References |
1. |
Aarstad, H.,
D. Thiele, and
R. Seljelis.
The effect of various contexts of stress on the mouse spleen lymphocytes and macrophage co‐stimulatory activity.
Scand. J. Immunol.
33:
461–472,
1991.
|
2. |
Abbas, A.,
A. Lichtman, and
J. Pober.
Cellular and Molecular Immunology.
Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo:
W. B. Saunders, Co. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
1991,
p. 396.
|
3. |
Adolph, E. F., and
G. W. Molnar.
Exchanges of heat and tolerances to cold in men exposed to outdoor temperature.
Am. J. Physiol.
146:
507–537,
1946.
|
4. |
Althaus, U.,
P. Alberhard,
P. Schupbach,
B. N. Nachbur, and
W. Muhlemann.
Management of profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest.
Ann. Surg.
195:
492–495,
1982.
|
5. |
Anderson, R. A., and
E. Hardenbergh.
Frostbite treatment in the mouse, with low molecular weight dextran.
J. Surg. Res.
5:
24–32,
1965.
|
6. |
Bauer, R. W.,
R. J. Holloway, and
J. S. Krebs.
The liver in hypothermia.
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
80:
395–450,
1959.
|
7. |
Becker, H.,
J. Vinten‐Johansen,
G. D. Buckenberg,
J. M. Robertson,
J. D. Leaf,
H. L. Lazar, and
A. Manganaro.
Myocardial damage caused by keeping pH 7.40 during systemic deep hypothermia.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
82:
507–515,
1981.
|
8. |
Bering, E. A. JR.,
Effects of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest on cerebral oxygen metabolism and cerebrospinal fluid electrolyte composition in dogs.
J. Neurosurg.
39:
199–204,
1974.
|
9. |
Biggar, W. D.,
D. J. Bohn, and
G. Kent.
Neutrophil migration in vitro and in vivo during hypothermia.
Infect. Immun.
46:
857–859,
1983.
|
10. |
Bly, J. E., and
L. W. Clem.
Temperature‐mediated processes in teleost immunity: In vitro immunosuppression induced by in vivo low temperature in channel catfish.
Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.
28:
365–377,
1991.
|
11. |
Britt, L. D.,
W. H. Dascombe, and
A. Rodriquez.
New horizons in management of hypothermia and frostbite injury.
Surg. Clin. North Am.
71:
345–370,
1991.
|
12. |
Brooks, V. B.,
Study of brain function by local reversible cooling.
Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol.
95:
1–109,
1983.
|
13. |
Burton, A. C., and
D. Bronk.
The motor mechanism of shivering and thermal muscular tone.
Am. J. Physiol.
111:
284,
1937.
|
14. |
Busto, R.,
W. D. Dietrich,
MY.‐T. I. Valdes,
P. Scheinberg, and
M. D. Ginsberg.
Small differences in intraischemia brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury.
J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.
7:
729–738,
1987.
|
15. |
Buttke, T. M.,
M. C. Yang,
S. Vancleaue,
N. W. Miller, and
L. W. Clem.
Correlation between low‐temperature immunosuppression and the absence of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in murine T cells.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
100:
269–276,
1991.
|
16. |
Calvin, W. H.,
Generation of spike trains in CNS neurons.
Brain Res.
84:
1–22,
1975.
|
17. |
Carpenter, J. M.,
L. Hurley,
E. Hardenbergh, and
R. Williams.
Vascular injury due to cold.
Arch. Pathol.
92:
153–161,
1971.
|
18. |
Chen, R. Y., and
S. Chien.
Plasma volume, red cell volume and thoracic duct lymph flow in hypothermia.
Am. J. Physiol.
233
(Heart Circ. Physiol. 4):
H605–H612,
1977.
|
19. |
Chen, R. Y., and
S. Chien.
Hemodynamic functions and blood viscosity in surface hypothermia.
Am. J. Physiol.
235
(Heart Circ. Physiol. 6):
H136–H143,
1978.
|
20. |
Cheng, G. J.,
J. L. Morrow‐Tesch,
D. I. Beller,
E. M. Levy, and
P. H. Black.
Immunosuppression in mice induced by cold water stress.
Brain Behav. Immun.
