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Gastrointestinal circulation and motor function

Ching Chung Chou

10.1002/cphy.cp060140

Source: Supplement 16: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Motility and Circulation

Originally published: 1989

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 History
2 Microvascular Anatomy
3 Anatomical and Methodological Considerations
4 Effects of Motility on Blood Flow in Small Intestine
4.1 Rhythmic Contractions
4.2 Tonic Contractions
4.3 Blood Flow Distribution Within Gut Wall
4.4 Summary
5 Effects of Chemicals and Nerves on Blood Flow and Motility in Small Intestine
5.1 Cholinergics
5.2 Nerves
5.3 Bradykinin
5.4 Serotonin
5.5 Other Vasoactive Drugs and Gastrointestinal Hormones
5.6 Ions and Hypertonicity
5.7 Hypercapnia and Hypoxemia
5.8 Intestinal Wall Tension and Blood Flow
5.9 Blood Flow Distribution Within Gut Wall
5.10 Summary
6 Motility and Blood Flow in Colon and Stomach
6.1 Colon
6.2 Stomach
6.3 Summary
7 Effects of Intestinal Luminal Distension
7.1 Effect on total Blood Flow
7.2 Effect on Compartmental Blood Flow, Oxygen Consumption, Capillary Filtration Coefficient, and Lymph Flow
7.3 Summary
8 Effects of Blood Flow and Hypoxia on Motor Function
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Microvascular anatomy of rat intestine. 1A, first‐order arteriole.

A from Gore and Bohlen 80. B from data of Gore and Bohlen 81
Figure 2. Figure 2.

A: effect of rhythmic segmental contractions on arterial inflow and venous outflow; numbers 1–7 indicate synchronous changes in intestinal movements and blood flow. Tonus of gut was plotted. B: effect of rhythmic segmental contractions on minute volume flow of blood (drops/min). Volume flow per minute is plotted. Tracings from top to bottom are flow, lumen pressure of upper end of gut loop, venous pressure, intestinal volume, arterial pressure, and lumen pressure at lower end of loop.

From Sidky and Bean 174
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Relation between lumen pressure (IM), arterial inflow (AF), and venous outflow (VF) during spontaneous rhythmic contractions.

From Semba et al. 166
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Blood flow changes during and after tonic contractions. A.F., arterial inflow; V.F., venous outflow plotted on dotted line; L.P., lumen pressure. Short vertical lines indicate beginning of tonic contraction.

From Sidky and Bean 174
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Interplay of factors involved in relationship between intestinal distension, contractions, and blood flow.
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Effects of luminal distension or manipulation of gut wall and infusion of physostigmine on venous outflow of jejunal segment.

From data of Chou and Grassmick 41
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Mean percentage distribution of blood flow within gut wall before (CONT) and after (EXPT) manipulation or during distension of exteriorized small intestine segments. Values of intact gastrointestinal tract were obtained from tissues left undisturbed within abdominal cavity.

From Chou and Grassmick 41
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Compartmental blood flow and percentage distribution of total wall flow to each compartment before (C) and after (E) intravenous infusion of physostigmine in gastrointestinal tract.

From data of Chou and Grassmick 41
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Effects of acetylcholine (Ach) or epinephrine (Epi) injection on ileal perfusion pressure (Pp) and lumen pressure (PL) in ileal segment perfused at constant blood flow rate (F). After injection of 10 μg acetylcholine, luminal pressure rose above 40 mmHg, so attenuation had to be increased to x 5.

From Chou and Dabney 38
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Effects of intra‐arterial infusions of acetylcholine on intestinal blood flow in denervated (dashed line) and innervated (solid line) jejunal loops. Lines in upper right quadrant show flow values obtained after cessation of acetylcholine infusion when motility increase had subsided. Shaded area indicates maximum and minimum intraluminal pressure changes induced by acetylcholine (10–100 μg/min).

From Kewenter 112. © 1971, reprinted by permission of Universitetsforlaget, Oslo
Figure 11. Figure 11.

A: relation between motility index and blood flow. B: relation between motility index and absorption rate of L‐phenylalanine (open circles) and L‐serine (open triangles). Values were obtained from jejunal loops of conscious dogs during spontaneous and mechanically induced tonic contractions. C: relation between motility index and intestinal blood flow after bradykinin or acetylcholine in anesthetized dogs.

A, B from Pytkowski and Michalowski 155; C from Pytkowski 154
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Correlation between blood flow in vein (VF) and artery (AF) in tonic contraction induced by physostigmine or hypertonic NaCl solution. Control VF and AF were set at 100%. IM, intestinal intraluminal pressure. Three types of blood flow responses can be observed.

From Semba et al. 166
Figure 13. Figure 13.

Typical recording during measurement of ileal compliance. Arrows indicate infusions or withdrawal of water into or from balloon. Balloon volume increased in 10‐ml steps to 40 ml, and total 40 ml was withdrawn in one step. Note that rhythmic segmental contractions appeared during distension and after withdrawal.

