Arch.
388:
83–87,
1980.
|
| 89. |
McArdle, W. D.,
F. I. Katch, and
V. L. Katch.
Exercise Physiology.
Philadelphia:
Lea & Febiger,
1991.
|
| 90. |
McArdle, W. D.,
J. R. Magel,
T. J. Gergley,
R. J. Spina, and
M. M. Toner.
Thermal adjustment to cold‐water exposure in resting men and women.
J. Appl. Physiol.
56:
1565–1571,
1984.
|
| 91. |
McArdle, W. D.,
J. R. Magel,
G. R. Lesmes, and
G. S. Pechar.
Metabolic and cardiovascular adjustment to work in air and water at 18, 25, and 33°C.
J. Appl. Physiol.
40:
85–90,
1976.
|
| 92. |
McArdle, W. D.,
J. R. Magel,
R. J. Spina,
T. J. Gergley, and
M. M. Toner.
Thermal adjustment to cold‐water exposure in exercising men and women.
J. Appl. Physiol.
56:
1572–1577,
1984.
|
| 93. |
McArdle, W. D.,
M. M. Toner,
J. R. Magel,
R. J. Spina, and
K. B. Pandolf.
Thermal responses of men and women during cold‐water immersion: influence of exercise intensity.
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
65:
265–270,
1992.
|
| 94. |
McFadden, J., and
R. H. Ingram.
Exercise induced asthma: observation on the ventilatory stimulus. N.
Engl. J. Med.
301:
763–768,
1978.
|
| 95. |
McMurray, R. G., and
S. M. Horvath.
Thermoregulation in swimmers and runners.
J. Appl. Physiol.
46:
1086–1092,
1979.
|
| 96. |
Minard, D.
Body heat content,
In: Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation,
edited by J. D. Hardy,
A. P. Gagge, and
J. A. J. Stolwijk.
Illinois:
C. C. Thomas,
1970,
pp. 345–357.
|
| 97. |
Molnar, G. W.,
Survival of hypothermia by men immersed in the ocean.
J. Am. Med. Assoc.
131:
1046–1050,
1946.
|
| 98. |
Montgomery, L. D.
A model of heat transfer in immersed man,
Ann. Biomed. Eng.
2:
19–46,
1974.
|
| 99. |
Moore, T. O.,
E. M. Bernauer,
G. Seto,
Y. S. Park,
S. K. Hong, and
E. M. Hayashi.
Effect of immersion at different water temperatures on graded exercise performance in man.
Aerosp. Med.
41:
1404–1408,
1970.
|
| 100. |
Nadel, E. R.,
I. Holmér,
U. Bergh,
P.‐O. Åstrand, and
J. A. J. Stolwijk.
Energy exchanges of swimming man.
J. Appl. Physiol.
36:
465–471,
1974.
|
| 101. |
Nielsen, M.,
Die Regulation der Körpertemperatur bei Muskelarbeit.
Skand. Arch. Physiol.
79:
193–230,
1938.
|
| 102. |
Nielsen, B., and
M. Nielsen.
Body temperature during work at different environmental temperatures.
Acta Physiol. Scand.
56:
120–129,
1962.
|
| 103. |
Oddershede, I. R., and
R. S. Elizondo.
Body fluid and hematologic adjustments during resting cold acclimation in rhesus monkey.
J. Appl. Physiol.
52:
1024–1029,
1982.
|
| 104. |
Park, Y. S.,
D. R. Pendergast, and
D. W. Rennie.
Decrease in body insulation with exercise in cool water.
Undersea Biomed. Res.
11:
159–168,
1984.
|
| 105. |
Pendergast, D. R.,
The effect of body cooling on oxygen transport during exercise.
Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
20:
S171–S176,
1988.
|
| 106. |
Pugh, L. G. C., and
O. G. Edholm.
The physiology of channel swimmers.
Lancet
2:
761–768,
1955.
|
| 107. |
Pugh, L. G. C. E.,
O. G. Edholm,
R. H. Fox,
H. S. Wolff,
G. R. Hervey,
W. H. Hammond,
J. M. Tanner, and
R. H. Whitehouse.
A physiological study of channel swimming.
Clin. Sci.
19:
257–273,
1960.
|
| 108. |
Radomski, M. W., and
C. Boutelier.
Hormone response of normal and intermittent cold‐preadapted humans to continuous cold.