4:
278–291,
1990.
|
21. |
Clark, R. P., and
O. G. Edholm.
Man and His Thermal Environment.
London, England:
Edward Arnold Publ., Ltd.,
1985,
p. 153–158.
|
22. |
Cupples, W. A.,
G. R. Fox, and
J. S. Hayward.
Effect of cold water immersion and its combination with alcohol intoxication on urine flow rate of man.
Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
58:
319–321,
1980.
|
23. |
Danzl, D. F.,
J. R. Hedges,
R. S. Pozos, and
Hypothermia Study Group,
Hypothermia outcome score: development and implications.
Crit. Care Med.
17:
227–231,
1989.
|
24. |
Danzl, D. F.,
R. S. Pozos, and
Hypothermia Study Group,
Multicenter hypothermia survey.
Ann. Emerg. Med.
16:
1042–1055,
1987.
|
25. |
Danzl, D. F.,
R. S. Pozos, and
M. P. Hamlet.
Accidental Hypothermia.
In: Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies,
edited by P. S. Auerbach and
E. C. Geehr.
St Louis:
Mosby,
2nd edition,
1988,
p. 35–76.
|
26. |
Dempsey, R. J.,
D. J. Ckombs,
M. E. Maley,
D. E. Ckopwe,
M. W. Roy, and
D. L. Donaldson.
Moderate hypothermia reduced postischemic edema development and kleutotrience production.
Neurosurgery
21:
177–181,
1987.
|
27. |
Dietrich, W. D.,
M. Halley,
I. Valdes, and
R. Busto.
Interrelationships between increased vascular permeability and acute neuronal damage following temperature controlled brain ischemia in rats.
Acta. Neuropathol.
81:
615–625,
1991.
|
28. |
Drake, C. T., and
B. J. Lewis.
The plasma volume expanding effect of low molecular weight dextran in the hypothermic dog.
Surg. Eorum
12:
182–187,
1961.
|
29. |
Eisner, R. W.,
Physiological effects of prolonged cold exposure in four subjects.
Am. J. Physiol.
179:
633,
1954.
|
30. |
Endrich, B.,
F. Hammersen, and
K. Messmer.
Microvascular ultrastructure in non‐freezing cold injuries. Res.
Exp. Med. (Berl.)
190:
365–379,
1990.
|
31. |
Erickson, R. S, and
S. T. Yount.
Effect of aluminized covers on body temperature in patients having abdominal surgery.
Heart Lung
20:
255–264,
1991.
|
32. |
Fabiato, A., and
E. Fabiato.
Contraction induced by calcium triggered release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum of single skinned cardiac cells.
J. Physiol.
249:
469–495,
1975.
|
33. |
Fitzgibbon, T.,
J. S. Hayward, and
D. Walker.
EEG and visual evoked potentials of conscious man during moderate hypothermia.
Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
58:
48–54,
1984.
|
34. |
Gordon, L. M.,
R. D. Sauerheber, and
J. A. Eastgate.
Spin label studies on rat liver and heart plasma membranes: Effects of temperature, calcium, and lanthanum on membrane fluidity.
J. Supramolecular Struct.
9:
299–326,
1978.
|
35. |
Grandberg, P. O.
Alcohol and cold,
Arctic Med. Res.
50:
43–47,
1991.
|
36. |
Greeley, W. J.,
R. M. Ungerleider,
L. R. Smith, and
J. G. Reves.
The effects of deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and total circulatory arrest on cerebral blood flow in infants and children.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
97:
737–745,
1989.
|
37. |
Haeght, J. S. J. and
W. R. Keating.
Failure of thermoregulation in the cold during hypoglycemia induced by exercise and alcohol.
J. Physiol.
229:
87–97,
1973.
|
38. |
Hall, K. N., and
S. A. Syverud.
Closed thoracic cavity lavage in the treatment of severe hypothermia in human beings.
Ann. Emerg. Med.
19:
204–206,
1990.
|
39. |
Hamlett, M.,
The fluid shifts in hypothermia.
In: The Nature and Treatment of Hypothermia,
edited by R. S. Pozos and
L. E. Wittmers.
Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press,
1983,
p. 94–99.
|
40. |
Hammel, H. T.,
J. D. Hardy, and
M. M. Fusco.
Thermoregulatory responses to hypothalamic cooling and unanesthetized dogs.
