Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

Gastrointestinal lymphatics

J. A. Barrowman, P. Tso

10.1002/cphy.cp060148

Source: Supplement 16: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Motility and Circulation

Originally published: 1989

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Historical Aspects
2 Anatomical Considerations
2.1 Interstitium
2.2 Structure of Lymphatics
2.3 Lymphaticovenous Anastomoses
2.4 Lymphatics of Gastrointestinal Organs
3 General Physiological Considerations
3.1 Formation of Lymph
3.2 Filling of Initial Lymphatics
3.3 Role of Lymph in Tissue Homeostasis
3.4 Composition of Lymph
3.5 Modification of Lymph by Lymphatic Vessels and Nodes
3.6 Propulsion of Lymph in Collecting Vessels
4 Investigative Techniques
4.1 Cannulation of Lymph Vessels
4.2 Lymph Fistula Studies in the Human
4.3 In Vitro Studies of Gastrointestinal Lymphatics
4.4 Micropuncture of Intestinal Mucosal Lymphatics
5 Lymph from Gastrointestinal Organs
5.1 Salivary Glands
5.2 Esophagus and Stomach
5.3 Small Intestine
6 Colon
7 Pancreas
8 Liver
8.1 Liver Microcirculation
8.2 Liver Lymph Flow
8.3 Proteins of Liver Lymph
8.4 Formation of Liver Lymph
8.5 Lipids of Liver Lymph
8.6 Pathophysiology of Liver Lymph
9 Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Lymphatics
9.1 Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
9.2 Secondary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
9.3 Intestinal Lymphangiectasia Secondary to Heart Disease
9.4 Experimental Interruption of Intestinal Lymphatics
9.5 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
9.6 Acute Pancreatitis
9.7 Miscellaneous Conditions Involving Gastrointestinal Lymphatics
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Chylomicrons in rat small intestine entering lymphatic vessels (Ly) by moving between gaps (arrow) that develop between cytoplasmic extensions of endothelial lining of vessel. x 30,600.

From Sabesin and Frase 388
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Lymphatic valves in slightly dilated lymphatic vessels in rabbit mesentery. Low‐power magnification.

From Kalima 241
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Relations between lymph flow, interstitial fluid volume, and interstitial fluid pressure in small intestine of cat.

From Granger and Barrowman 165
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Effects of net fluid absorption rate on intestinal interstitial volume, interstitial hydraulic conductivity, and excluded volume fraction of albumin.

From Granger et al. 182
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Influence of net fluid absorption rate on intestinal interstitial oncotic (πt) and hydrostatic (Pt) pressures. Micropuncture data (X) obtained in rats.

From Granger et al. 182
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Steady‐state relations between rate of removal of absorbed fluid by intestinal capillaries and lymphatics and net fluid absorption rate.

From Granger et al. 182
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Anatomical scheme of blood and lymph microcirculation in an intestinal villus.

From Granger 164
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Chylomicrons accumulating in distended intercellular space (ICS) between two enterocytes. Intact basement membrane (arrow) forms barrier separating absorptive epithelial cells and intercellular space from lamina propria. x 27,600.

From Sabesin and Frase 388
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Relation between lymph‐to‐plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P) normalized to albumin ratio and reciprocal of molecular radius (MR) in cat liver.

Data from Granger et al. 171
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Turnover of 131I‐labeled albumin in patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia. Closed circles represent decay while patient was on 70 g/day fat diet. Open circles and crosses represent albumin decay on low‐fat diet (5 g/day).

From Jeffries et al. 231


Figure 1.

Chylomicrons in rat small intestine entering lymphatic vessels (Ly) by moving between gaps (arrow) that develop between cytoplasmic extensions of endothelial lining of vessel. x 30,600.

From Sabesin and Frase 388


Figure 2.

Lymphatic valves in slightly dilated lymphatic vessels in rabbit mesentery. Low‐power magnification.

From Kalima 241


Figure 3.

Relations between lymph flow, interstitial fluid volume, and interstitial fluid pressure in small intestine of cat.

From Granger and Barrowman 165


Figure 4.

Effects of net fluid absorption rate on intestinal interstitial volume, interstitial hydraulic conductivity, and excluded volume fraction of albumin.

From Granger et al. 182


Figure 5.

Influence of net fluid absorption rate on intestinal interstitial oncotic (πt) and hydrostatic (Pt) pressures. Micropuncture data (X) obtained in rats.

From Granger et al. 182


Figure 6.

Steady‐state relations between rate of removal of absorbed fluid by intestinal capillaries and lymphatics and net fluid absorption rate.

From Granger et al. 182


Figure 7.

Anatomical scheme of blood and lymph microcirculation in an intestinal villus.

From Granger 164


Figure 8.

Chylomicrons accumulating in distended intercellular space (ICS) between two enterocytes. Intact basement membrane (arrow) forms barrier separating absorptive epithelial cells and intercellular space from lamina propria. x 27,600.

From Sabesin and Frase 388


Figure 9.

Relation between lymph‐to‐plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P) normalized to albumin ratio and reciprocal of molecular radius (MR) in cat liver.

Data from Granger et al. 171


Figure 10.

Turnover of 131I‐labeled albumin in patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia. Closed circles represent decay while patient was on 70 g/day fat diet. Open circles and crosses represent albumin decay on low‐fat diet (5 g/day).

