Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

Nutrition and Exercise in Adverse Environments

E. R. Buskirk

10.1002/cphy.cp040264

Source: Supplement 14: Handbook of Physiology, Environmental Physiology

Originally published: 1996

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Dietary Deficiencies
2 Environmental Heat and Metabolism
3 Heat Acclimatization/Acclimation
4 Cold and Caloric Turnover
5 Cold and Body Fuel
6 High Terrestrial Altitude
7 Nutrition in Space
References
 1. Adolph, E. F. Physiology of Man in the Desert. New York: Interscience, 1947.
 2. Altman, P. L., and J. M. Talbot. Nutrition and metabolism in space flight. J. Nutr. 117: 421–427, 1987.
 3. Askew, E. W. Nutrition and performance under adverse environmental conditions. In: Nutrition in Exercise and Sport, edited by J. F. Hickson and I. Wolinsky. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1989, p. 367–384.
 4. Askew, E. W. Nutrition in a cold environment. Physician Sports‐med. 17: 76–89, 1989.
 5. Beeckman, D., and E. R. Buskirk. Drug use at high terrestrial altitudes and in cold climates: a brief review. Hum. Biol. 60: 663–677, 1988.
 6. Brooks, G. A., G. E. Butterfield, R. R. Wolfe, B. M. Groves, R. S. Masseo, J. R. Sutton, E. E. Wolfel, and J. T. Reeves. Increased dependence on blood glucose after acclimatization to 4,300 m. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 70: 919–927, 1991.
 7. Buskirk, E. R. Exercise. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition (6th ed.) edited by M. Brown. Washington, DC: Int. Life Sci. Inst. Nutr. Found., 1990, p. 341–348.
 8. Buskirk, E. R., and D. E. Bass. Climate and Exercise. Technical Report EP‐61. Natick, MA: Quartermaster Research and Development Center, U.S. Army, 1957.
 9. Buskirk, E. R., and J. Mendez. Nutrition, environment and work performance with special reference to altitude. Federation Proc. 26: 1760–1767, 1967.
 10. Butterfield, G. E., J. Gates, S. Fleming, G. A. Brooks, J. R. Sutton, and J. T. Reeves. Increased energy intake minimizes weight loss in men at high altitude. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 72: 1741–1748, 1992.
 11. Campbell, I. T. Energy intakes on sledding expedition. Br. J. Nutr. 45: 89–94, 1981.
 12. Committee on Space Biology and Medicine. Human nutrition. In: A Strategy for Space Biology and Medical Science. Washington, DC: Space Science Board, National Research Council, 1987, p. 156–159.
 13. Consolazio, C. F., H. L. Johnson, and H. J. Krzywicki. Energy Metabolism During Exposure to Extreme Environments. Unnumbered report. Denver, CO: U.S. Army Medical Research and Nutrition Laboratory, Fitzsimmons General Hospital, 1970, p. 16. 1‐16.9.
 14. Consolazio, C. F., L. O. Matoush, H. L. Johnson, H. J. Krzywicki, T. A. Daws, and G. J. Isaac. Effects of high‐carbohydrate diets on performance and clinical symptomatology after rapid ascent to high altitude. Federation Proc. 28: 937–943, 1969.
 15. Consolazio, C. F., L. O. Matoush, R. A. Nelson, J. A. Torres, and G. J. Isaac. Environmental temperature and energy expenditure. J. Appl. Physiol. 18: 65–68, 1963.
 16. Consolazio, C. F., and D. D. Schnakenberg. Nutrition and the responses to extreme environments. Federation Proc. 36: 1673–1678, 1977.
 17. Consolazio, C. F., R. Shapiro, J. E. Masterson, and P. S. L. McKinzie. Energy requirements of men in extreme heat. J. Nutr. 73: 126–134, 1961.
 18. DeLuise, M., G. L. Blackburn, and J. S. Flier. Reduced activity of the red‐cell sodium‐potassium pump in human obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 303: 1017–1022, 1980.
 19. Dill, D. B. Life, Heat and Altitude. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938.
 20. Dimri, G. P., M. S. Malhotra, J. Sen Gupta, T. S. Kumar, and B. S. Aora. Alterations in aerobic‐anerobic proportions of metabolism during work in the heat. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 45: 43–50, 1980.
 21. Durnin, J. V. Muscle in sports medicine—nutrition and muscular performance, Int. J. Sports Med. 3 (suppl. 1): 52–57, 1982.
 22. Galbo, H., M. E. Houston, N. J. Christensen, J. J. Holst, B. Nielsen, E. Nygaard, and J. Suzuki. The effect of water temperature on the hormonal response to prolonged swimming. Acta Physiol. Scand. 105: 326–337, 1979.
 23. Grigoriev, A. I., I. A. Popova, and A. S. Ushakov. Metabolic and hormonal status of crewmembers in short‐term space flights, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58: A121–A125, 1987.
 24. Hackett, P., and D. Rennie. The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness. Lancet 2: 1149–1155, 1976.