Am. J. Physiol.
198:
481–486,
1960.
|
41. |
Hardenbergh, E., and
R. Ramsbottom.
The effect of “double freeze” on tissue survival in the mouse foot.
Cryobiology
5:
336–339,
1969.
|
42. |
Harnett, R. M.,
J. R. Pruitt, and
F. R. Sias.
A review of the literature concerning resuscitation from hypothermia: Part I—The problem and general approaches.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
51:
680–687,
1980.
|
43. |
Hattenhauer, M., and
W. A. Neill.
The effect of cold air inhalation on angina pectoris and myocardial oxygen supply.
Circulation
51:
1053–1058,
1975.
|
44. |
Hayward, J. N., and
M. A. Baker.
A comparative study of the role of the cerebral arterial blood in the regulation of brain temperature in five mammals.
Brain Res.
16:
417–440,
1969.
|
45. |
Hearse, D. J.,
Hypothermia:
In: Protection of the Ischemic Myocardia,
edited by D. J. Hearse,
M. V. Braimbridge, and
P. Jynge.
New York:
Raven Press,
1981,
p. 3–18.
|
46. |
Hegnauer, A. H.,
H. D. D'Amato, and
J. Flynn.
Influence of intraventricular catheters on the course of immersion hypothermia in the dog.
Am. J. Physiol.
167:
63–68,
1951.
|
47. |
Hemmingway, A.
Shivering,
Physiol. Rev.
43:
397–422,
1963.
|
48. |
Hochachka, P. W.,
Defense strategies against hypoxia and hypothermia.
Science
231:
234–241,
1986.
|
49. |
Hodgdon, J. A.,
R. H. Hesslink,
A. C. Hackney,
R. R. Vickers, and
R. P. Hilbert.
Norwegian military field exercises in the Arctic: Cognitive and physical performance.
Arctic Med. Res.
50:
132–136,
1991.
|
50. |
Iaizzo, P. A.,
L. E. Wittmers, and
R. S. Pozos.
Shiver of the ankle.
Physiologist
26:
42–46,
1983.
|
51. |
Iserson, K. V., and
D. W. Huestis.
Blood warming: Current applications and techniques.
Transfusion
31:
558–571,
1991.
|
52. |
Janse, M. J., and
Al, W. T.,
Electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias resulting from myocardial ischemia and infarction.
Physiol. Rev.
69:
1049–1169,
1989.
|
53. |
Karow, A., and
W. Webb.
Tissue freezing: A theory for injury and survival.
Cryobiology
2:
72–86,
1965.
|
54. |
Kiley, J. P.,
F. L. Eldridge, and
D. E. Melhorn.
Respiration during hypothermia: effect of rewarming intermediate areas of ventral medulla.
J. Appl. Physiol.
59:
1423–1427,
1985.
|
55. |
Kluger, M. J.,
Is fever beneficial?
Yale J. Biol. Med.
59:
89–95,
1986.
|
56. |
Krantis, A.,
Hypothermia induced reduction in the permeation of radio‐labelled tracer substances across the blood brain barrier.
Acta. Neuropathol.
60:
61–69,
1983.
|
57. |
Kroncke, G. M.,
R. D. Nichols,
J. T. Mendenhall,
P. D. Myerowitz, and
J. R. Starling.
Ectothermic philosophy of acid‐base balance to prevent fibrillation during hypothermia.
Arch. Surg.
121:
303–304,
1986.
|
58. |
Kundt, H. W.,
K. Brück, and
H. Hensel.
Hypothalamuspender‐athur und Hauduchelutung des Nichtnarkotisieren Katze.
Arch. Gen. Physiol.
264:
97–106,
1957.
|
59. |
Lanier, W. L.,
P. A. Iaizzo, and
M. J. Murray.
The effects of forced‐air cooling and rewarming on systemic and central nervous physiology in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.
Resuscitation
23:
121–136,
1992.
|
60. |
LeBlanc, J.,
M. Stewart,
G. Marier, and
M. G. Williams.
Studies on acclimatization and on the effect of ascorbic acid in men exposed to cold.
Can. J. Biochem. Physiol.