J. Appl. Physiol.
53:
610–616,
1982.
|
| 109. |
Rapp, G. M.,
Convective mass transfer and the coefficient of evaporative heat loss from human skin.
In: Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation,
edited by J. D. Hardy,
A. P. Gagge, and
J. A. J. Stolwijk.
Springfield, IL:
C. C. Thomas,
1970,
pp. 55–80.
|
| 110. |
Rasch, P. J., and
W. R. Pierson.
The relation of body surface area, mass and indices to energy expenditure.
Rev. Can. Biol.
21:
1–6,
1962.
|
| 111. |
Reader, S. R.,
The effective thermal conductivity of normal and rheumatic tissue in response to cooling.
Clin Sci.
11:
1–12,
1952.
|
| 112. |
Reed, L. D.,
S. D. Livingstone, and
R. E. Limmer.
Patterns of skin temperature and surface heat flow in man during and after cold water immersion.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
55:
19–23,
1984.
|
| 113. |
Rennie, D. W.,
Tissue heat transfer in water: lessons from the Korean divers.
Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
20:
S177–S184,
1988.
|
| 114. |
Rennie, D. W.,
B. G. Covino,
B. J. Howell,
S. H. Song,
B. S. Kang, and
S. K. Hong.
Physical insulation of Korean diving women.
J. Appl. Physiol.
17:
961–966,
1962.
|
| 115. |
Rothwell, N. J., and
M. J. Stock.
A role of brown adipose tissue in diet‐induced thermogenesis.
Nature
281:
31–35,
1979.
|
| 116. |
Rowell, L. B.,
Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress.
Physiol. Rev.
54:
75–159,
1974.
|
| 117. |
Rowell, L. B.,
Cardiovascular aspects of human thermoregulation.
Circ. Res.
52:
367–379,
1982.
|
| 118. |
Schmidt‐Nielsen, K.,
Energy metabolism, body size, and problems of scaling.
Federation Proc.
29:
1524–1532,
1970.
|
| 119. |
Scholander, P. F.,
R. Hock,
V. Walters,
F. Johnson, and
L. Irving.
Heat regulation in some arctic and tropical mammals and birds.
Biol. Bull.
99:
237–258,
1950.
|
| 120. |
Sloan, R. E. G., and
W. R. Keatinge.
Cooling rates of young people swimming in cold water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
35:
371–375,
1973.
|
| 121. |
Smith, R. M., and
J. M. Hanna.
Skinfolds and resting heat loss in cold air and water: temperature equivalence.
J. Appl. Physiol.
39:
93–102,
1975.
|
| 122. |
Strømme, S.,
K. L. Andersen, and
R. W. Eisner.
Metabolic and thermal responses to muscular exertion in the cold.
J. Appl. Physiol.
18:
756–763,
1963.
|
| 123. |
Strong, L. H.,
G. K. Gee, and
R. F. Goldman.
Metabolic and vasomotor insulative responses occurring on immersion in cold water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
58:
964–977,
1985.
|
| 124. |
Swift, R. W.,
The effects of low environmental temperature upon metabolism. II. The influence of shivering, subcutaneous fat, and skin temperature on heat production.
J. Nutr.
5:
227–249,
1932.
|
| 125. |
Talbott, J. H., and
K. J. Tillotson.
The physiologic and therapeutic effects of hypothermia. N.
Engl. J. Med.
224:
281–288,
1941.
|
| 126. |
Tikuisis, P.,
R. R. Gonzalez, and
K. B. Pandolf.
Human thermoregulatory model for immersion in cold water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
64:
719–727,
1988.
|
| 127. |
Timbal, J.,
C. Boutelier,
M. Loncle, and
L. Bougues.
Comparison of shivering in man exposed to cold in water and in air.
Pflugers Arch.
365:
243–248,
1976.
|
| 128. |
Timbal, J.,
M. Loncle, and
C. Boutelier.
Mathematical model of man's tolerance to cold using morphological factors.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
47:
958–964,
1976.
|
| 129. |
Toner, M. M.,
L. L. Drolet, and
K. B. Pandolf.
Perceptual and physiological responses during exercise in cool and cold water.
Percept. Mot. Skill
62:
211–220,
1986.
|
| 130. |
Toner, M. M., and
W. D. McArdle.
Physiological adjustments of man to the cold.