From Chou and Dabney 37
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Average effects of intra‐arterial infusion of epinephrine on ileal perfusion and intraluminal pressures determined at various ileal balloon volumes. N, number of dogs tested; F, average blood flow, maintained constant by pump.

From Chou and Dabney 38
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Correlation between colonic motility and blood flow. Open circles, contraction type; X, relaxation type; filled circles, combination type.

From Semba and Fujii 168. Lumen pressure tracings adapted by C. C. Chou according to description in text
Figure 16. Figure 16.

Effects of pelvic nerve stimulation before (left) and after (right) atropine.

From Fasth et al. 68
Figure 17. Figure 17.

Effect of mechanical stimulation of anal mucosa (indicated by horizontal bars and vertical lines) on colonic motility (volume change) and blood flow.

From Sjöqvist et al. 177
Figure 18. Figure 18.

Effect of varying levels of distending pressure on blood flow to various vascular segments within intestinal wall.

From Noer et al. 137
Figure 19. Figure 19.

Effect of luminal distension on blood flow. Tracings from top down: luminal volume, carotid artery pressure, and pressure difference between carotid and mesenteric arteries across constricting clamp, which indicates changes in blood flow. Time in intervals of 10 s (A) and 1 min (B).

From Lawson and Chumley 122
Figure 20. Figure 20.

Effects of distending canine ileal lumen from 0 to 50 ml lumen volume (A) and from 350 to 400 ml lumen volume (B). L.P., lumen pressure in mmHg; R, vascular resistance. Flow in ml · min−1 · 100 g−1.

From Hanson 95
Figure 21. Figure 21.

Effects of various stimuli on distension‐induced increments in luminal and perfusion pressures of ileal segments perfused at constant blood flow rate. Ordinates are increments in luminal or perfusion pressures resulting from increases in lumen volume from 0 to 30 ml or 0 to 40 ml. Solid lines, controls; dotted lines, experimental conditions.

Data from Chou and Dabney 34,37,38 and Dabney et al. 52
Figure 22. Figure 22.

Effects of stepwise distension to 100 mmHg lumen pressure and deflation on blood flow (Q, ml·min−1·100 g−1), vascular resistance (PRU), capillary filtration coefficient (CFC, ml·min−1·100 g−1 dry wt), and oxygen consumption (, ml·min−1·100 g−1 dry wt) in denervated feline small bowel homologously perfused in vitro. Filled circles, nonobstructed intestine; open circles, previously obstructed intestine.

From Ohman 144
Figure 23. Figure 23.

Effect of occlusion of artery perfusing gut segment (CLAMP) before and after intra‐arterial infusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX).

Adapted from Chou and Gallavan 40
Figure 24. Figure 24.

Mean slow‐wave frequency before (C) and after either hypoxia or occlusion of superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Arrow indicates termination of experimental perturbations. ◯—◯, 50% O2 reduction; ◯—◯, 75% O2 reduction; •—•, SMA occlusion; •—•, SMA + SMV thrombosis.

From Meissner et al. 134


Figure 1.

Microvascular anatomy of rat intestine. 1A, first‐order arteriole.

A from Gore and Bohlen 80. B from data of Gore and Bohlen 81


Figure 2.

A: effect of rhythmic segmental contractions on arterial inflow and venous outflow; numbers 1–7 indicate synchronous changes in intestinal movements and blood flow. Tonus of gut was plotted. B: effect of rhythmic segmental contractions on minute volume flow of blood (drops/min). Volume flow per minute is plotted. Tracings from top to bottom are flow, lumen pressure of upper end of gut loop, venous pressure, intestinal volume, arterial pressure, and lumen pressure at lower end of loop.

From Sidky and Bean 174


Figure 3.

Relation between lumen pressure (IM), arterial inflow (AF), and venous outflow (VF) during spontaneous rhythmic contractions.

From Semba et al. 166


Figure 4.

Blood flow changes during and after tonic contractions. A.F., arterial inflow; V.F., venous outflow plotted on dotted line; L.P., lumen pressure. Short vertical lines indicate beginning of tonic contraction.

From Sidky and Bean 174


Figure 5.

Interplay of factors involved in relationship between intestinal distension, contractions, and blood flow.



Figure 6.

Effects of luminal distension or manipulation of gut wall and infusion of physostigmine on venous outflow of jejunal segment.

From data of Chou and Grassmick 41


Figure 7.

Mean percentage distribution of blood flow within gut wall before (CONT) and after (EXPT) manipulation or during distension of exteriorized small intestine segments. Values of intact gastrointestinal tract were obtained from tissues left undisturbed within abdominal cavity.

From Chou and Grassmick 41


Figure 8.

Compartmental blood flow and percentage distribution of total wall flow to each compartment before (C) and after (E) intravenous infusion of physostigmine in gastrointestinal tract.

From data of Chou and Grassmick 41


Figure 9.