32:
407–422,
1954.
|
61. |
Ledingham, I., and
J. G. Mone.
Treatment of accidental hypothermia: A prospective chemical study.
Br. Med. J.
1:
1102–1105,
1980.
|
62. |
Lennquist, M. D.,
P. O. Grandberg, and
W. Bertil.
Fluid balance and physical work capacity in humans exposed to cold.
Arch. Environ. Health
29:
241–249,
1974.
|
63. |
Leonov, Y.,
F. Sterz,
P. Safar,
A. Radovsky,
K. I. Oku,
S. Tisherman, and
S. W. Stezoski.
Mild cerebral hypothermia during and after cardiac arrest improved neurologic outcome in dogs.
J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.
10:
57–70,
1990.
|
64. |
Levitt, M. A.,
V. Kane,
J. Henderson, and
M. Dryski.
A comparative rewarming trial of gastric versus peritoneal lavage in a hypothermic model.
Am. J. Emerg. Med.
8:
282–288,
1990.
|
65. |
Lilly, R. B., Jr,
Inadvertent hypothermia: A real problem.
In: ASA Refresher Courses in Anesthesiology,
edited by P. G. Barash,
vol. 15,
chapter 8.
Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott,
1987,
p. 93–107.
|
66. |
Lim, T. P. K.,
Central and peripheral control mechanism of shivering and its effects on respiration.
J. Appl. Physiol.
15:
567–574,
1960.
|
67. |
Lloyd, E. L.,
Equipment for airway warming in the treatment of accidental hypothermia.
J. Wilderness Med.
2:
330–350,
1991.
|
68. |
Lovelock, J. E.,
The hemolysis of human red blood cells by freezing and thawing.
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
10:
414–426,
1953.
|
69. |
Luyet, B. J.,
R. J. Williams, and
P. M. Gehenio (Part 1), and
Williams, R. J., and
B. J. Luyet (Part II).,
Direct observations on the mode of invasion of living tissues by ice. Madison, WI: Tech Document Report AAL‐TDR 63–26.
Am. Fndtn. for Biol. Res.
1964,
p. 1–26.
|
70. |
MacKenzie, M. A.,
W. R. M. Aengevaeren,
T. Van Der Werf,
A. R. M. M. Hermus, and
P. W. C. Kloppenborg.
Effects of steady hypothermia and normothermia on the electrocardiogram in human poikilothermia.
Arctic Med. Res.
6:
67–70,
1991.
|
71. |
MaClean, D., and
M. C. Browning.
Plasma 11–hydroxycorti‐steroid concentrations and prognosis in accidental hypothermia.
Resuscitation
3:
249–256,
1974.
|
72. |
MaClean, D., and
D. Emslie‐Smith, eds.
Accidental Hypothermia.
Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott,
1977,
p. 86–96.
|
73. |
Manson, P. N.,
R. Jesudoss,
L. Marzella,
B. G. Bulkley,
M. J. Im, and
K. R. Narayan.
Evidence for an early free radical‐mediated reperfusion injury in frostbite.
Free Radic. Biol. Med.
10:
7–11,
1991.
|
74. |
Mant, A. K.
Autopsy diagnosis of accidental hypothermia.
J. Forensic Sci.
16:
126–129,
1969.
|
75. |
Martin, S., and
K. E. Cooper.
Factors which affect shivering in man during cold water immersion.
Pflügers Arch.
391:
81–83,
1981.
|
76. |
Marzella, L. R.,
R. Jesudass,
P. Manson,
R. Myers, and
G. Bulkley.
Morphological characterization of acute injury to vascular endothelium of skin after frostbite.
Plast. Reconstr. Surg.
83:
67–75,
1989.
|
77. |
Mazur, P.,
Cryobiology: The freezing of biological systems.
Science.
168:
939–949,
1970.
|
78. |
Meryman, H. T.,
Mechanics of freezing in living cells and tissues.
Science
124:
515,
1956.
|
79. |
Meryman, H. T.,
Cryobiology: A Basic Comprehensive Text of Low Temperature Phenomena, Physical and Physiological, Pertaining to Biological Systems and Organisms.
New York and London:
Academic Press,
1966,
p. 1–775.
|
80. |
Meryman, H. T.,
Osmotic stress as a mechanism of freezing injury.