In: Human Performance Physiology and Environmental Medicine at Terrestrial Extremes,
edited by K. B. Pandolf,
M. N. Sawka, and
R. R. Gonzalez.
Indianapolis, IL:
Benchmark Press,
1988,
pp. 361–399.
|
| 131. |
Toner, M. M., and
W. D. McArdle.
Thermal responses during extended water immersion: comparisons of rest and exercise, and levels of immersion.
Technical Report,
US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD,
1991.
|
| 132. |
Toner, M. M.,
M. N. Sawka,
M. E. Foley, and
K. B. Pandolf.
Effects of body mass and morphology on thermal responses in water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
60:
521–525,
1986.
|
| 133. |
Toner, M. M.,
M. N. Sawka,
W. L. Holden, and
K. B. Pandolf.
Comparison of thermal responses between rest and leg exercise in water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
59:
248–253,
1985.
|
| 134. |
Toner, M. M.,
M. N. Sawka, and
K. B. Pandolf.
Thermal responses during arm and leg and combined arm‐leg exercise in water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
56:
1355–1360,
1984.
|
| 135. |
Veicsteinas, A.,
G. Ferretti, and
D. W. Rennie.
Superficial shell insulation in resting and exercising men in cold water.
J. Appl. Physiol.
52:
1557–1564,
1982.
|
| 136. |
Wade, C. E., and
J. H. Veghte.
Thermographic evaluation of the relative heat loss by area in man after swimming.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
48:
16–18,
1977.
|
| 137. |
Wagner, J. A., and
S. M. Horvath.
Influences of age and gender on human thermoregulatory responses to cold exposures.
J. Appl. Physiol.
58:
180–186,
1985.
|
| 138. |
Wenger, C. B.,
R. B. Bailey,
M. F. Roberts, and
E. R. Nadel.
Interaction of local and reflex thermal effects in control of forearm blood flow.
J. Appl. Physiol.
58:
251–257,
1985.
|
| 139. |
Werner, J., and
T. Reents.
A contribution to the topography of temperature regulation in man.
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
45:
87–94,
1980.
|
| 140. |
Wissler, E. H.,
Mathematical simulation of diver performance.
Technical Report N00014‐76‐C8953,
Office of Naval Research,
Arlington, VA,
1982.
|
| 141. |
Witherspoon, J. M.,
R. F. Goldman, and
J. R. Breckenridge.
Heat transfer coefficients of humans in cold water.
J. Physiol. Paris
63:
459–462,
1970.
|
| 142. |
Wyndham, C. H.,
J. F. Morrison,
J. S. Ward,
G. A. G. Bredell,
M. J. E. Von Rahden,
L. D. Holdsworth,
H. G. Wenzel, and
A. Munro.
Physiological reactions to cold of Bushmen, Bantu, and Caucasian males.
J. Appl. Physiol.
19:
868–876,
1964.
|
| 143. |
Wyndham, C. H.,
J. S. Ward,
N. B. Strydom,
J. F. Morrison,
C. G. Williams,
G. A. G. Bredell,
J. Peter,
M. J. E. Von Rahden,
L. D. Holdsworth,
C. H. Van Graan,
A. J. Van Rehnsburg, and
A. Munro.
Physiological reactions of Caucasian and Bantu males in acute exposure to cold.
J. Appl. Physiol.
19:
583–592,
1964.
|
| 144. |
Wyndham, C. H.,
C. G. Williams, and
H. Loots.
Reactions to cold.
J. Appl. Physiol.
24:
282–287,
1968.
|
| 145. |
Yoshimura, H., and
T. Iida.
Studies on the reactivity of skin vessels to extreme cold. Part 1. A point test on resistance against frostbite.
Jpn. J. Physiol.
1:
147–159,
1950–1951.
|
| 146. |
Yoshimura, H., and
T. Iida.
Studies on the reactivity of skin vessels to extreme cold.
Jpn. J. Physiol.
2:
177–185,
1952.
|
| 147. |
Young, A. J.,
S. R. Muza,
M. N. Sawka,
R. R. Gonzalez, and
K. B. Pandolf.
Human thermoregulatory responses to cold air are altered by repeated cold water immersion.
J. Appl. Physiol.
60:
1542–1548,
1986.
|