From Jeffries et al. 231
References
 1. Adair, T. H., and A. C. Guyton. Modification of lymph by lymph nodes. II. Effect of increased lymph node venous blood pressure. Am. J. Physiol. 245 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 14): H616–H622, 1983.
 2. Adair, T. H., and A. C. Guyton. Lymph formation and its modification in the lymphatic system. In: Experimental Biology of the Lymphatic Circulation, edited by M. G. Johnston. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.
 3. Adair, T. H., D. S. Moffat, A. W. Paulsen, and A. C. Guyton. Quantitation of changes in lymph protein concentration during lymph node transit. Am. J. Physiol. 243 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 12): H351–H359, 1982.
 4. Adams, E. P. Transport and Metabolism of Long Chain Fatty Acids in the Sheep. Canberra: Australian National Univ., 1964. PhD thesis.
 5. Albertine, K. H., L. M. Fox, and C. C. C. O'Morchoe. The morphology of canine lymphatic valves. Anat. Rec. 202: 453–461, 1982.
 6. Alessandrini, C., R. Gerli, G. Sacchi, L. Ibba, and A. M. Fruschelli. Cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of mesenterial lymph vessels in guinea pig. Lymphology 14: 1–6, 1981.
 7. Alexander, H. L., K. Shirley, and D. Allen. The route of ingested egg white to the systemic circulation. J. Clin. Invest. 15: 163–167, 1936.
 8. Allen, J. M., N. G. McHale, and B. M. Rooney. Effect of norepinephrine on contractility of isolated mesenteric lymphatics. Am. J. Physiol. 244 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 13): H479–H486, 1983.
 9. Allen, J. M., H. L. A. Iggulden, and N. G. McHale. α‐Adrenergic inhibition of bovine mesenteric lymphatics. J. Physiol. Lond. 374: 401–411, 1986.
 10. Alper, C. A., J. H. Peters, A. G. Birtch, and F. H. Gardner. Haptoglobin synthesis. I. In vivo studies of the production of haptoglobin, fibrinogen and γ‐globulin by the canine liver. J. Clin. Invest. 44: 574–581, 1965.
 11. Andersson, K. E., B. Bergdahl, H. Dencker, and G. Wettrell. Activities of proscillaridin A in thoracic duct lymph after single doses in man. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 40: 280–284, 1977.
 12. Asakura, H., S. Miura, T. Morishita, S. Aiso, T. Tanaka, T. Kitahora, M. Tsuchiya, Y. Enomoto, and Y. Watanabe. Endoscopic and histopathological study on primary and secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia. Dig. Dis. Sci. 26: 312–320, 1981.
 13. Asakura, H., A. Morita, T. Morishita, M. Tsuchiya, Y. Watanabe, and Y. Enomoto. Histopathological and electron microscopic studies of lymphangiectasia of the small intestine in Behçet's disease. Gut 14: 196–203, 1973.
 14. Aune, S. The lymphatics of the stomach. In: The Physiology of Gastric Secretion, edited by L. S. Semb and J. Myren. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1968, p. 15–17.
 15. Azuma, T., T. Ohhashi, and M. Sakaguchi. Electrical activity of lymphatic smooth muscles. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 155: 270–273, 1977.
 16. Azzali, G. Ultrastructure of small intestine submucosal and serosal‐muscular lymphatic vessels. Lymphology 15: 106–111, 1982.
 17. Azzali, G. The ultrastructural basis of lipid transport in the absorbing lymphatic vessel. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 14: 45–54, 1982.
 18. Azzali, G., and L. J. A. Didio. The lymphatic system of Bradypus tridactylus. Anat. Rec. 153: 149–160, 1965.
 19. Bach, A., and P. Metais. Graisses à chaînes courtes et moyenness: aspects physiologiques, biochimiques, nutritionels et thérapeutiques. Ann. Nutr. Aliment. 24: 75–144, 1970.
 20. Baez, S. Pressure and flow relations in the lymphatic system. In: Experimental Biology of the Lymphatic Circulation, edited by M. G. Johnston. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985. (Cited by Zweifach, B. W. and Schmid‐Schonbein.)
 21. Balashov, V. N. Intraorganic lymphatic system of stomach in some species of amphibia and reptiles (Engl. abstract). Arkh. Anat. Gistol. Embriol. 52: 57–64, 1967.
 22. Balashov, V. N. Senile changes in intraorgan lymphatic bed of the human stomach (Engl. abstract). Arkh. Anat. Gistol. Embriol. 55: 11–16, 1968.
 23. Bank, S., G. Fisher, I. N. Marks, and A. Groll. The lymphatics of the intestinal mucosa. A clinical and experimental study. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 12: 619–632, 1967.
 24. Baraona, E., and C. S. Lieber. Intestinal lymph formation and fat absorption: stimulation by acute ethanol administration and inhibition by chronic ethanol feeding. Gastroenterology 68: 495–502, 1975.
 25. Barrowman, J. A. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Lymphatic System. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1978. (Monogr. of Physiol. Soc. No. 33.)
 26. Barrowman, J. A. Intestinal Absorption of the Fat‐Soluble Vitamins: Physiology and Pharmacology. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, edited by T. Z. Csaky. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag. 1984, vol. 70, pt. 1, chapt. 17.
 27. Barrowman, J. A., and D. N. Granger. Hepatic lymph. In: Hepatic Circulation in Health and Diseases, edited by W. W. Lautt. New York: Raven, 1981, p. 137–152.
 28. Barrowman, J. A., and D. N. Granger. Effects of experimental cirrhosis on splanchnic microvascular fluid and solute exchange in the rat. Gastroenterology 87: 165–172, 1984.
 29. Barrowman, J. A., M. A. Perry, P. R. Kvietys, and D. N. Granger. Exclusion phenomenon in the liver interstitium. Am. J. Physiol. 243 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 6): G410–G414, 1982.
 30. Barrowman, J. A., and K. B. Roberts. The role of the lymphatic system in the absorption of water from the intestine of the rat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 52: 19–30, 1967.
 31. Bartos, V., V. Brzek, J. Groh, and O. Keller. Alterations in human thoracic duct lymph in relation to the function of the pancreas. Am. J. Med. Sci. 252: 31–38, 1966.
 32. Baxter, J. H. Routes of glyceride delivery from liver to plasma in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 218: 790–796, 1970.
 33. Beckett, G. J., and I. W. Percy‐Robb. Bile salt transport in intestinal lymph of the rat. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 12: 23–27, 1982.
 34. Beerman, B., and K. Hellström. The efficacy of lymph drainage in the elimination of orally administered digitoxin and digoxin. Pharmacology Basel 6: 17–21, 1971.
 35. Beil, F. W., and S. M. Grundy. Studies on plasma lipoproteins during absorption of exogenous lecithin in man. J. Lipid Res. 21: 525–536, 1980.
 36. Bell‐Quint, J., and T. Forte. Time‐related changes in the synthesis and secretion of very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins by cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 663: 83–98, 1981.
 37. Bennett, S., P. Shepherd, and W. J. Simmonds. The effect of alterations in intestinal motility induced by morphine and atropine on fat absorption in the rat. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 40: 225–231, 1962.
 38. Benson, J. A., Jr., P. R. Lee, J. F. Scholer, K. S. Kim, and J. L. Bollman. Water absorption from the intestine via portal and lymphatic pathways. Am. J. Physiol. 184: 441–444, 1956.
 39. Bergstrom, S., R. Blomstrand, and B. Borgstrom. Route of absorption and distribution of oleic acid and triolein in the rat. Biochem. J. 58: 600–604, 1954.
 40. Bierman, H. R., R. L. Byron, K. H. Kelly, R. S. Gilfillan, L. P. White, N. E. Freeman, and N. L. Petrakis. The characteristics of thoracic duct lymph in man. J. Clin. Invest. 32: 637–649, 1953.
 41. Bill, A. Regional lymph flow in unanaesthetized rabbits. Uppsala J. Med. Sci. 84: 129–136, 1979.
 42. Bisgaier, C. L., and R. M. Glickman. Intestinal synthesis, secretion and transport of lipoproteins. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 45: 625–636, 1983.
 43. Blalock, A., and C. S. Burwell. Thoracic duct lymph pressure in concretio cordis: experimental study. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 21: 296–297, 1935.
 44. Blalock, A., C. S. Robinson, R. S. Cunningham, and M. E. Gray. Experimental studies on lymphatic blockage. Arch. Surg. 34: 1049–1071, 1937.
 45. Blomstrand, R. The intestinal absorption of linoleic‐1‐14C acid. Acta Physiol. Scand. 32: 99–105, 1954.
 46. Blomstrand, R. Transport form of decanoic acid‐1‐14C in the lymph during intestinal absorption in the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 34: 67–70, 1955.
 47. Blomstrand, R., and L. Forsgren. Labelled tocopherols in man. Intestinal absorption and thoracic‐duct lymph transport of dl‐alpha‐tocopheryl‐3,4‐14C2 acetate, dl‐alpha‐tocopheramine‐3,4‐14C2, dl‐alpha‐tocopherol‐(5‐methyl‐3H) and N‐(methyl‐3H)‐dl‐gamma tocopheramine. Int. Z. Vitaminforsch. 38: 328–344, 1968.
 48. Blomstrand, R., and L. Forsgren. Vitamin K1‐3H in man. Its intestinal absorption and transport in the thoracic duct lymph. Int. Z. Vitaminforsch. 38: 45–64, 1968.
 49. Blomstrand, R., and B. Werner. Studies on the intestinal absorption of radioactive β‐carotene and vitamin A in man. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 19: 339–345, 1967.
 50. Bloom, B., I. L. Chaikoff, and W. O. Reinhardt. Intestinal lymph as pathway for transport of absorbed fatty acids of different chain lengths. Am. J. Physiol. 166: 451–455, 1951.
 51. Bloom, B., I. L. Chaikoff, W. O. Reinhardt, C. Entenman, and W. G. Dauben. The quantitative significance of the lymphatic pathway in transport of absorbed fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 184: 1–8, 1950.
 52. Bloom, W. The role of lymphatics in the absorption of bile pigment from the liver in early obstructive jaundice. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 34: 316–320, 1923.
 53. Bluestein, M., J. Malagelada, W. Linscheer, and W. H. Fishman. Enzymology of alkaline phosphatase of rat intestine following fatty acid infusion. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 18: 679, 1970.
 54. Bock, K. W., U. C. von Clausbruch, and D. Winne. Absorption and metabolism of naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene in the rat jejunum in situ. Med. Biol. 57: 262–264, 1979.
 55. Bocklage, B. C., H. J. Nicholas, E. A. Doisy, W. H. Elliott, S. A. Thayer, and E. A. Doisy. Synthesis and biological studies of 17‐methyl‐14C‐estradiol. J. Biol. Chem. 202: 27–37, 1953.
 56. Bocklage, B. C., E. A. Doisy, Jr., W. H. Elliott, and E. A. Doisy. Absorption and metabolism of cortisone −4‐14C acetate. J. Biol. Chem. 212: 935–939, 1955.
 57. Bollman, J. L. A cage which limits the activity of rats. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 33: 1348, 1948.
 58. Bollman, J. L., J. C. Cain, and J. H. Grindlay. Techniques for collection of lymph from liver, small intestine or thoracic duct of the rat. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 33: 1349–1352, 1948.
 59. Bolton, C., and W. G. Barnard. The pathological occurrences in liver in experimental venous stagnation. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 34: 701–709, 1931.
 60. Bookstein, J. J., A. B. French, and H. M. Pollard. Protein‐losing gastroenteropathy: concepts derived from lymphangiography. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 10: 573–581, 1965.
 61. Borgstrom, B. On the mechanism of intestinal fat absorption. V. The effect of bile diversion on fat absorption in the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 28: 279–286, 1953.
 62. Borgstrom, B. Transport form of 14C‐decanoic acid in portal and inferior vena cava blood during absorption in the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 34: 71–74, 1955.
 63. Borgstrom, B. Fat digestion and absorption. In: Biomembranes. Intestinal Absorption, edited by D. H. Smyth. New York: Plenum, 1974, vol. 4, pt. B, p. 555–620.
 64. Borgstrom, B. Phospholipid absorption. In: Lipid absorption: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, edited by K. Rommel, H. Goebell, and R. Böhmer. Lancaster, UK: MTP, 1976, p. 65–72.
 65. Borgstrom, B., and C. B. Laurell. Studies on lymph and lymph‐proteins during absorption of fat and saline by rats. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29: 264–280, 1953.
 66. Bradley, S. E. Hepatic lymph formation—basic mechanism and dysfunctions. In: Problems in Liver Diseases, edited by C. S. Davidson. New York: Stratton (Intercont. Med. Book Co.), 1981, p. 53–65.
 67. Brauer, R. W. Liver circulation and function. Physiol. Rev. 43: 115–213, 1963.
 68. Bruggeman, T. M. Plasma proteins in canine gastric lymph. Gastroenterology 68: 1204–1210, 1975.
 69. Brunsson, I., S. Eklund, M. Jodal, O. Lundgren, and H. Sjövall. The effect of vasodilation and sympathetic nerve activation on net water absorption in the cat's small intestine. Acta Physiol. Scand. 106: 61–68, 1979.
 70. Brzek, V., and V. Bartos. Therapeutic effect of prolonged thoracic duct lymph fistula in patients with acute pancreatitis. Digestion 2: 43–50, 1969.