 25. Hannon, J. P. Nutrition at high altitude. In: Environmental Physiology: Aging, Heat and Altitude. Edited by S. M. Horvath and M. K. Yousef. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1980, p. 309–327.
 26. Hochachka, P. W. The lactate paradox: analysis of underlying mechanisms. Ann. Sports Med. 4: 184–188, 1988.
 27. Hochachka, P. W., C. Stanley, G. O. Mathewson, D. C. McKenzie, P. S. Allen, and W. S. Parkhouse. Metabolic and work efficiencies during exercise in Andean natives. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 70: 1720–1730, 1991.
 28. Hong, S. K. Heat exchange and basal metabolism of ama. In: Physiology of Breath‐Hold Diving and Ama of Japan. Edited by H. Rahn and T. Yokoyama. Washington, DC: NAS‐NRC, Publ. 1341, 1965, p. 303–314.
 29. Hong, S. K., D. W. Rennie, and Y. S. Park. Cold acclimatization and deacclimatization of Korean women divers. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 14: 231–268, 1986.
 30. Howe, P. E., and G. H. Berryman. Average food consumption in the training camps of the United States Army (1941‐1943). Am. J. Physiol. 144: 558–594, 1945.
 31. Huntoon, C. L., P. C. Johnson, and N. M. Cintron. Hematology, immunology, endocrinology, and biochemistry. In: Space Physiology and Medicine. Edited by A. E. Nicogossian, C. L. Huntoon, and S. L. Pool. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1989, p. 227–239.
 32. Johnson, R. E. Nutritional standards for men in tropical climates. Gastroenterology 1: 832–840, 1943.
 33. Johnson, R. E., and R. M. Kark. Feeding Problems in Man as Related to Environment. An Analysis of United States and Canadian Army Ration Trials and Surveys, 1941–1946. Chicago: Quartermaster Food and Container Inst., 1946.
 34. Johnson, R. E., and R. M. Kark. Environment and food intake in man. Science 10: 378–379, 1947.
 35. Kang, D. H., P. K. Kim, B. S. Kang, S. H. Song, and S. K. Hong. Energy metabolism and body temperature in the ama. J. Appl. Physiol. 20: 46–50, 1965.
 36. Kang, D. H., Y. S. Park, Y. D. Park, I. S. Lee, D. S. Yeon, S. H. Lee, S. Y. Hong, D. W. Rennie, and S. K. Hong. Energetics of wet suit diving in Korean women breath‐hold divers. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 54: 1702–1707, 1983.
 37. Katz, A., and K. Sahlin. Effect of decreased oxygen availability on NADH and lactate contents in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 131: 119–127, 1987.
 38. Keys, A., J. Brozek, A. Henschel, O. Mickelsen, and H. Taylor. The Biology of Human Starvation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950, vols. I, II.
 39. Klausen, K., D. B. Dill, E. E. Phillips, and D. McGregor. Metabolic reactions to work in the desert. J. Appl. Physiol. 22: 292–296, 1967.
 40. Lane, H. W. Energy requirements for space flight. J. Nutr. 122: 13–18, 1992.
 41. Lane, H. W. Nutrition in space: evidence from the U.S. and U.S.S.R. Nutr. Rev. 50: 3–6, 1992.
 42. Leonard, J. I., C. S. Leach, and P. C. Rambaut. Quantitation of tissue loss during prolonged space flight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 38: 667–669, 1983.
 43. Martineau, L., and I. Jacobs. Muscle glycogen utilization during shivering thermogenesis in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 65: 2046–2050, 1988.
 44. Murray, S. J., R. J. Shephard, S. Greaves, C. Allen, and M. Radomski. Effects of cold stress and exercise on fat loss in females. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 55: 610–618, 1986.
 45. Murray, S. M., R. J. Shephard, W. J. Montelpare, and R. C. Goode. Fat loss during moderate exercise in cold environments in relation to fitness level, Arctic Med. Res. 47 (suppl. 1): 277–279, 1988.
 46. NASA. Food for space flight. In: NASA Facts Report No. NF 133/6‐82. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982, p. 1–8.
 47. O'Hara, W. J., C. Allen, R. J. Shephard, and G. Allen. Fat loss in the cold: a controlled study. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 46: 872–877, 1979.
 48. Olson, J. A. The storage and metabolism of vitamin A. Chem. Scripta 27: 179–183, 1987.
 49. Pugh, L. G. C. E. Accidental hypothermia among hill walkers and climbers in Britain. In: Environmental Effects on Work Performance. Edited by G. R. Cumming, D. Snidal, and A. W. Taylor. Ottawa: Canadian Assoc. Sports Sci., 1972, p. 41–55.
 50. Rambaut, P. C., M. C. Smith, Jr., C. S. Leach, G. D. Whedon, and J. Reid. Nutrition and responses to zero gravity. Federation Proc. 36: 1678–1682, 1977.