Cryobiology
8:
489–500,
1971.
|
81. |
Michenfelder, J. D., and
J. H. Milde.
The relationship among canine brain temperature, metabolism, and function during hypothermia.
Anesthesiology
75:
130–136,
1991.
|
82. |
Michenfelder, J. D., and
R. A. Theye.
The effects of anesthesia and hypothermia on canine cerebral ATP and lactate during anoxia produced by decapitation.
Anesthesiology
33:
430–439,
1970.
|
83. |
Miller, J. W.,
D. F. Danzl, and
D. M. Thomas.
Urban accidental hypothermia: 135 cases.
Ann. Emerg. Med.
9:
456–461,
1980.
|
84. |
Mills, W. J.,
R. Whaley, and
W. Fish.
Frostbite: Experience with rapid rewarming and ultrasonic therapy.
Alas. Med. Part I, 2. No. 1,
p. 1–4,
1960.
Part II, 2. No. 4, p. 114–124. Part III, 3, No. 2 p. 28–36,
1961.
|
85. |
Minamisawa, H.,
M. L. Smith, and
B. K. Siesjo.
The effect of mild hyperthermia and hypothermia on brain damage following 5, 10, and 15 minutes of forebrain ischemia.
Ann. Neurol.
28:
26–33,
1990.
|
86. |
Mizrahi, E. M.,
V. M. Patel,
E. S. Crawford,
J. S. Coselli, and
K. R. Hess.
Hypothermic‐induced electrocerebral silence, prolonged circulatory arrest and cerebral protection during cardiovascular surgery.
Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
72:
81–85,
1989.
|
87. |
Mundth, E. D.,
Studies on the pathogenesis of cold injury, microcirculatory changes in tissue injured by freezing.
In: Proceedings Symposia on Arctic Med. and Biol. IV Frostbite,
edited by E. Viereck.
Ft. Wainwright, AK:
Arctic Aeromedical Lab,
1964a,
p. 51–72.
|
88. |
Mundth, E. D.,
Low molecular weight dextran, a new agent in the treatment of experimental frostbite.
In: Proceedings Symposia on Arctic Med. and Biol. IV. Frostbite,
edited by E. Viereck.
Ft. Wainwright, AK:
Arctic Aeromedical Lab,
1964b,
p. 269–292.
|
89. |
Natale, J. E., and
L. G. D'Alecy.
Protection from cerebral ischemia by brain cooling without reduced lactate accumulation in dogs.
Stroke
20:
770–777,
1989.
|
90. |
Nisbet, H. I. A.,
Acid base disturbance in hypothermia.
Int. Anesthesiol. Clin.
2:
829,
1964.
|
91. |
Neill, W. A.,
D. A. Duncan,
F. Kloster, and
D. J. Mohler.
Response of the coronary circulation to cutaneous cold.
Ann. J. Med.
56:
471–476,
1974.
|
92. |
Nessmann, M. E.,
H. M. Busch, and
A. L. Gundersen.
Asystolic cardiac arrest in hypothermia.
Wis. Med. J.
82:
19–20,
1983.
|
93. |
Ohmura, A.,
K. C. Wong,
D. R. Westenskau, and
C. L. Shaw.
Effects of hypocarbia and normocarbia on cardiovascular dynamics and regional circulation in the hypothermic dog.
Anesthesiology
50:
293–298,
1979.
|
94. |
Opstad, P. K., and
R. Bahr.
Reduced set point temperature in young men after prolonged strenuous exercise combined with sleep and energy deficiency.
Arctic Med. Res.
6:
122–126,
1991.
|
95. |
Opstad, P. K.,
R. Erevenger,
M. Nummestad, and
N. Ruabe.
Performance, mood, and clinical symptoms in men exposed to prolonged, severe, physiological work and sleep deprivation.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
49:
1065–1073,
1978.
|
96. |
Orkin, F. K.,
Physiologic disturbances associated with induced hypothermia.
In: Complications in Anesthesiology,
edited by F. K. Orkin and
L. Cooperman.
Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott,
1983,
p. 624–633.
|
97. |
Park, M. M.,
N. B. Hornback,
S. Endres, and
C. A. Dinarello.
The effect of whole body hyperthermia on the immune cell activity of cancer patients.