 71. Buhac, J., and J. Jarmolych. Histology of the intestinal peritoneum in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. Dig. Dis. Sci. 23: 417–422, 1978.
 72. Busbee, D. L., C. O. Joe, P. W. Rankin, R. L. Ziprin, and R. D. Wilson. Benzo(a)pyrene uptake by lymph: a possible transport mode for immunosuppressive chemicals. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 13: 43–51, 1984.
 73. Busbee, D. L., J. H. Yoo, J. O. Norman, and C. O. Joe. Polychlorinated biphenyl uptake and transport by lymph and plasma components. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 179: 116–122, 1985.
 74. Cain, J. C., J. H. Grindlay, J. L. Bollman, E. V. Flock, and F. C. Mann. Lymph from liver and thoracic duct: an experimental study. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 85: 559–562, 1947.
 75. Calnan, J. S., O. R. Rivero, S. Fillmore, and L. Mercurius‐Taylor. Permeability of normal lymphatics. Br. J. Surg. 54: 278–285, 1967.
 76. Campbell, R. S., D. Brobst, and G. Bisgard. Intestinal lymphangiectasia in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 153: 1051–1054, 1968.
 77. Carleton, H. M., and H. W. Florey. The mammalian lacteal: its histological structure in relation to its physiological properties. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 102: 110–118, 1927.
 78. Carlsten, A., Y. Edlund, and O. Thulesius. Bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and transaminases in blood and lymph during biliary obstruction in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 53: 58–67, 1961.
 79. Carlsten, A., and T. Olin. The route of the intestinal lymph to the bloodstream. Acta Physiol. Scand. 25: 259–266, 1952.
 80. Casley‐Smith, J. R. The identification of chylomicra and lipoproteins in tissue sections and their passage into jejunal lacteals. J. Cell Biol. 15: 259–277, 1962.
 81. Casley‐Smith, J. R. The dimensions and numbers of small vesicles and the significance of these for endothelial permeability. J. Microsc. 90: 251–268, 1969.
 82. Casley‐Smith, J. R. The transportation of large molecules, by small vesicles, through the endothelium. In: Progress in Lymphology II, edited by M. Viamonte et. al., Stuttgart, FRG: Thieme, 1970, p. 255–260.
 83. Casley‐Smith, J. R. The role of the endothelial intercellular junctions in the functioning of the initial lymphatics. Angiologica 9: 106–131, 1972.
 84. Casley‐Smith, J. R. In: The Inflammatory Process, edited by B. W. Zweifach, L. Grant, and R. T. McCluskey. New York: Academic, 1973, vol. 2, p. 161–204.
 85. Casley‐Smith, J. R. The functioning and interrelationships of blood capillaries and lymphatics. Experientia Basel 32: 1–12, 1976.
 86. Casley‐Smith, J. R. Are the initial lymphatics normally pulled open by the anchoring filaments? Lymphology 13: 120–129, 1980.
 87. Casley‐Smith, J. R. The structure and functioning of the blood vessels, interstitial tissues, and lymphatics. In: Lymphangiology, edited by M. Foldi and J. R. Casley‐Smith. Stuttgart, FRG: Schattauer, 1983, p. 27–164.
 88. Casley‐Smith, J. R., and B. J. Gannon. Intestinal microcirculation: spatial organization and fine structure. In: Physiology of the Intestinal Circulation, edited by A. P. Shepherd and D. N. Granger. New York: Raven, 1984.
 89. Chaikoff, I. L., B. Bloom, B. P. Stevens, W. O. Reinhardt, W. G. Dauben, and J. F. Eastham. Pentadecanoic acid‐5‐14C: its absorption and lymphatic transport. J. Biol. Chem. 190: 431–435, 1951.
 90. Chaikoff, I. L., B. Bloom, B. P. Stevens, W. O. Reinhardt, W. G. Dauben, and J. F. Eastham. 14C‐cholesterol. I. Lymphatic transport of absorbed cholesterol −4‐14C. J. Biol. Chem. 194: 407–412, 1952.
 91. Chen, Y. K., H. M. Richter, K. A. Kelly, J. M. Jay, and V. L. W. Go. Postprandial gastrin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P and bombesin output in canine thoracic duct lymph. Gastroenterology 86: 1046, 1984.
 92. Chou, C. C., and P. R. Kvietys. Physiological and pharmacological alterations in gastro‐intestinal blood flow. In: The Measurement of Splanchnic Blood Flow, edited by D. N. Granger and G. B. Bulkley. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1981, p. 475–509.
 93. Chvapil, M. Physiology of Connective Tissue. London: Butterworths, 1967, p. 14.
 94. Clendinnen, B. G., D. D. Reeder, and J. C. Thompson. The role of thoracic duct lymph in gastrin transport and gastric secretion. Gut 14: 30–34, 1973.
 95. Code, C. F., and D. W. Pickard. The importance of the lymphatic system in the absorption of water from the intestine J. Physiol. Lond. 231: 40P–41P, 1973.
 96. Collan, Y., and T. V. Kalima. The lymphatic pump of the intestinal villus of the rat. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 5: 187–196, 1970.
 97. Collan, Y., and T. V. Kalima. Topographic relations of lymphatic endothelial cells in the initial lymphatic of the intestinal villus. Lymphology 7: 175–184, 1974.
 98. Collan, Y., J. Nickels, and T. V. Kalima. Lymphatics of the gallbladder mucosa in pigs, an electron microscope study. In: Lymphology, edited by P. Malek, V. Bartos, H. Weissleder, and M. H. Witte. Stuttgart, FRG: Thieme, 1979, p. 30–33. (Proc. 6th Int. Congr.)
 99. Comline, R. S., H. E. Roberts, and D. A. Titchen. Route of absorption of colostrum globulin in the newborn animal. Nature Lond. 167: 561–562, 1951.
 100. Comparini, L. Lymph vessels of the liver in man. Angiologica 6: 262–274, 1969.
 101. Comper, W. D., and T. C. Laurent. Physiologic function of connective tissue polysaccharides. Physiol. Rev. 58: 255–315, 1978.
 102. Courtice, F. C. The flow and composition of hepatic lymph in the normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbit. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 38: 403–412, 1960.
 103. Crain, F. D., F. J. Lotspeich, and R. F. Krause. Biosynthesis of retinoic acid by intestinal enzymes of the rat. J. Lipid Res. 8: 249–254, 1967.
 104. Cruickshank, W. The Anatomy of the Absorbing Vessels of the Human Body. London: G. Nicol, 1790.
 105. Danese, C. A., M. Georgalas‐Penesis, A. E. Kark, and D. A. Dreiling. Studies of the effects of blockage of intestinal lymphatics. I. Experimental procedure and structure alterations. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 57: 541–546, 1972.
 106. Davidson, J. D., T. A. Waldmann, D. S. Goodman, and R. S. Gordon. Protein‐losing gastro‐enteropathy in congestive heart failure. Lancet 1: 899–902, 1961.
 107. Deak, S. T., and T. Z. Csáky. Factors regulating the exchange of nutrients and drugs between lymph and blood in the small intestine. Microcirc. Endothelium Lymphatics 1: 569–588, 1984.
 108. Del Rio Lozano, I., and W. H. H. Andrews. Some relationships between the lymphatic system, the biliary system and the blood vascular system in the liver of the rabbit. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 51: 324–335, 1966.
 109. De Marco, T. J., and R. R. Levine. Role of the lymphatics in the intestinal absorption and distribution of drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 169: 142–151, 1969.
 110. DiBona, D. R., L. C. Chen, and G. W. G. Sharp. A study of intercellular spaces in the rabbit jejunum during acute volume expansion and after treatment with cholera toxin. J. Clin. Invest. 53: 1300–1307, 1974.
 111. Dive, C. C., A. C. Nadalini, and J. F. Heremans. Origin and composition of hepatic lymph proteins in the dog. Lymphology 4: 133–139, 1971.
 112. Dobbins, W. O. The intestinal mucosal lymphatic in man. A light and electron microscopic study. Electron microscopic study of the intestinal mucosa in intestinal lymphangiectasia. Gastroenterology 51: 994–1017, 1966.
 113. Dobbins, W. O. Hypo‐β‐lipoproteinemia and intestinal lymphangiectasia. A new syndrome of malabsorption and protein‐losing enteropathy. Arch. Intern. Med. 122: 31–38, 1968.
 114. Dobbins, W. O. Intestinal mucosal lacteal in transport of macromolecules and chylomicrons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 24: 77–90, 1971.
 115. Dobbins, W. O., and E. L. Rollins. Intestinal mucosal lymphatic permeability: an electron microscopic study of endothelial vesicles and cell junctions. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 33: 29–59, 1970.
 116. Dogiel, A. Über die Beziehungen zwischen Blut‐ und Lymphgefässen. Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. Entw. Mech. Org. 22: 608–615, 1883.
 117. Dolle, W., G. A. Martini, and F. Petersen. Idiopathic familial cardiomegaly with intermittent loss of protein into the gastro‐intestinal tract. Dtsch. Med. Wochenshr. 87: 1333–1338, 1962.
 118. Donini, I. Sur la fine distribution des vaisseaux lymphatiques dans l'estomac humain (Engl. abstract). Acta Anat. 23: 289–311, 1955.
 119. Dreiling, D. A. The lymphatics, pancreatic ascites and pancreatic inflammatory disease. A new therapy for pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 53: 119–131, 1970.
 120. Drinker, C. K., and M. E. Field. Lymphatics, Lymph and Tissue Fluid. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1933.
 121. Drinker, C. K., M. E. Field, and H. K. Ward. The filtering capacity of lymph nodes. J. Exp. Med. 59: 393–405, 1934.
 122. Drinker, C. K., and J. M. Yoffey. Lymphatics, Lymph, and Lymphoid Tissue. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1941.
 123. Dueland, S., J. I. Pedersen, P. Helgerud, and C. A. Drevon. Transport of Vitamin D3 from rat intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 146–150, 1982.
 124. Duffy, P. A., D. N. Granger, and A. E. Taylor. Intestinal secretion induced by volume expansion in the dog. Gastroenterology 75: 413–418, 1978.
 125. Dumont, A. E. Icteric thoracic duct lymph. Significance in patients with manifestations of obstructive jaundice. Ann. Surg. 178: 53–58, 1973.
 126. Dumont, A. E., H. Doubilet, and J. H. Mulholland. Lymphatic pathway of pancreatic secretion in man. Ann. Surg. 152: 403–409, 1960.
 127. Dumont, A. E., H. Doubilet, C. L. Witte, and J. H. Mulholland. Disorders of the biliary‐pancreatic system: observations on lymph drainage in jaundiced patients. Ann. Surg. 153: 774–780, 1961.
 128. Dumont, A. E., and J. H. Mulholland. Flow rate and composition of thoracic duct lymph in patients with cirrhosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 263: 471–474, 1960.
 129. DuPont, J. M., and J. Litvine. Le facteur lymphatique dans les pancréatites experimentales. Acta Chir. Belg. 63: 687–697, 1964.
 130. DuPrez, A., S. Godart, R. Platteborse, J. Litvine, and J. M. DuPont. La voie de dérivation interstitielle et lymphatique de la secretion exocrine du pancréas. Bull. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 3: 691–706, 1963.
 131. Durovicova, J., and V. Munka. Lymph drainage from stomach. In: Lymphology, edited by P. Malek, V. Bartos, H. Weissleder, and M. H. Witte. Stuttgart, FRG: Thieme, 1979, p. 33–35. (Proc. 6th Int. Congr. Lymphology.)
 132. Elliott, G. B., M. R. Kliman, and K. A. Elliott. Persistence of lymphaticovenous shunts at the level of the microcirculation. Their relationship to “lymphangioma” of mesentery. Am. Surg. 172: 131–136, 1970.
 133. Esterly, J. R. Congenital hereditary lymphedema. J. Med. Genet. 2: 93–96, 1965.
 134. Everett, N. B., W. E. Garrett, and B. S. Simmons. Lymphatics in iron absorption and transport. Am. J. Physiol. 178: 45–48, 1954.
 135. Ewerth, S., I. Bjorkhem, K. Einarson, and L. Ost. Lymphatic transport of bile acids in man. J. Lipid Res. 23: 1183–1186, 1982.
 136. Fenoglio, C. M., G. I. Kaye, and N. Lane. Distribution of human colonic lymphatics in normal, hyperplastic and adenomatous tissue. Gastroenterology 64: 51–66, 1973.
 137. Fidge, N. H., and P. J. McCullagh. Studies on apoproteins of rat lymph chylomicrons: characterization and metabolism of a new chylomicron‐associated apoprotein. J. Lipid Res. 22: 138–146, 1981.
 138. Fidge, N. H., T. Shiratori, J. Ganguly, and D. S. Goodman. Pathways of absorption of retinal and retinoic acid in the rat. J. Lipid Res. 9: 103–109, 1968.
 139. Finco, D. R., J. R. Duncan, W. D. Schall, B. E. Hooper, F. W. Chandler, and K. A. Keating. Chronic enteric disease and hyproproteinaemia in nine dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 163: 262–271, 1973.
 140. Fish, J. C., H. E. Sarles, A. T. Mattingly, M. V. Ross, and A. R. Remmero. Preparation of chronic thoracic duct lymph fistulas in man and laboratory animals. J. Surg. Res. 9: 101–106, 1969.
 141. Foldi, M., J. Kepes, and G. Szabo. Data quoted in: Lymphatics and Lymph Circulation (2nd ed.), by I. Rusznyak, M. Foldi, and G. Szabo, Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1967.
 142. Folkow, B., and E. Neil. Circulation. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1971.
 143. Forsgren, L. Studies on the intestinal absorption of labelled fat‐soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) via the thoracic duct lymph in the absence of bile in man. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 399, 1969.
 144. Frank, B. W., and F. Kern. Intestinal and liver lymph and lymphatics. Gastroenterology 50: 677–683, 1968.
 145. Fraser, D. R., and E. Kodicek. Investigations on vitamin D esters synthesized in rats. Biochem. J. 106: 485–496, 1968.