 51. Richter, E. A., N. B. Ruderman, H. Gavras, E. R. Belur, and H. Galbo. Muscle glycogenolysis during exercise: dual control by epinephrine and contractions, Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Endocrinol. Metab. 5): E15–E32, 1982.
 52. Rose, M. S., C. S. Houston, C. S. Fulco, G. Coates, J. R. Sutton, and A. Cymerman. Operation Everest II: nutrition and body composition. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 65: 2545–2551, 1988.
 53. Rowell, L. B., G. L. Brengelmann, J. R. Blackmon, T. D. Twiss, and F. Kusumi. Splanchnic blood flow and metabolism in heat‐stressed man. J. Appl. Physiol. 24: 475–484, 1969.
 54. Rowell, L. B., G. L. Brengelmann, J. A. Murray, K. K. Kraning, and F. Fusumi. Human metabolic responses to hyperthermia during mild to maximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 26: 395–402, 1969.
 55. Sauberlich, H. E. Vitamin C status: methods and findings. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 258: 438–450, 1975.
 56. Sawka, M. N., K. B. Pandolf, B. A. Avellini, and Y. Shapiro. Does heat acclimation lower the rate of metabolism elicited by muscular exercise? Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 54: 27–31, 1983.
 57. Sawka, M. N., and C. B. Wenger. Physiological responses to acute exercise‐heat stress. In: Human Performance Physiology and Environmental Medicine at Terrestrial Extremes. Edited by K. B. Pandolf, M. N. Sawka, and R. R. Gonzalez. Indianapolis, In: Benchmark, 1988, p. 97–151.
 58. Sen Gupta, J., P. Dimri, and M. S. Malhotra. Metabolic responses of Indians during submaximal and maximal work in dry and humid heat. Ergonomics 20: 33–40, 1977.
 59. Shephard, R. J. Fat metabolism, exercise, and the cold. Can. J. Sport Sci. 17: 83–90, 1992.
 60. Shvartz, E., Y. Shapiro, A. Magazanik, A. Meroz, H. Bernfeld, A. Mechtinger, and S. Shibolet. Heat acclimation, physical fitness, and responses to exercise in temperate and hot environments. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 43: 678–683, 1977.
 61. Vallerand, A. L., J. Frim, and M. F. Kavanagh. Plasma glucose and insulin responses in cold‐exposed humans. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 65: 2395–2399, 1988.
 62. Vallerand, A. L., and I. Jacobs. Rates of energy substrate utilization during cold exposure. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 58: 873–878, 1989.
 63. Vallerand, A. L., and I. Jacobs. Influence of cold exposure and plasma triglyceride clearance in humans. Metabolism 39: 1211–1218, 1990.
 64. Welch, B. E., E. R. Buskirk, and P. F. Iampietro. Relation of climate and temperature to food and water intake in man. Metabolism 7: 141–148, 1958.
 65. West, J. B. Life in space. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 72: 1623–1630, 1992.
 66. Winder, W. W., R. C. Hickson, J. M. Hagberg, A. A. Ehsani, and J. A. McLane. Training‐induced changes in hormonal responses to submaximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 46: 766–771, 1979.
 67. Wissler, E. H. Mathematical simulation of human thermal behavior using whole body models. In: Heat Transfer in Medicine and Biology. Edited by A. Shitzer and R. C. Ebhart. New York: Plenum, 1985, p. 325–373.
 68. Young, A. J. Energy substrate utilization during exercise in extreme environments. In: Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1990, vol. 18 p. 65–117.
 69. Young, A. J., W. J. Evans, A. Cymerman, K. B. Pandolf, J. J. Knapik, and J. T. Maher. Sparing effect of chronic high altitude exposure on muscle glycogen utilization. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 52: 857–862, 1982.
 70. Young, A. M., M. N. Sawka, L. Levine, B. S. Cadarette, and K. B. Pandolf. Skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise is influenced by heat acclimation. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 59: 1929–1935, 1985.
 71. Young, D. R. Physiological Performance Fitness and Diet. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1977.
 72. Ziporyn, T., K. Simmons, C. Marwick, G. A. Raymond, M. F. Goldsmith, B. Merz, and P. Gunby. Aerospace medicine: the first 200 years. Medical news and perspectives. JAMA 256: 2010–2052, 1986.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Nutrition and Exercise in Adverse Environments
 

How to Cite

E. R. Buskirk. Nutrition and Exercise in Adverse Environments. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 14: Handbook of Physiology, Environmental Physiology: 1457-1466. First published in print 1996. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp040264