Lymphokine Res.
9:
213–23,
1990.
|
98. |
Paton, B. C.,
Accidental hypothermia.
In: Thermoregulation: Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy,
edited by E. Shönbaum and
P. Lomax.
New York:
Pergamon Press,
1991,
p. 397–443.
|
99. |
Peran, F. K., and
G. Spaan.
Renshaw inhibition during local spinal cord cooling and warming.
Experientia
26:
978–979,
1970.
|
100. |
Perkins, J. F., Jr,
The role of proprioceptors in shivering.
Am. J. Physiol.
145:
264–271,
1945.
|
101. |
Petjan, J. H., and
D. D. Williams.
Behavior of single motor units during preshivering tone and shivering tremor.
Am. J. Phys. Med.
51:
17–22,
1972.
|
102. |
Pozos, R. S.,
Cold stress and its effects on neural junction.
In: Human Performance in the Cold,
edited by G. A. Lauvsen,
Robert S. Pozos, and
Franklin G. Hempel.
Bethesda:
Undersea Medical Society,
1984,
p. 25–35.
|
103. |
Prescott, L. F.,
M. C. Peard, and
I. R. Wallace.
Accidental hypothermia: a common condition.
Br. Med. J.
2:
1367–1370,
1962.
|
104. |
Preston, B. R.,
Effect of hypothermia on systemic and organ system metabolism and function.
J. Surg. Res.
20:
49–55,
1976.
|
105. |
Prosser, C. L.,
Temperature.
In: Comparative Animal Physiology,
edited by C. Ladd Prosser.
Philadelphia:
W. B. Saunders Co.,
1973,
p. 363–364,
375–376.
|
106. |
Rahn, H.,
Body temperature and acid‐base regulation.
Pneumonologie
151:
87–94,
1974.
|
107. |
Roberts, D. E.,
J. C. Barr,
D. Kerr,
C. Murray, and
R. Harris.
Fluid replacement during hypothermia.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
56:
333–337,
1985.
|
108. |
Roberts, N. J.,
Temperature and host defense.
Microbiol. Rev.
43:
241–259,
1979.
|
109. |
Rodbard, D.,
The role of regional body temperature in the pathogenesis of disease. N.
Engl. J. Med.
305:
808–814,
1981.
|
110. |
Rodbard, D. H.,
W. Rodbard, and
S. Rodbard.
Temperature: A critical factor determining localization and natural history of infectious, metabolic and immunological diseases.
Perspect. Biol. Med.
23:
439–474,
1980.
|
111. |
Rogenfield, J. B.,
Acid‐base and electrolyte disturbance in hypothermia.
Am. J. Cardiol.
12:
678–684,
1963.
|
112. |
Savides, E. P., and
B. T. Hoffbrand.
Hypothermia thrombosis and acute pancreatitis.
Br. Med. J.
1:
614,
1974.
|
113. |
Sessler, D. I.,
D. Israel,
R. S. Pozos,
M. Pozos, and
E. H. Rubenstein.
Spontaneous post‐anesthetic tremor does not resemble thermoregulatory shivering.
Anesthesiology
68:
843–850,
1988.
|
114. |
Sessler, D. I., and
A. Moayeri.
Skin surface warming: Heat flux and central temperature.
Anesthesiology
73:
218–224,
1990.
|
115. |
Severinghaus, J. W.,
Respiration and hypothermia.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
80:
384–394,
1959.
|
116. |
Shapiro, C. M.,
C. C. Goll,
G. R. Cohen, and
I. Oswald.
Heat production during sleep.
J. Appl. Physiol.
56:
671–677,
1984.
|
117. |
Sinet, M.,
M. Muffat‐Joly,
T. Bendance, and
J. J. Pocidalo.
Maintaining blood pH at 7.4 during hypothermia has no significant effect on work of the isolated rat heart.
Anesthesiology
62:
582–587,
1985.
|
118. |
Solomon, A.,
R. A. Barish,
B. Browne, and
E. Tso.
The electrocardiogram features of hypothermia.
J. Emerg. Med.
7:
169–173,
1989.
|
119. |
Spurr, G. B., and
G. Barlow.
Influence of prolonged hypothermia and hyperthermia on myocardial sodium, potassium and chloride.