 146. Friedman, H. I., and R. R. Cardell. Effects of puromycin on the structure of rat intestinal epithelial cells during fat absorption. J. Cell Biol. 52: 15–40, 1972.
 147. Friedman, J. J., and S. Witte. Protein concentration gradients in the interstitial space. Microvasc. Res. 29: 220, 1985.
 148. Friedman, M., S. O. Byers, and C. Omoto. Some characteristics of hepatic lymph in the intact rat. Am. J. Physiol. 184: 11–17, 1956.
 149. Gagnon, M., and A. M. Dawson. The effect of bile on vitamin A absorption in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 127: 99–102, 1968.
 150. Gallagher, N., J. Webb, and A. M. Dawson. The absorption of 14C oleic acid and 14C triolein in bile fistula rats. Clin. Sci. 29: 73–82, 1965.
 151. Georgalas‐Penesis, M., C. A. Danese, C. Wastell, A. E. Kark, and D. A. Dreilling. Studies of the effects of blockade of intestinal lymphatics. II. Metabolic considerations. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 58: 15–21, 1972.
 152. Gersh, I., and H. R. Catchpole. The nature of ground substance of connective tissue. Perspect. Biol. Med. 3: 282, 1960.
 153. Giannina, T., B. G. Steinetz, and A. Meli. Pathway of absorption of orally administered ethynyl estradiol‐3‐cyclopentyl ether in the rat as influenced by vehicle of administration. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 121: 1175–1179, 1966.
 154. Girardet, R. E. Surgical techniques for long‐term studies of thoracic duct circulation in the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 39: 682–688, 1975.
 155. Glickman, R. M., D. H. Alpers, G. D. Drummey, and K. J. Isselbacher. Increased lymph alkaline phosphatase after fat feeding: effects of medium chain triglycerides and inhibition of protein synthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 201: 226–235, 1970.
 156. Glickman, R. M., and K. Kirsch. Lymph chylomicron formation during the inhibition of protein synthesis. Studies of chylomicron apoproteins. J. Clin. Invest. 52: 2910–2920, 1973.
 157. Glickman, R. M., K. Kirsch, and K. J. Isselbacher. Fat absorption during inhibition of protein synthesis: studies of lymph chylomicrons. J. Clin. Invest. 51: 356–363, 1972.
 158. Glickman, R. M., J. L. Perotto, and K. Kirsch. Intestinal lipoprotein formation: effect of colchicine. Gastroenterology 70: 347–352, 1976.
 159. Gnepp, D. R., and F. H. Y. Green. Scanning electron microscopic study of canine lymphatic vessels and their valves. Lymphology 13: 91–99, 1980.
 160. Godart, S. Lymphatic circulation of the pancreas. Bibl. Anat. 7: 410–413, 1965.
 161. Gonzalez‐Oddone, M. V. Bilirubin, bromsulfalein, bile acids, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol of thoracic duct lymph in experimental regurgitation jaundice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 63: 144–147, 1946.
 162. Goodman, D. S., R. Blomstrand, B. Werner, H. S. Huang, and T. Shiratori. The intestinal absorption and metabolism of vitamin A and β‐carotene in man. J. Clin. Invest. 45: 1615–1623, 1966.
 163. Goresky, C. A. The interstitial space in the liver: its partitioning effect. In: Capillary Permeability, edited by C. Crone and N. A. Lassen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1970, p. 415–430. (Alfred Benzon Symp. II. Roy. Danish Acad. Sci. & Letters, 1969.)
 164. Gotto, A. M., R. I. Levy, K. John, and D. S. Fredrickson. On the protein defect in a‐β‐lipoproteinemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 284: 813–818, 1971.
 165. Granger, D. N. Intestinal microcirculation and transmucosal fluid transport. Am. J. Physiol. 240 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 3): G343–G349, 1981.
 166. Granger, D. N., and J. A. Barrowman. Microcirculation of the alimentary tract. I. Physiology of transcapillary fluid and solute exchange. II. Pathophysiology of edema. Gastroenterology 84: 846–868; 1035–1059, 1983.
 167. Granger, D. N., J. A. Barrowman, S. L. Harper, P. R. Kvietys, and R. J. Korthuis. Sympathetic stimulation and intestinal capillary fluid exchange. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 10): G279–G283, 1984.
 168. Granger, D. N., B. H. Cook, and A. E. Taylor. Structural locus of transmucosal albumin efflux in canine ileum: a fluorescence study. Gastroenterology 71: 1023–1027, 1976.
 169. Granger, D. N., R. Cross, and J. A. Barrowman. Effects of various secretagogues and human carcinoid serum on lymph flow in the cat ileum. Gastroenterology 83: 896–901, 1982.
 170. Granger, D. N., P. R. Kvietys, N. A. Mortillaro, and A. E. Taylor. Effect of luminal distension on intestinal trans‐capillary fluid exchange. Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2): G516–G523, 1980.
 171. Granger, D. N., P. R. Kvietys, W. H. Wilborn, N. A. Mortillaro, and A. E. Taylor. Mechanisms of glucagon‐induced intestinal secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2): G30–G38, 1980.
 172. Granger, D. N., T. Miller, R. Allen, R. E. Parker, J. C. Parker, and A. E. Taylor. Permselectivity of the liver blood‐lymph barrier to endogenous macromolecules. Gastroenterology 77: 103–109, 1979.
 173. Granger, D. N., N. A. Mortillaro, P. R. Kvietys, G. Rutili, J. C. Parker, and A. E. Taylor. Role of the interstitial matrix during intestinal volume absorption. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1): G183–G189, 1980.
 174. Granger, D. N., N. A. Mortillaro, M. A. Perry, and P. R. Kvietys. Autoregulation of intestinal capillary filtration. Am. J. Physiol. 243 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 6): G475–G483, 1982.
 175. Granger, D. N., N. A. Mortillaro, and A. E. Taylor. Interactions of intestinal lymph flow and secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 232 (Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 1): E13–E18, 1977.
 176. Granger, D. N., R. E. Parker, E. W. Quillen, R. A. Brace, and A. E. Taylor. Lymph flow transients. In: Lymphology, edited by P. Malek, V. Bartos, H. Weissleder, and M. H. Witte. Stuttgart, FRG: Thieme, 1979, p. 61–64. (Proc. 6th Int. Congr.)
 177. Granger, D. N., M. A. Perry, and P. R. Kvietys. The microcirculation and fluid transport in digestive organs. Federation Proc. 42: 1667–1672, 1983.
 178. Granger, D. N., M. A. Perry, P. R. Kvietys, and A. E. Taylor. Permeability of intestinal capillaries: effects of fat absorption and gastrointestinal hormones. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 5): G194–G201, 1982.
 179. Granger, D. N., M. A. Perry, P. R. Kvietys and A. E. Taylor. Capillary and interstitial forces during absorption in the cat small intestine. Gastroenterology 86: 267–273, 1984.
 180. Granger, D. N., P. D. I. Richardson, and A. E. Taylor. Effects of isoprenaline and bradykinin on capillary filtration in the cat ileum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 67: 361–366, 1979.
 181. Granger, D. N., J. S. Shackleford, and A. E. Taylor. Prostaglandin E1‐induced filtration secretion in the feline ileum. Am. J. Physiol. 236 (Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 5): E788–E798, 1979.
 182. Granger, D. N., and A. E. Taylor. Permselectivity of intestinal capillaries. Physiologist 23: 47–52, 1980.
 183. Granger, D. N., and A. E. Taylor. Permeability of intestinal capillaries to endogenous macromolecules. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 7): H457–464, 1980.
 184. Granger, D. N., M. Ulrich, D. A. Parks, and S. L. Harper. Transcapillary exchange during intestinal fluid absorption. In: Physiology of the Intestinal Circulation, edited by A. P. Shepherd and D. N. Granger. New York: Raven, 1984, p. 211–221.
 185. Granger, D. N., J. D. Valleau, R. E. Parker, R. S. Lane, and A. E. Taylor. Effects of adenosine on intestinal hemodynamics, oxygen delivery and capillary fluid exchange. Am. J. Physiol. 235 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 4): H707–H719, 1978.
 186. Granger, H. J. Physico chemical properties of the extracellular matrix. In: Tissue Fluid Pressure and Composition, edited by A. R. Hargens. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1981.
 187. Grau, H., and E. Taher. Histologische Untersuchungen uber das innere Lymphgefäss System von Pancreas und Milz. Berl. Muench. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 78: 147–151, 1965.
 188. Green, P. H. R., R. M. Glickman, C. D. Saudek, C. B. Blum, and A. R. Tall. Human intestinal lipoproteins: studies in chyluric subjects. J. Clin Invest. 64: 233–242, 1979.
 189. Green, P. H. R., J. W. Lefkowitch, R. M. Glickman, J. W. Riley, E. Quinet, and C. B. Blum. Apolipoprotein localization and quantitation in the human intestine. Gastroenterology 83: 1223–1230, 1982.
 190. Greenway, C. V. Hepatic fluid change. In: Hepatic Circulation in Health and Disease, edited by W. W. Lautt. New York: Raven, 1981, p. 153–167.
 191. Greenway, C. V., and R. D. Stark. Hepatic vascular bed. Physiol. Rev. 51: 23–65, 1971.
 192. Griffen, W. O., R. P. Belin, R. W. Furman, A. Lieber, J. W. Schaefer, and L. D. Dubilier. Colonic lymphangiectasia: a report of two cases. Dis. Colon Rectum 15: 49–54, 1972.
 193. Grimus, R. C., and I. Schuster. The role of the lymphatic transport in the enteral absorption of naftifine by the rat. Xenobiotica 14: 287–294, 1984.
 194. Grøgaard, B., D. Parks, D. N. Granger, J. M. McCord, and J. O. Forsberg. Effects of ischemia and oxygen radicals on mucosal albumin clearance in intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 5): G448–G454, 1982.
 195. Grotte, G. Passage of dextran molecules across the blood‐lymph barrier. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 211: 1–84, 1956.
 196. Grotte, G., L. Juhlin, and N. Sandberg. Passage of solid spherical particles across the blood‐lymph barrier. Acta Physiol. Scand. 50: 287–293, 1960.
 197. Grubbs, C. J., and R. C. Moon. Transport of orally administered 9,10‐dimethyl‐1,2,‐benzanthracene in the Sprague‐Dawley rat. Cancer Res. 33: 1785–1789, 1973.
 198. Guyton, A. C., A. E. Taylor, and R. A. Brace. A synthesis of intestinal fluid regulation and lymph formation. Federation Proc. 35: 1881–1885, 1976.
 199. Hakim, A. A., and Lifson, N. Effects of pressure on water and solute transport by dog intestinal mucosa in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 216: 276–284, 1969.
 200. Hall, J. G., B. Morris, and G. Woolley. Intrinsic rhythmic propulsion of lymph in the unanaesthetized sheep. J. Physiol. Lond. 180: 336–349, 1965.
 201. Hanzon, V. Liver cell secretion under normal and pathologic conditions studied by fluorescence microscopy on living rats. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 28: 101, 1952.
 202. Hardy, R. N. The influence of specific chemical factors in the solvent on the absorption of macromolecular substances from the small intestine of the newborn calf. J. Physiol. Lond. 204: 607–632, 1969.
 203. Hargens, A. R., and B. W. Zweifach. Transport between blood and peripheral lymph in intestine. Microvasc. Res. 11: 89–101, 1976.
 204. Harper, S. L., J. A. Barrowman, P. R. Kvietys, and D. N. Granger. Effect of neurotensin on intestinal capillary permeability and blood flow. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 10): G161–G166, 1984.
 205. Heath, T. Pathways of intestinal lymph drainage in normal sheep and in sheep following thoracic duct occlusion. Am. J. Anat. 115: 569–580, 1964.
 206. Heidenhain, R. Versuche und Fragen zur Lehre von der Lymphbildung. Pfluegers Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere 49: 209–301, 1891.
 207. Hellman, L., H. L. Bradlow, E. L. Frazell, and T. F. Gallagher. Tracer studies of the absorption and fate of steroid hormones in man. J. Clin. Invest. 35: 1033–1044, 1956.
 208. Hendrix, B. M., and J. E. Sweet. A study of amino nitrogen and glucose in lymph and blood before and after the injection of nutrient solutions in the intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 32: 299–307, 1917.
 209. Henriksen, J. H. Permselectivity of the liver blood‐lymph (ascitic fluid) barrier to macromolecules in decompensated cirrhosis: relation to calculated pore‐size. Clin. Physiol. Oxford 3: 163–171, 1983.
 210. Henriksen, J. H. Estimation of lymphatic conductance. A model based on protein‐kinetic studies and haemodynamic measurements in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in pigs. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 45: 123–130, 1985.
 211. Henriksen, J. H., T. Horn, and P. Christoffersen. The blood‐lymph barrier in the liver. A review based on morphological and functional concepts of normal and cirrhotic liver. Liver 4: 221–232, 1984.
 212. Herbertson, B. M., and M. E. Wallace. Chylous ascites in newborn mice. J. Med. Genet. 1: 10–23, 1964.
 213. Higgins, J. A., and R. J. Barrnett. Fine structural localization of acyltransferases. The monoglyceride and α‐glycerophosphate pathways in intestinal absorptive cells. J. Cell Biol. 50: 102–120, 1971.
 214. Hirashima, T., D. Kuwahara, and M. Nishi. Morphology of lymphatics in the canine large intestine. Lymphology 17: 69–72, 1984.