Effects of acetylcholine (Ach) or epinephrine (Epi) injection on ileal perfusion pressure (Pp) and lumen pressure (PL) in ileal segment perfused at constant blood flow rate (F). After injection of 10 μg acetylcholine, luminal pressure rose above 40 mmHg, so attenuation had to be increased to x 5.

From Chou and Dabney 38


Figure 10.

Effects of intra‐arterial infusions of acetylcholine on intestinal blood flow in denervated (dashed line) and innervated (solid line) jejunal loops. Lines in upper right quadrant show flow values obtained after cessation of acetylcholine infusion when motility increase had subsided. Shaded area indicates maximum and minimum intraluminal pressure changes induced by acetylcholine (10–100 μg/min).

From Kewenter 112. © 1971, reprinted by permission of Universitetsforlaget, Oslo


Figure 11.

A: relation between motility index and blood flow. B: relation between motility index and absorption rate of L‐phenylalanine (open circles) and L‐serine (open triangles). Values were obtained from jejunal loops of conscious dogs during spontaneous and mechanically induced tonic contractions. C: relation between motility index and intestinal blood flow after bradykinin or acetylcholine in anesthetized dogs.

A, B from Pytkowski and Michalowski 155; C from Pytkowski 154


Figure 12.

Correlation between blood flow in vein (VF) and artery (AF) in tonic contraction induced by physostigmine or hypertonic NaCl solution. Control VF and AF were set at 100%. IM, intestinal intraluminal pressure. Three types of blood flow responses can be observed.

From Semba et al. 166


Figure 13.

Typical recording during measurement of ileal compliance. Arrows indicate infusions or withdrawal of water into or from balloon. Balloon volume increased in 10‐ml steps to 40 ml, and total 40 ml was withdrawn in one step. Note that rhythmic segmental contractions appeared during distension and after withdrawal.

From Chou and Dabney 37


Figure 14.

Average effects of intra‐arterial infusion of epinephrine on ileal perfusion and intraluminal pressures determined at various ileal balloon volumes. N, number of dogs tested; F, average blood flow, maintained constant by pump.

From Chou and Dabney 38


Figure 15.

Correlation between colonic motility and blood flow. Open circles, contraction type; X, relaxation type; filled circles, combination type.

From Semba and Fujii 168. Lumen pressure tracings adapted by C. C. Chou according to description in text


Figure 16.

Effects of pelvic nerve stimulation before (left) and after (right) atropine.

From Fasth et al. 68


Figure 17.

Effect of mechanical stimulation of anal mucosa (indicated by horizontal bars and vertical lines) on colonic motility (volume change) and blood flow.

From Sjöqvist et al. 177


Figure 18.

Effect of varying levels of distending pressure on blood flow to various vascular segments within intestinal wall.

From Noer et al. 137


Figure 19.

Effect of luminal distension on blood flow. Tracings from top down: luminal volume, carotid artery pressure, and pressure difference between carotid and mesenteric arteries across constricting clamp, which indicates changes in blood flow. Time in intervals of 10 s (A) and 1 min (B).

From Lawson and Chumley 122


Figure 20.

Effects of distending canine ileal lumen from 0 to 50 ml lumen volume (A) and from 350 to 400 ml lumen volume (B). L.P., lumen pressure in mmHg; R, vascular resistance. Flow in ml · min−1 · 100 g−1.

From Hanson 95


Figure 21.

Effects of various stimuli on distension‐induced increments in luminal and perfusion pressures of ileal segments perfused at constant blood flow rate. Ordinates are increments in luminal or perfusion pressures resulting from increases in lumen volume from 0 to 30 ml or 0 to 40 ml. Solid lines, controls; dotted lines, experimental conditions.

Data from Chou and Dabney 34,37,38 and Dabney et al. 52


Figure 22.

Effects of stepwise distension to 100 mmHg lumen pressure and deflation on blood flow (Q, ml·min−1·100 g−1), vascular resistance (PRU), capillary filtration coefficient (CFC, ml·min−1·100 g−1 dry wt), and oxygen consumption (, ml·min−1·100 g−1 dry wt) in denervated feline small bowel homologously perfused in vitro. Filled circles, nonobstructed intestine; open circles, previously obstructed intestine.

From Ohman 144


Figure 23.

Effect of occlusion of artery perfusing gut segment (CLAMP) before and after intra‐arterial infusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX).

Adapted from Chou and Gallavan 40


Figure 24.

Mean slow‐wave frequency before (C) and after either hypoxia or occlusion of superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Arrow indicates termination of experimental perturbations. ◯—◯, 50% O2 reduction; ◯—◯, 75% O2 reduction; •—•, SMA occlusion; •—•, SMA + SMV thrombosis.

From Meissner et al. 134
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Article Title: Gastrointestinal circulation and motor function
 

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Ching Chung Chou. Gastrointestinal circulation and motor function. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 16: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Motility and Circulation: 1475-1518. First published in print 1989. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp060140