Circ. Res.
7:
210–218,
1959.
|
120. |
Starkov, P. M.,
The Problem of Acute Hypothermia,
edited by E. Neil.
Translated by R. E. Hammond (Russian monograph).
New York:
Pergamon Press.
1960,
p. 2–31.
|
121. |
Steen, P. A.,
E. H. Soule, and
J. D. Michenfelder.
Detrimental effect of prolonged hypothermia in cats and monkeys with and without regional cerebral ischemia.
Stroke
10:
522–529,
1979.
|
122. |
Stoner, H. B.,
K. D. Frayn,
R. A. Little,
C. J. Threlfall,
D. W. Yates,
R. N. Bacton, and
D. F. Heath.
Metabolic aspects of hypothermia in the elderly.
Clin. Sci.
59:
19–27,
1980.
|
123. |
Sundaresan, G.,
N. Suthanthirarajan, and
A. Namasivayam.
Certain immunological parameters in subacute cold stress.
Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
34:
57–60,
1990.
|
124. |
Swain, J. A.,
F. N. White, and
R. M. Peters.
The effect of pH on the hypothermia ventricular fibrillation threshold.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
87:
445–451,
1984.
|
125. |
Swan, H.,
I. Zearin,
J. H. Holmes, and
V. Montgomery.
Cessation of circulation in general hypothermia. I. Physiological changes and their control.
Ann. Surg.
138:
360–376,
1953.
|
126. |
Tafari, N., and
J. Gentz.
Aspects of rewarming newborn infants with severe accidental hypothermia.
Acta Paediatr. Scand.
63:
595,
1974.
|
127. |
Taylor, C. A.,
Surgical Hypothermia in Thermoregulation and Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy,
edited by E. Schönbaum and
P. Lomax.
Pergamon Press,
1991,
p. 378–379.
|
128. |
Terry, H. R.,
E. F. Daw, and
J. D. Michenfelder.
Hypothermia by extracorporeal circulation for neurosurgery. An anesthetic technic.
Anesth. Analog.
41:
241–248,
1962.
|
129. |
Therminarias, A., and
E. Pellerei.
Plasma catecholamines and metabolic changes during cooling and rewarming in dogs.
Exp. Biol.
47:
117–123,
1987.
|
130. |
Villalobos, T. J.,
E. Adeloon, and
T. G. Bavila.
Hematologic changes in hypothermic dogs.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
89:
192–196,
1955.
|
131. |
Walpoth, B. H.,
T. Locher,
F. Leupi,
P. Schupbach,
W. Muhlemann, and
U. Althaus.
Accidental deep hypothermia with cardiopulmonary arrest: extracorporeal blood rewarming in 11 patients.
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.
4:
390–393,
1990.
|
132. |
Wang‐Yang, M. C.,
T. M. Buttke,
N. W. Miller, and
L. W. Clem.
Temperature‐mediated processes in immunity: differential effects of low temperature on mouse T helper cell responses.
Cell Immunol.
126:
354–366,
1990.
|
133. |
Webb, P.,
Temperatures of skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle and core in resting men in cold, comfortable and hot conditions.
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
64:
471–476,
1992.
|
134. |
White, F. N.,
Reassessing acid‐base balance in hypothermia—a comparative point of view.
West J. Med.
138:
255–257,
1983.
|
135. |
White, F. N.,
Temperature and acid‐base homeostasis.
In: Human Performance in the Cold,
edited by G. A. Laursen,
R. S. Pozos, and
F. G. Hempel.
Bethesda:
Undersea Medical Society,
1984,
p. 37–50.
|
136. |
White, J. D.,
A. B. Butterfield, and
R. C. Nucci.
Rewarming in accidental hypothermia: radiowave versus inhalation therapy.
Ann. Emerg. Med.
16:
50–54,
1987.
|
137. |
Wong, K. C.,
Physiology and pharmacology of hypothermia.
West J. Med.
138:
227–232,
1983.
|
138. |
Woolff, P. D.,
C. S. Hollander,
T. Mitsuma,
L. A. Lee,
A. Loupe, and
D. S. Schalch.
Accidental hypothermia: endocrine functions during recovery.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Med.
34:
460–466,
1972.
|