 215. Hogan, R. D., and J. L. Unthank. The initial lymphatics as sensors of interstitial fluid volume. Microvasc. Res. 31: 317–324, 1986.
 216. Hollander, D. Retinol lymphatic and portal transport: influence of pH, bile and fatty acids. Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2): G210–G214, 1980.
 217. Hollander, D., E. Rim, and D. Morgan. Intestinal absorption of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in unanaesthetised rat. Am. J. Physiol. 236 (Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 5): E441–E445, 1979.
 218. Holt, P. R. Dietary treatment of protein loss in intestinal lymphangiectasia. Pediatrics 34: 629–635, 1964.
 219. Holtzlohner, E., and C. Niessing. Die Drusentatigkeit bei Nervenreizung 5. Lebenbeobachtungen an Zellen, Lymphspalten und Kapillaren der Unterkieferdruse. Z. Biol. 97: 563–572, 1936.
 220. Horst, H.‐J., W. J. Holtje, M. Dennis, A. Coert, J. Geelen, and K. D. Voigt. Lymphatic absorption and metabolism of orally administered testosterone undecanoate in man. Klin. Wochenschr. 54: 875–879, 1976.
 221. Huang, H. S., and D. S. Goodman. Vitamin A and carotenoids. I. Intestinal absorption and metabolism of 14C‐labeled vitamin A alcohol and β‐carotene in the rat. J. Biol. Chem. 240: 2839–2844, 1965.
 222. Hulten, L., J. Lindhagen, O. Lundgren, S. Fasth, and C. Ahren. Regional intestinal blood flow in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 72: 388–396, 1977.
 223. Hungerford, G. F. Effect of adrenalectomy and hydrocortisone on lymph glucose in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 100: 754–756, 1959.
 224. Hungerford, G. F., and W. O. Reinhardt. Comparison of effects of sodium pentobarbital or ether‐induced anesthesia on rate of flow and cell content of rat thoracic duct lymph. Am. J. Physiol 160: 9–14, 1950.
 225. Huth, F. Special pathology of the lymphovascular system. In: Lymphangiology, edited by M. Foldi and J. R. Casley‐Smith. Stuttgart, FRG: Schattauer, 1983, p. 243–250.
 226. Hyde, P. M., E. A. Doisy, W. H. Elliott, and E. A. Doisy. Absorption of enterally administered 17‐α‐methyl‐14C‐testosterone and its metabolites. J. Biol. Chem. 209: 257–263, 1954.
 227. Hyun, S. A., G. V. Vahouny, and C. R. Treadwell. Portal absorption of fatty acids in lymph and portal vein‐cannulated rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 137: 296–305, 1967.
 228. Intaglietta, M., and J. F. Gross. Vasomotion, tissue fluid flow and the formation of lymph. Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exp. 1: 55–65, 1982.
 229. Ivey, K., L. Denbesten, T. H. Kent, and J. A. Clifton. Lymphangiectasia of the colon with protein loss and malabsorption. Gastroenterology 57: 709–714, 1969.
 230. Janss, D. H., and R. C. Moon. Absorption of intragastrically administered 7,12‐dimethylbenzanthracene (Abstract). Federation Proc. 29: 817, 1970.
 231. Jaques, L. B., G. J. Miller, and J. W. T. Spinks. The metabolism of the K vitamins. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 84: 792–796, 1954.
 232. Jeejeebhoy, K. N. Cause of hypoalbuminaemia in patients with gastrointestinal and cardiac disease. Lancet 1: 343–348, 1962.
 233. Jeffries, G. H., A. Chapman, and M. H. Sleisenger. Low fat diet in intestinal lymphangiectasia. N. Engl. J. Med. 270: 761–766, 1964.
 234. Jersild, R. A. A time sequence study of fat absorption in the rat jejunum. Am. J. Anat. 118: 135–162, 1966.
 235. Job, T. T. Lymphatico‐venous communications in the common rat and their significance. Am. J. Anat. 24: 467–491, 1918.
 236. Johnson, P., and W. F. R. Pover. Intestinal absorption of alpha tocopherol. Life Sci. 1: 115–117, 1962.
 237. Johnston, J. M. Triglyceride biosynthesis in the intestinal mucosa. In: Lipid Absorption: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, edited by K. Rommel, H. Goebell, and R. Böhmer. Lancaster, UK: MTP, 1976, p. 85–94.
 238. Johnston, M. G. Involvement of lymphatic collecting ducts in the physiology and pathophysiology of lymph flow. In: Experimental Biology of the Lymphatic Circulation, edited by M. G. Johnston. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.
 239. Johnston, M. G., A. Kanalec, and J. L. Gordon. Effects of arachidonic acid and its cyclo‐oxygenase and lipoxygenase products on lymphatic vessel contractility in vitro. Prostaglandins 25: 85–98, 1983.
 240. Jones, A. L., and D. L. Schmucker. Current concepts of liver structure as related to function. Gastroenterology 73: 833–851, 1977.
 241. Jones, W. R., C. C. C. O'Morchoe, H. M. Jarosz, and P. J. O'Morchoe. Distribution of charged sites on lymphatic endothelium. Lymphology 19: 5–14, 1986.
 242. Kaihara, S., H. Nishimura, T. Aoyagi, H. Kameda, and H. Ueda. Protein‐losing gastroenteropathy as a cause of hypoproteinaemia in constrictive pericarditis. Jpn Heart J. 4: 386–394, 1963.
 243. Kalima, T. V. The structure and function of intestinal lymphatics and the influence of impaired lymph flow on the ileum of rats. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 6: 10, 1971.
 244. Kalima, T. V., and Y. Collan. Intestinal villus in experimental lymphatic obstruction. Correlation of light and electron microscopic findings with clinical diseases. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 5: 497–510, 1970.
 245. Kamei, Y. The distribution and relative location of the lymphatic and blood vessels in the mucosa of the rabbit colon. Nagoya Med. J. 15: 223–238, 1969.
 246. Kamp, J. D., and H.‐G. Neumann. Absorption of carcinogens into the thoracic duct lymph of the rat: aminostilbene derivatives and 3‐methylcholanthrene. Xenobiotica 5: 717–727, 1975.
 247. Katayama, K., and Fujita, T. Studies on biotransformation of elastase. II. Intestinal absorption of 131I‐labelled elastase in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 288: 181–189, 1972.
 248. Kayden, H. J., and M. Medick. The absorption and metabolism of short and long chain fatty acids in puromycin‐treated rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 176: 37–43, 1969.
 249. Kelly, K. A., R. W. Ikard, L. M. Nyhus, and H. N. Harkins. Gastric secretagogues in postprandial thoracic duct lymph. Am. J. Physiol. 205: 85–88, 1963.
 250. Kessler, J. I., P. Narcessian, and D. Maudlin. Biosynthesis of lipoproteins by intestinal epithelium. Site of synthesis and sequence of association of lipid, sugar and protein moieties. Gastroenterology 68: 1058, 1975.
 251. Keyl, M. J., A. C. K. Chang, and R. T. Dowell. Constituents of lymph from the non‐secreting stomach of the dog. Lymphology 14: 118–121, 1981.
 252. Kinmonth, J. B. The Lymphatics. Diseases, Lymphography and Surgery. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1972.
 253. Kirsner, J. B., and R. G. Shorter. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1975.
 254. Klein, E. On the lymphatic system and the minute structure of the salivary glands and pancreas. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 22: 154–175, 1882.
 255. Koo, A., L. H. Smaje, and P. D. Spencer. Low permeability to macromolecules of the fenestrated capillaries in the submandibular gland. Bibl. Anat. 20: 301–304, 1981.
 256. Kostner, G. M. Apo β‐deficiency (a‐β‐lipoproteinaemia): a model for studying the lipoprotein metabolism. In: Lipid Absorption: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, edited K. Rommel, H. Goebell, and R. Böhmer. Lancaster, UK: MTP, 1976.
 257. Kotler, D. P., Y. F. Shiau, and G. M. Levine. Effects of luminal contents on jejunal fatty acid esterification in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1): G414–G418, 1980.
 258. Kovi, J., H. D. Duong, and C. T. Hoang. Ultrastructure of intestinal lymphatics in Crohn's disease. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 76: 385–394, 1981.
 259. Kvietys, P. R., J. M. McLendon, G. B. Bulkley, M. A. Perry, and D. N. Granger. The pancreatic circulation: intrinsic regulation. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 5): G596–G602, 1982.
 260. Kvietys, P. R., W. H. Wilborn, and D. N. Granger. Effects of net transmucosal volume flux on lymph flow in the canine colon. Structural‐functional relationship. Gastroenterology 81: 1080–1090, 1981.
 261. Laher, J. M., G. A. Chernenko, and J. A. Barrowman. Studies of the absorption and enterohepatic circulation of 7,12‐dimethylbenzanthracene in the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 61: 1368–1373, 1983.
 262. Laher, J. M., M. W. Rigler, R. D. Vetter, J. A. Barrowman, and J. S. Patton. Similar bioavailability and lymphatic transport of benzo(a)pyrene when administered to rats in different amounts of dietary fat. J. Lipid Res. 25: 1337–1342, 1984.
 263. Laine, G., J. T. Hall, S. H. Laine, and H. J. Granger. Transsinusoidal fluid dynamics in canine liver during venous hypertension. Circ. Res. 45: 317–323, 1979.
 264. Lampel, M., and H. F. Kern. Acute interstitial pancreatitis in the rat induced by excessive doses of a pancreatic secretagogue. Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. 373: 97–117, 1977.
 265. Largis, E. E., and F. A. Jacobs. Effects of phlorizin on glucose transport into blood and lymph. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 225: 301–307, 1971.
 266. Laurent, U. B. C., and T. C. Laurent. On the origin of hyaluronate in blood. Biochem. Internat. 2: 195–199, 1981.
 267. Lauweryns, J. M., A. Baret, and L. Boussauw. The pulmonary lymphatics: macroscopic and microscopic studies. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 101: 448–450, 1970.
 268. Lawrence, C. W., F. D. Crain, F. J. Lotspeich, and R. F. Krause. Absorption, transport and storage of retinyl −15‐ 14C palmitate‐9,10‐3H in the rat. J. Lipid Res. 7: 226–229, 1966.
 269. Lawrence, J. A., D. Bryant, K. B. Roberts, and J. A. Barrowman. Effect of secretin on intestinal lymph flow and composition in the rat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 66: 297–305, 1981.
 270. Leak, L. V. Distribution of cell surface charges on mesothelium and lymphatic endothelium. Microvasc. Res. 31: 13–30, 1986.
 271. Leak, L. V., and J. F. Burke. Fine structure of the lymphatic capillary and the adjoining connective tissue area. Am. J. Anat. 118: 785–809, 1966.
 272. Leak, L. V., and J. F. Burke. Ultrastructural studies on the lymphatic anchoring filaments. J. Cell Biol. 36: 129–149, 1968.
 273. Lee, F. C. The establishment of collateral circulation following ligation of the thoracic duct. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 33: 21–31, 1922.
 274. Lee, J. S. Flows and pressures in lymphatic and blood vessels of intestine in water absorption. Am. J. Physiol. 200: 979–983, 1961.
 275. Lee, J. S. Role of the mesenteric lymphatic system in water absorption from rat intestine in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 204: 92–96, 1963.
 276. Lee, J. S. Motility lymphatic contractility and distension pressure in intestinal absorption. Am. J. Physiol. 208: 621–627, 1965.
 277. Lee, J. S. A micropuncture study of water transport by dog jejunal villi in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 217: 1528–1533, 1969.
 278. Lee, J. S. Role of lymphatic system in water and solute transport from rat intestine in vitro. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 54: 311–321, 1969.
 279. Lee, J. S. Contraction of villi and fluid transport in dog jejunal mucosa in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 221: 488–495, 1971.
 280. Lee, J. S. Glucose concentration and hydrostatic pressure in dog jejunal villus lymph. Am. J. Physiol. 226: 675–681, 1974.
 281. Lee, J. S. Lymph capillary pressure of rat intestinal villi during fluid absorption. Am. J. Physiol. 237 (Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 6): E301–E307, 1979.
 282. Lee, J. S. Lymph flow during fluid absorption from rat jejunum. Am. J. Physiol. 240 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 3): G312–G316, 1981.
 283. Lee, J. S. Lymph pressure in intestinal villi and lymph flow during fluid secretion. In: Tissue Fluid Pressure and Composition, edited by A. R. Hargens. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1981.
 284. Lee, J. S. Intestinal transudation, secretion and lymph flow during volume expansion in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 244 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 7): G668–G674, 1983.
 285. Lee, J. S. Relationship between intestinal motility, tone, water absorption and lymph flow in the rat. J. Physiol. Lond. 345: 489–499, 1983.
 286. Lee, J. S. Hepatic lymph flow and protein concentration during intravenous saline infusion and intestinal fluid absorption. Microvasc. Res. 27: 370–378, 1984.
 287. Lee, J. S. Lymphatic contractility. In: Physiology of the Intestinal Circulation, edited by A. P. Shepherd and D. N. Granger. New York: Raven, 1984, p. 201–210.
 288. Lee, J. S. Lymph flow, lymph protein concentration, and protein output from rat small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 10): G670–G675, 1985.
 289. Lee, J. S. Tissue fluid pressure, lymph pressure and fluid transport in rat intestinal villi. Microvasc. Res. 31: 170–183, 1986.
 290. Lee, J. S., and K. M. Duncan. Lymphatic and venous transport of water from rat jejunum: a vascular perfusion study. Gastroenterology 54: 559–567, 1968.
 291. Lee, J. S., and J. W. Silverberg. Effect of cholera toxin on fluid absorption and villus pressure in dog jejunal mucosa. Gastroenterology 62: 993–1000, 1972.
 292. Lehnert, T., R. A. Erlandson, and J. J. Decosse. Lymph and blood capillaries of the human gastric mucosa. A morphologic basis for metastasis in early gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology 89: 939–950, 1985.
 293. Levine, S. E., D. N. Granger, R. A. Brace, and A. E. Taylor. Effect of hyperosmolality on vascular resistance and lymph flow in the cat ileum. Am. J. Physiol. 234 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 3): H14–H20, 1978.
 294. Lifson, N. Use of microspheres to measure intraorgan distribution of blood flow in the splanchnic circulation. In: Measurement of Blood Flow: Application to the Splanchnic Circulation, edited by D. N. Granger and G. B. Bulkley. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1981, p. 177–194.
 295. Linder, E., and R. Blomstrand. Technic for collection of thoracic duct lymph of man. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 97: 653–657, 1958.
 296. Lord, R. S. A. The white veins: conceptual difficulties in the history of the lymphatics. Med. Hist. 12: 174–184, 1968.
 297. Ludwig, C. Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen. Leipzig: Winter, 1858.
 298. Mahley, R. W., B. D. Bennett, D. J. Morre, M. E. Gray, W. Thistlethwaite, and V. S. Le Quire. Lipoproteins associated with the Golgi apparatus isolated from epithelial cells of rat small intestine. Lab. Invest. 25: 435–444, 1971.
 299. Maislos, M., J. Silver, and M. Fainaru. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D sterols: differential absorption into lymph and portal blood in the rat. Gastroenterology 80: 1528–1534, 1981.
 300. Malik, A. B., R. J. Mullins, P. S. Barie, D. R. Bell, and B. C. Lee. Thoracic duct lymph flow after pancreatitis: role in circulatory collapse. Adv. Shock Res. 8: 81–91, 1982.
 301. Mallet‐Guy, P., J. Michoulier, and S. Baev. In: The Biliary System, edited by W. Taylor. Philadelphia, PA: Davis, 1965.
 302. Mann, J. D., and G. M. Higgins. Lymphocytes in thoracic duct, intestinal and hepatic lymph. Blood 5: 177–190, 1950.
 303. Marsh, J. B., and C. E. Sparks. Hepatic secretion of lipoproteins in the rat and the effect of experimental nephrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 64: 1229–1237, 1979.
 304. Marshall, W. H., T. Neyazaki, and H. L. Abrams. Abnormal protein loss after thoracic duct ligation in dogs. N. Engl. J. Med. 273: 1092–1094, 1965.
 305. Mawhinney, H. J. D., and I. C. Roddie. Spontaneous activity in isolated bovine mesenteric lymphatics. J. Physiol. Lond. 229: 339–348, 1973.
 306. May, A. J., and B. C. Whaler. The absorption of Clostridium botulinum type A toxin from the alimentary canal. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 39: 307–316, 1958.
 307. Mayer, A. D., M. Airey, J. Hodgson, and M. J. McMahon. Enzyme transfer from pancreas to plasma during acute pancreatitis. The contribution of ascitic fluid and lymphatic drainage of the pancreas. Gut 26: 876–881, 1985.
 308. Mayerson, H. S. The lymphatic system. Sci. Am. 208: 80–90, 1963.
 309. Mayerson, H. S. The physiologic importance of lymph. In: Handbook of Physiology. Circulation, edited by W. F. Hamilton. Washington, DC: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1963, sect. 2, vol. II, chapt. 30, p. 1035–1073.
 310. Mayerson, H. S. Three centuries of lymphatic history—an outline. Lymphology 2: 143–150, 1969.
 311. Mayerson, H. S., C. G. Wolfram, H. H. Shirley, Jr., and K. Wasserman. Regional differences in capillary permeability. Am. J. Physiol. 198: 155–160, 1960.
 312. Mayo, C., and C. H. Greene. Studies in the metabolism of the bile. IV. The role of the lymphatics in the early stages of the development of obstructive jaundice. Am. J. Physiol. 89: 280–288, 1929.
 313. McCarrell, J. D., S. Thayer, and C. K. Drinker. The lymph drainage of the gall bladder together with observations on the composition of liver lymph. Am. J. Physiol. 133: 79–81, 1941.
 314. McDonald, G. B., K. W. Lau, A. L. Schy, J. E. Wergedal, and D. J. Baylink. Intestinal metabolism and portal venous transport of 1,25(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3 and vitamin D3 in rat. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11): G633–G638, 1985.
 315. McDonald, G. B., D. R. Saunders, M. Weidman, and L. Fisher. Portal venous transport of long chain fatty acids absorbed from rat intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2): G141–G150, 1980.
 316. McGuigan, J. E., B. M. Jaffe, and W. T. Newton. Immunochemical measurements of endogenous gastrin release. Gastroenterology 59: 499–504, 1970.
 317. McHale, N. G. Innervation of the lymphatic circulation. In: Experimental Biology of the Lymphatic Circulation, edited by M. G. Johnston. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.
 318. McHale, N. G., and I. C. Roddie. The effect of transmural pressure on pumping activity in isolated bovine lymphatic vessels. J. Physiol. Lond. 261: 255–269, 1976.
 319. McHale, N. G., and I. C. Roddie. The effect of catecholamines on pumping activity in isolated bovine mesenteric lymphatics. J. Physiol. Lond. 338: 527–536, 1983.
 320. McHale, N. G., I. G. Roddie, and K. D. Thornbury. Nervous modulation of spontaneous contractions in bovine mesenteric lymphatics. J. Physiol. Lond. 309: 461–472, 1980.
 321. McMahon, M. T., and G. R. Neale. Protein losing enteropathy possibly due to filariasis. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 62: 1043–1044, 1969.
 322. McMahon, M. T., G. Neale, and G. R. Thompson. Lymphatic and portal venous transport of alpha‐tocopherol and cholesterol. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1: 288–294, 1971.
 323. Mezick, J. A., R. K. Tompkins, and D. G. Cornwell. Absorption and intestinal lymphatic transport of 14C‐menadione. Life Sci. 7: 153–158, 1968.
 324. Mislin, H. Experimental detection of automatism of lymph vessels. Experientia Basel 17: 29–30, 1961.
 325. Mislin, H. Active contractility of the lymphangion and coordination of lymphangion chains. Experientia Basel 32: 820–822, 1976.
 326. Mistilis, S. P., and A. P. Skyring. Intestinal lymphangiectasia. Therapeutic effect of lymph venous anastomosis. Am. J. Med. 40: 634–641, 1966.
 327. Miura, S., H. Asakura, Y. Munakata, K. Kobayashi, M. Yashioka, T. Morishita, and M. Tsuchiya. Lymphatic role in the pathogenesis of fat malabsorption in liver cirrhosis in rats. Dig. Dis. Sci. 27: 1030–1036, 1982.
 328. Morgan, R. G. H., and B. Borgström. The mechanism of fat absorption in the bile fistula rat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 54: 228–243, 1969.
 329. Morris, B. The hepatic and intestinal contributions to the thoracic duct lymph. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 41: 318–325, 1956.
 330. Morris, B. Cited in: Lymphatics, Lymph and the Lymphomyeloid Complex, edited by M. Yoffey, and F. C. Courtice. London: Academic, 1970, p. 234.
 331. Mortillaro, N. A., D. N. Granger, P. R. Kvietys, G. Rutili, and A. E. Taylor. Effects of histamine and histamine antagonists on intestinal capillary permeability. Am. J. Physiol. 240 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 3): G381–G386, 1981.
 332. Mortillaro, N. A., and A. E. Taylor. Interaction of capillary and tissue forces in the cat intestine. Circ. Res. 39: 348–358, 1976.
 333. Nagata, H., and P. H. Guth. In vivo observation of the lymphatic system in the rat stomach. Gastroenterology 86: 1443–1450, 1984.
 334. Nelson, R. A., and C. F. Code. Absorbed water and intestinal lymph flow (Abstract). Federation Proc. 28: 462, 1969.
 335. Nesis, L., and E. E. Sterns. Lymph flow from the colon under varying conditions. Ann. Surg. 177: 422–427, 1973.
 336. Nix, J. T., F. C. Mann, J. L. Bollman, J. H. Grindlay, and E. V. Flock. Alterations of protein constituents of lymph by specific injury to the liver. Am. J. Physiol. 164: 119–122, 1951.
 337. Noyan, A. Water absorption from the intestine via portal and lymphatic pathways in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117: 317–320, 1964.
 338. Ockner, R. K., F. B. Hughes, and K. J. Isselbacher. Very low density lipoproteins in intestinal lymph: origin composition and role in lipid transport in the fasting state. J. Clin. Invest. 48: 2079–2088, 1969.
 339. Ockner, R. K., and J. A. Manning. Fatty acid‐binding protein in small intestine. Identification, isolation and evidence for its role in cellular fatty acid transport. J. Clin. Invest. 54: 326–338, 1974.
 340. Ohhashi, T., T. Azuma, and M. Sakaguchi. Transmembrane potentials in ovine lymphatic smooth muscle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 159: 350–352, 1978.
 341. Ohhashi, T., T. Azuma, and M. Sakaguchi. Active and passive mechanical characteristics of bovine mesenteric lymphatics. Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 2): H88–H95, 1980.
 342. Ohhashi, T., S. Fukushima, and T. Azuma. Vasa vasorum within the media of bovine mesenteric lymphatics. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 154: 582–586, 1977.
 343. Ohhashi, T., Y. Kawai, and T. Azuma. The responses of lymphatic smooth muscles to vasoactive substances. Pfluegers Arch. 375: 183–188, 1978.
 344. Ohhashi, T., N. G. McHale, I. C. Roddie, and K. D. Thornbury. Electrical field stimulation as a method of stimulating nerve or smooth muscle in isolated bovine mesenteric lymphatics. Pfluegers Arch. 388: 221–226, 1980.
 345. Ohhashi, T., J. A. Olschowka, and D. M. Jacobowitz. Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibitory innervation in bovine mesenteric lymphatics. Circ. Res. 53: 535–538, 1983.
 346. Ohlsson, K. Experimental pancreatitis in the dog. Appearance of complexes between proteases and trypsin inhibitors in ascitic fluid, lymph and plasma. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 6: 645–652, 1971.
 347. Oliver, G. C., J. Cooksey, C. Witte, and M. Witte. Absorption and transport of digitoxin in the dog. Circ. Res. 29: 419–423, 1971.
 348. O'Morchoe, C. C. C., and P. J. O'Morchoe. Renal contribution to thoracic duct lymph in dogs. J. Physiol. Lond. 194: 305–315, 1968.
 349. Palay, S. L., and L. J. Karlin. An electron microscopic study of the intestinal villus. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 5: 363–384, 1959.
 350. Paldino, R. L., and C. Hyman. Relationship between lymphatic and blood flow in various structures in the abdominal cavity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117: 904–910, 1964.
 351. Palin, K. J., C. G. Wilson, S. S. Davis, and A. J. Phillips. The effect of oils on the lymphatic absorption of DDT. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 34: 707–710, 1982.
 352. Papp, M., and I. Fodor. Lymphatic system of the salivary glands. In: Lymphatics and Lymph Circulation (2nd ed.), edited by I. Rusznyak, M. Foldi, and G. Szabo. Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1967.
 353. Papp, M., E. Nemeth, I. Feuer, and I. Fodor. Effect of an impairment of lymph flow on experimental acute pancreatitis. Acta Med. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 203–208, 1958.
 354. Papp, M., E. P. Nemeth, and E. J. Horvath. Pancreaticoduodenal lymph flow and lipase activity in acute experimental pancreatitis. Lymphology 4: 48–53, 1971.
 355. Papp, M., S. Ormai, E. J. Horvath, and I. Fodor. The effect of secretin and pancreozymin on pancreatico‐duodenal lymph flow and lipase activity in normal dogs and on thoracic duct lymph flow and lipase activity in rats with chronic pancreatitis. Lymphology 4: 67–73, 1971.
 356. Papp, M., P. Rohlich, I. Rusznyak, and I. Toro. An electron microscopic study of the central lacteal in the intestinal villus of the cat. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 57: 475–486, 1962.
 357. Pappenheimer, J. R., and A. Soto‐Rivera. Effective osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins and other quantities associated with the capillary circulation in the hindlimbs of cats and dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 152: 471–491, 1948.
 358. Patterson, D. F., W. Medway, H. Lunginbuhl, and S. Chacko. Congenital hereditary lymphedema in the dog. 1. Clinical and genetic studies. J. Med. Genet. 4: 145–152, 1967.
 359. Patterson, R. M., C. L. Ballard, K. Wasserman, and H. S. Mayerson. Lymphatic permeability to albumin. Am. J. Physiol. 194: 120–124, 1958.
 360. Patton, J. S. Gastrointestinal lipid digestion. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, edited by L. R. Johnson. New York: Raven, 1981, p. 1123–1146.
 361. Peake, I. R., H. G. Windmueller, and J. G. Bieri. A comparison of the intestinal absorption, lymph and plasma transport, and tissue uptake of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols in the rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 260: 679–688, 1972.
 362. Perrault, J., and H. Markowitz. Protein‐losing gastroenteropathy and the intestinal clearance of serum α1‐antitrypsin. Mayo Clin. Proc. 59: 278–279, 1984.
 363. Perry, M. A., W. J. Crook, and D. N. Granger. Permeability of gastric capillaries to small and large molecules. Am. J. Physiol. 241 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol 4): G478–G486, 1981.
 364. Perry, T. T. Role of lymphatic vessels in transmission of lipase in disseminated pancreatic fat necrosis. Arch. Pathol. 43: 456–465, 1947.
 365. Peters, T. J., and M. T. MacMahon. The absorption of glycine and glycine‐oligopeptides by the rat. Clin. Sci. 39: 811–821, 1970.
 366. Peterson, R. E., and J. D. Mann. Transport of radioactive iron in intestinal lymph. Am. J. Physiol. 169: 763–766, 1952.
 367. Pihl, O., F. L. Iber, and W. G. Linscheer. The enhancement of vitamin D3 absorption in man by medium and long chain fatty acids. Clin. Res. 18: 462, 1970.
 368. Plauth, W. H., T. A. Waldmann, R. D. Wochner, N. S. Braunwald, and E. Braunwald. Protein‐losing enteropathy secondary to constrictive pericarditis in childhood. Pediatrics 34: 636–648, 1964.
 369. Pocock, D. M. E., and A. Vost. DDT absorption and chylomicron transport in the rat. Lipids 9: 374–381, 1974.
 370. Polderman, H., J. D. McCarrell, and H. K. Beecher. Effect of anaesthesia on lymph flow (local procaine, ether and pentobarbital sodium). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 78: 400–406, 1943.
 371. Pullinger, B. D., and H. W. Florey. Some observations on the structure and function of lymphatics: their behaviour in local oedema. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 16: 49–61, 1935.
 372. Quillen, E. W., D. N. Granger, and A. E. Taylor. The effects of arginine‐vasopressin on capillary filtration in the cat ileum. Gastroenterology 72: 474–478, 1977.
 373. Redgrave, T. G. Inhibition of protein synthesis and absorption of lipid into thoracic duct lymph of rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 130: 776–780, 1969.
 374. Redgrave, T. G. Association of Golgi membranes with lipid droplets (prechylomicrons) from within epithelial cells during absorption of fat. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 49: 209–224, 1971.
 375. Redgrave, T. G. The role of chylomicron formation of phospholipase activity of intestinal Golgi membranes. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 51: 427–434, 1973.
 376. Redgrave, T. G. Formation and metabolism of chylomicrons. In: Gastrointestinal Physiology IV, edited by J. A. Young. Baltimore, MD: University Park, 1983, vol. 28, p. 103–130. (Int. Rev. Physiol. Ser.)
 377. Redgrave, T. G., and D. B. Zilversmit. Does puromycin block release of chylomicrons from the intestine? Am. J. Physiol. 217: 336–340, 1969.
 378. Rees, E. D., P. Mandelstam, J. Q. Lowry, and H. Lipscomb. A study of the mechanism of intestinal absorption of benzo(a)pyrene. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 225: 96–107, 1971.
 379. Reiser, R., and M. J. Bryson. Route of absorption of free fatty acids and triglycerides from the intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 189: 87–91, 1951.
 380. Reizenstein, P. G., E. P. Cronkite, L. M. Meyer, and E. A. Usenik. Lymphatics in intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 and iron. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 105: 233–236, 1960.
 381. Renyi‐Vamos, F., and G. Szinay. Das lymphgefäss system des Magens und sein Verhalten bei Ulcus ventriculi. Acta Morphol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 4: 353–365, 1954.
 382. Reza Rafii, M. Mesenteriale Lymphgefäss veranderungen bei Leberzirrhose und Rechtscherz Insuffienz. Morphologische Beitrage. Fortschr. Med. 90: 1295–1298, 1972.
 383. Richardson, P. D. I., D. N. Granger, D. Mailman, and P. R. Kvietys. Permeability characteristics of colonic capillaries. Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2): G300–G305, 1980.
 384. Ritchie, H. D., J. H. Grindlay, and J. L. Bollman. Surgical jaundice: experimental evidence against the regurgitation theory. Surg. Forum 7: 415–418, 1956.
 385. Ritchie, H. D., J. H. Grindlay, and J. L. Bollman. Flow of lymph from the canine liver. Am. J. Physiol. 196: 105–109, 1959.
 386. Roberts, S. H., and A. P. Douglas. Intestinal lymphangiectasia: the variability of presentation. A study of five cases. Q J. Med. 45: 39–48, 1976.
 387. Roberts, S. H., D. L. Kepkay, and J. A. Barrowman. Proteins of ascitic fluid in constrictive pericarditis. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 23: 844–848, 1978.
 388. Rusznyak, I., M. Foldi, and G. Szabo. Lymphatics and Lymph Circulation (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon, 1967.
 389. Rutili, G., and K. E. Arfors. Protein concentration in interstitial and lymphatic fluids from the subcutaneous tissue. Acta Physiol. Scand. 99: 1–8, 1977.
 390. Sabesin, S. M., and S. Frase. Electron microscopic studies of the assembly, intracellular transport and secretion of chylomicrons by rat intestine. J. Lipid Res. 18: 496–511, 1977.
 391. Sabesin, S. M., and K. J. Isselbacher. Protein synthesis inhibition: mechanism for the production of impaired fat absorption. Science Wash. DC 147: 1149–1151, 1965.
 392. Saunders, D. R., and A. M. Dawson. The absorption of oleic acid in the bile fistula rat. Gut 4: 254–260, 1963.
 393. Scanu, A. M., L. P. Aggerbeck, A. W. Kruski, C. T. Lim, and H. J. Kayden. A study of the abnormal lipoproteins in abetalipoproteinaemia. J. Clin. Invest. 53: 440–453, 1974.
 394. Schachter, D., J. D. Finkelstein, and S. Kowarski. Pathways of transport and metabolism of 14C‐vitamin D2 in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 42: 974–975, 1963.
 395. Schachter, D., J. D. Finkelstein, and S. Kowarski. Metabolism of vitamin D. I. Preparation of radioactive vitamin D and it intestinal absorption in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 43: 787–796, 1964.
 396. Schachter, H. The subcellular sites of glycosylation. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 40: 57–71, 1974.
 397. Schaefer, J. W., Griffen, W. O., and L. D. Dubilier. Colonic lymphangiectasis associated with a potassium depletion syndrome. Gastroenterology 55: 515–521, 1968.
 398. Schaffner, F., and H. Popper: Capillarization of hepatic sinusoids in man. Gastroenterology 44: 239–242, 1963.
 399. Schmidt, H., and W. Creutzfeldt. Etiology and pathogenesis of pancreatitis. In: Gastroenterology, edited by H. L. Bockus. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1976, p. 1005–1019.
 400. Sebastien, P., R. Masse, and J. Bignon. Recovery of ingested asbestos fibers from the gastrointestinal lymph in rats. Environ. Res. 22: 201–216, 1980.
 401. Seifert, J., H. Prols, K. Messmer, R. Bucklein, G. Lob, H. Mehnert, and W. Brendel. Concentration and transport of different sugars in the lymph of the thoracic duct and in blood of the portal vein in dogs after enteral and parenteral administration. Digestion 12: 221–231, 1975.
 402. Servelle, M., Y. Bouvrain, R. Tricot, J. Soulie, H. Turpyn, F. Frentz, C. Cornu, and C. Nadim. Lymphatic circulation in constrictive pericarditis. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 7: 182–200, 1966.
 403. Shafiroff, B. G. P., H. Doubilet, and W. Ruggiero. Bilirubin resorption in obstructive jaundice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 42: 203–205, 1939.
 404. Shannon, A. D., and A. K. Lascelles. The intestinal and hepatic contributions to the flow and composition of thoracic duct lymph in young milk‐fed calves. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 53: 194–205, 1968.
 405. Shannon, A. D., and A. K. Lascelles. Lymph flow and protein composition of thoracic duct lymph in the newborn calf. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 53: 415–421, 1968.
 406. Sheppard, M. S., and E. E. Sterns. The role of vascular and lymph capillaries in the clearance of interstitially injected albumin in acute and chronic inflammation of the colon. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 139: 707–711, 1974.
 407. Shilkin, K. B., B. J. Zerman, and J. B. Blackwell. Lymphangiectatic cysts of the small bowel. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 96: 353–358, 1968.
 408. Sieber, S. M., V. H. Cohn, and W. T. Wynn. The entry of foreign compounds into the thoracic duct lymph of the rat. Xenobiotica 4: 265–284, 1974.
 409. Silvester, C. F. On the presence of permanent communications between the lymphatic and the venous system at the level of the renal veins in adult South American monkeys. Am. J. Anat. 12: 447–460, 1911.
 410. Sim, D. N., A. Duprez, and M. C. Anderson. Modifications apportées au débit et a la composition de la lymphe du canal thoracique par la pancréatite experimentale chez le chien. Acta Gastro‐Enterol. Belg. 29: 235–247, 1966.
 411. Simmonds, W. J. The effect of fluid, electrolyte and food intake on thoracic duct lymph flow in unanaesthetized rat. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 33: 285–300, 1954.
 412. Simmonds, W. J. Some observations on the increase in thoracic duct lymph flow during intestinal absorption of fat in unanaesthetized rats. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 33: 305–313, 1955.
 413. Simmonds, W. J. Uptake of fatty acid and monoglyceride. In: Lipid Absorption: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, edited by K. Rommel, H. Goebell, and R. Böhmer. Lancaster, UK: MTP, 1976, p. 51–64.
 414. Simpson‐Morgan, M. W., and T. C. Smeaton. The transfer of antibodies by neonates and adults. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 16: 355–386, 1972.
 415. Sitrin, M. D., K. L. Pollack, and M. J. G. Bolt. Intestinal absorption of 1,25‐dihydroxy‐vitamin D3 in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 10): G718–G725, 1985.
 416. Sitrin, M. D., K. L. Pollack, M. J. G. Bolt, and I. H. Rosenberg. Comparison of vitamin D and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D absorption in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 5): G326–G332, 1982.
 417. Sitrin, M. D., K. L. Pollack, and I. H. Rosenberg. Intestinal absorption of 1–25‐(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25‐D3) in the rat. Gastroenterology 80: 1288, 1981.
 418. Sjovall, J., and I. Akesson. Intestinal absorption of taurocholic acid in the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 34: 273–278, 1955.
 419. Smallwood, R. A., E. A. Jones, A. Craigie, S. Raia, and V. M. Rosenoer. The delivery of newly synthesized albumin and fibrinogen to the plasma in dogs. Clin. Sci. 35: 35–43, 1968.
 420. Soucy, J. P., M. C. Eybalin, R. Taillefer, A. Levasseur, and G. Jobin. Lymphoscintigraphic demonstration of intestinal lymphangiectasia. Clin. Nucl. Med. 8: 535–537, 1983.
 421. Stalder, H., and G. Joliat. Blood in the lymph (hemochylia) and intestinal lymphangiectasia associated with Lutembacher's syndrome. Am. J. Med. 55: 99–104, 1973.
 422. Starling, E. H. The Arris and Gale lectures on the physiologic factors in the causation of dropsy. Lancet 1: 1267–1270, 1896.
 423. Starling, E. H. On the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spaces. J. Physiol. Lond. 19: 312–326, 1896.
 424. Sternlieb, I., C. J. A. Van den Hamer, and S. Alpert. Role of intestinal lymphatics in copper absorption. Nature Lond. 216: 824, 1967.
 425. Sterns, E. E., and G. E. R. Vaughan. The lymphatics of the dog colon. Cancer 26: 218–231, 1970.
 426. Stoelinga, G. B. A., P. J. J. van Munster, and J. P. Slooff. Chylons effusions into the intestine in a patient with protein‐losing gastroenteropathy. Pediatrics 31: 1011–1018, 1963.
 427. Stone, H., T. C. Fabian, and E. S. Morris. Failure of thoracic duct drainage to ameliorate life‐threatening physiologic derangements of acute alcoholic pancreatitis. South. Med. J. 76: 613–614, 1983.
 428. Stremmel, W., G. Lotz, G. Strohmeyer, and P. D. Berk. Identification, isolation, and partial characterization of a fatty acid binding protein from rat jejunal microvillus membranes. J. Clin. Invest. 75: 1068–1076, 1985.
 429. Strober, W., R. D. Wochner, P. P. Carbone, and T. A. Waldmann. Intestinal lymphangiectasia: a protein‐losing enteropathy with hypogammaglobulinaemia, lymphocytopenia, and impaired homograft rejection. J. Clin. Invest. 46: 1643–1656, 1967.
 430. Sudler, M. T. The architecture of the gall bladder. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 12: 126–128, 1901.
 431. Svatos, A., V. Bartos, and V. Brzek. The concentration of cholecystokinin in human lymph and serum. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 149: 515–520, 1964.
 432. Sviridova, I. K. Intraorganic lymphatic bed of the human parotid salivary gland (translation) Arkh. Anat. Gistol. Embriol. 59: 10–18, 1970.
 433. Szabo, G., and Z. Magyar. Effect of obstruction of the hepatic artery on the composition of hepatic lymph. Acta Med. Acad. Sci. Hung. 25: 153–156, 1968.
 434. Szabo, G., Z. Magyar, and F. Jakab. The lymphatic drainage of the liver capsula and hepatic parenchyma. Res. Exp. Med. 166: 193–200, 1975.
 435. Szabo, G., Z. Magyar, and F. Jakab. Bile constituents in blood and lymph during biliary obstruction. I. The dynamics of absorption and transport of bile acids and bilirubin. Lymphology 8: 29–36, 1975.
 436. Szabo, G., Z. Magyar, and A. Szentirmai, F. Jakab, and K. Mihaly. Bile constituents in blood and lymph during biliary obstruction. II. The absorption and transport of bile acids and bilirubin. Lymphology 8: 36–42, 1975.
 437. Szabo, L. E., S. Karacsonyi, and Z. Pataky. Uber den funktionellen Lymphkreislauf des Osophagus. Acta Chir. Hung. 4: 85–91, 1962.
 438. Szwed, J. J., D. R. Maxwell, R. Elliott, and L. R. Redlich. Diuretics and small intestinal lymph flow in the dog. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 200: 88–94, 1977.
 439. Takashima, T., and N. Takekoshi. Lymphographic evaluation of abnormal lymph flow in protein‐losing gastroenteropathy secondary to chronic constrictive pericarditis. Radiology 90: 292–295, 1968.
 440. Tasker, R. R. The collection of intestinal lymph from normally active rats. J. Physiol. Lond. 115: 292–295, 1951.
 441. Taylor, A. E. Capillary fluid filtration. Starling forces and lymph flow. Circ. Res. 49: 557–575, 1981.
 442. Taylor, A. E., and D. N. Granger. Exchange of macromolecules across the microcirculation. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System, edited by E. M. Renkin and C. C. Michel. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1984, sect. 2, vol. IV, pt. 1, chapt. 11, p. 467–520.
 443. Thomson, A. B. R., and J. M. Dietschy. Intestinal lipid absorption: major extracellular and intracellular events. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, edited by L. R. Johnson. New York: Raven, 1981, p. 1147–1220.
 444. Threefoot, S. A. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the lymphatic vessels and lymphatico‐venous communications. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 52: 1–20, 1968.
 445. Threefoot, S. A., W. T. Kent, and B. F. Hatchett. Lymphatico‐venous and lymphatico‐lymphatic communications demonstrated by plastic corrosion models of rats and by postmortem lymphangiography in man. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61: 9–22, 1963.
 446. Threefoot, S. A., and M. F. Kossover. Lymphaticovenous communications in man. Arch. Int. Med. 117: 213–223, 1966.
 447. Tift, W. L., and J. K. Lloyd. Intestinal lymphangiectasia. Long term results with MCT diet. Arch. Dis. Child. 50: 269–276, 1975.
 448. Tilney, N. L., and J. E. Murray. Chronic thoracic duct fistula: operative technique and physiologic effects in man. Ann. Surg. 167: 1–8, 1968.
 449. Tompkins, C. L., and H. J. Granger. Ultrastructure of the peribiliary capillary. Microvasc. Res. 21: 261, 1981.
 450. Treadwell, C. R., and G. V. Vahouny. Cholesterol absorption. In: Handbook of Physiology. Alimentary Canal. Intestinal Absorption, edited by C. F. Code. Washington, DC: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1968, sect. 6, vol. III, chapt. 72, p. 1407–1438.
 451. Trier, J. S. Whipple's disease. In: Gastrointestinal Disease, edited by M. H. Sleisenger and J. S. Fordtran. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1983.
 452. Tso, P. Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption of lipid. Adv. Lipid Res. 21: 143–186, 1985.
 453. Tso, P., J. A. Balint, M. B. Bishop, and J. B. Rodgers. Acute inhibition of intestinal lipid transport by Pluronic L‐81 in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 241 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 4): G487–G497, 1981.
 454. Tso, P., J. A. Barrowman, and D. N. Granger. Importance of interstitial matrix hydration in intestinal chylomicron transport. Am. J. Physiol. 250 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 12): G497–G500, 1986.
 455. Tso, P., D. S. Drake, D. D. Black, and S. M. Sabesin. Evidence for separate pathways of chylomicron and very low density lipoprotein assembly and transport by rat small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 10): G599–G610, 1984.
 456. Tso, P., V. Pitts, and D. N. Granger. Role of lymph flow in intestinal chylomicron transport. Am. J. Physiol. 249 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11): G21–G28, 1985.
 457. Tso, P., J. B. Ragland, and S. M. Sabesin. Isolation and characterization of lipoprotein of density 1.006 g/ml from rat hepatic lymph. J. Lipid Res. 24: 810–820, 1983.
 458. Turner, S. G., and J. A. Barrowman. The effects of cholecystokinin on intestinal lymph flow in the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 59: 1393–1396, 1977.
 459. Turner, S. G., and J. A. Barrowman. Intestinal lymph flow and lymphatic transport of protein during fat absorption. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 62: 175–180, 1977.
 460. Turner, S. G., and J. A. Barrowman. Enhanced intestinal lymph formation during fat absorption: the importance of triglyceride hydrolysis. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 63: 255–264, 1978.
 461. Vaerman, J.‐P., and J. F. Heremans. Origin and molecular size of immunoglobulin‐A in the mesenteric lymph of the dog. Immunology 18: 27–38, 1970.
 462. Vaerman, J.‐P., C. Andre, H. Bazin, and J. F. Heremans. Mesenteric lymph as a major source of serum IgA in guinea pigs and rats. Eur. J. Immunol. 3: 580–584, 1973.
 463. Vajda, J. Innervation of lymph vessels. Acta Morph. Acad. Sci. Hung. 14: 197–208, 1966.
 464. Vajda, J., and C. Leranth. The lymphatic system of the large intestine. Acta Morphol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 15: 257–263, 1967.
 465. Vardy, P., E. Lebenthal, and H. Schwachman. Intestinal lymphangiectasia. A reappraisal. Pediatrics 55: 842–851, 1975.
 466. Vega, R. E., H. E. Appert, and J. M. Howard. The effects of secretin in stimulating the output of amylase and lipase in the thoracic duct of the dog. Ann. Surg. 166: 995–1001, 1967.
 467. Volkheimer, G., F. H. Schulz, A. Lindenau, and U. Beitz. Persorption of metallic iron particles. Gut 10: 32–33, 1969.
 468. Waldmann, T. A., J. L. Steinfeld, T. F. Dutcher, J. D. Davidson, and R. S. Gordon. The role of the gastrointestinal system in ‘idiopathic’ hypoproteinemia. Gastroenterology 41: 197–207, 1961.
 469. Walker, W. A. Intestinal transport of macromolecules. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, edited by L. R. Johnson. New York: Raven, 1981, p. 1271–1289.
 470. Warshaw, A. L., W. A. Walker, R. Cornell, and K. J. Isselbacher. Small intestinal permeability to macromolecules. Transmission of horseradish peroxidase into mesenteric lymph and portal blood. Lab. Invest. 25: 675–684, 1971.
 471. Warshaw, A. L., W. A. Walker, and K. J. Isselbacher. Protein uptake by the intestine: evidence for absorption of intact macromolecules. Gastroenterology 66: 987–992, 1974.
 472. Weiner, S., L. Gramatica, L. D. Voegle, R. L. Hauman, and M. C. Anderson. Role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease in the biliary tract and pancreas. Am J. Surg. 119: 55–61, 1970.
 473. Weinstein, L. D., G. T. Scanlon, and J. Hersh. Chylous ascites: management with medium‐chain triglycerides and exacerbation by lymphangiography. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 14: 500–509, 1969.
 474. Wenzel, J. Untersuchungen über das innere Lymphgefäss‐system der Speicehldrusen beim Kaninchen. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 76: 226–243, 1967.
 475. Werner, B. Thoracic duct cannulation in man. I. Surgical technique and a clinical study on 79 patients. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 353: 1–32, 1965.
 476. Werner, B. The biochemical composition of the human thoracic duct lymph. Acta Chir. Scand. 132: 63–76, 1966.
 477. Werner, B. Thoracic duct cannulation in man. II. A follow‐up study on 22 patients. Acta Chir. Scand. 132: 93–105, 1966.
 478. Whipple, G. H., and J. H. King. The pathogenesis of icterus. J. Exp. Med. 13: 115–135, 1911.
 479. Wilson, R. D., R. L. Ziprin, D. E. Clark, and M. H. Ellisalde. Absorption of pentachlorophenol by the ovine lymphatic system: a technical note. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 24: 12–15, 1982.
 480. Winkenwerder, W. L. A study of the lymphatics of the gallbladder of the cat. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 41: 226–238, 1927.
 481. Wisse, E. An electron microscopic study of the fenestrated endothelial lining of rat liver sinusoids. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 31: 125–150, 1970.
 482. Wisse, E., R. B. De Zanger, K. Charels, P. Van Der Smissen, and R. S. McCuskey. The liver sieve: considerations concerning the structure and function of endothelial fenestrae, the sinusoidal wall and the space of Disse. Hepatology Baltimore 5: 683–692, 1985.
 483. Witte, C. L., M. H. Witte, W. R. Cole, Y. C. Chung, V. R. Bleisch, and A. E. Dumont. Dual origin of ascites in hepatic cirrhosis. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 129: 1027–1033, 1969.
 484. Witte, C. L., M. H. Witte, and A. E. Dumont. Lymph imbalance in the genesis and perpetuation of the ascites syndrome in hepatic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 78: 1059–1068, 1980.
 485. Witte, C. L., M. H. Witte, K. Kintner, W. R. Cole, and A. E. Dumont. Colloid osmotic pressure in hepatic cirrhosis and experimental ascites. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 133: 65–71, 1971.
 486. Witte, M. H., A. E. Dumont, N. Levine, and W. R. Cole. Patterns of distribution of sulfobromophtalein in lymph and blood during obstruction to bile flow. Am. J. Surg. 115: 69–74, 1968.
 487. Wollin, A., and L. B. Jaques. Plasma protein escape from the intestinal circulation to the lymphatics during fat absorption. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 142: 1114–1117, 1973.
 488. Wollin, A., and L. B. Jaques. Increased diamine oxidase activity in the intestinal lymph of rats on fat ingestion. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52: 760–762, 1974.
 489. Wollin, A., and L. B. Jaques. Blocking of olive oil induced plasma protein escape from the intestinal circulation by histamine antagonists and by a diamine oxidase releasing agent. Agents Actions 6: 589–592, 1976.
 490. Wood, J. E., J. R. Esterling, and V. A. McKusick. Genetic, clinical and physiologic observations in Milroy's disease. Circulation 22: 834–842, 1960.
 491. Wood, J. G., and H. W. Davenport. Measurement of canine gastric vascular permeability to plasma proteins in the normal and protein‐losing states. Gastroenterology 82: 725–733, 1982.
 492. Woolley, G., and F. C. Courtice. The origin of albumin in hepatic lymph. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 40: 121–128, 1962.
 493. Yablonski, M. E., and N. Lifson. Mechanism of production of intestinal secretion by elevated venous pressure. J. Clin. Invest. 57: 904–915, 1976.
 494. Yoffey, J. M., and F. C. Courtice. Lymphatics, Lymph and the Lymphomyeloid Complex. New York: Academic, 1970.
 495. Yoshikawa, H., K. Takada, and S. Muranishi. Molecular weight dependence of permselectivity to rat small intestinal blood‐lymph barrier for exogenous macromolecules absorbed from lumen. J. Pharmacobio‐Dyn. 7: 1–6, 1984.
 496. Yoshikawa, H., K. Takada, S. Muranishi, Y. Satoh, and N. Naruse. A method to potentiate enteral absorption of interferon and selective delivery into lymphatics. J. Pharmacobio‐Dyn. 7: 59–62, 1984.
 497. Zawieja, D., and B. J. Barber. A comparison of protein concentration in villi and collecting lymphatics of rats. Microvasc. Res. 29: 262, 1985.
 498. Zimmon, D. S., M. Oratz, R. Kessler, S. S. Schreiber, and M. A. Rothschild. Albumin to ascites: demonstration of a direct pathway bypassing the systemic circulation. J. Clin. Invest. 48: 2074–2078, 1969.
 499. Zink, J., and C. V. Greenway. Control of ascites absorption in anaesthetized cats: effects of intraperitoneal pressure, protein, and furosemide diuresis. Gastroenterology 73: 1119–1124, 1977.
 500. Ziprin, R. L., M. H. Elissalde, D. E. Clark, and R. D. Wilson. Absorption of polychlorinated biphenyl by the ovine lymphatic system. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 22: 305–308, 1980.
 501. Zweifach, B. W., and J. W. Prather. Micromanipulation of pressure in terminal lymphatics in the mesentery. Am. J. Physiol. 228: 1326–1335, 1975.
 502. Zweifach, B. W., and G. W. Schmid‐Schonbein. Pressure and flow relations in the lymphatic system. In: Experimental Biology of the Lymphatic Circulation, edited by M. G. Johnston. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Gastrointestinal lymphatics
 

How to Cite

J. A. Barrowman, P. Tso. Gastrointestinal lymphatics. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 16: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Motility and Circulation: 1733-1777. First published in print 1989. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp060148