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Pancreatic Polypeptide Family: Pancreatic Polypeptide, Neuropeptide Y, and Peptide YY

Ian L. Taylor

10.1002/cphy.cp060221

Source: Supplement 17: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Neural and Endocrine Biology

Originally published: 1989

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Pancreatic Polypeptide
1.1 Chemical Structure
1.2 Radioimmunoassay
1.3 Synthetic Pathways
1.4 Molecular Heterogeneity
1.5 Cell of Origin and Distribution
1.6 Ontogeny
1.7 Mechanisms of Pancreatic Polypeptide Release
1.8 Metabolism
1.9 Biological Actions
1.10 Pancreatic Polypeptide in Disease States
2 Neuropeptide Y
2.1 Isolation and Chemical Structure
2.2 Radioimmunoassay
2.3 Ontogeny
2.4 Molecular Heterogeneity
2.5 Distribution
2.6 Peripheral Actions
2.7 Central Actions
2.8 Receptors
2.9 Summary
3 Peptide YY
3.1 Purification and Sequencing
3.2 Radioimmunoassay
3.3 Distribution
3.4 Ontogeny
3.5 Release
3.6 Metabolic Clearance
3.7 Actions
3.8 Possible Physiological Actions
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Main chain atoms of avian pancreatic polypeptide (PP) molecule, showing relationship between polyproline helix and α‐helix. COOH‐terminal hexapeptide region lies free.

From Blundell et al. 77a
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Comparison of specificity of Ab S11, a COOH‐terminal‐specific PP antiserum (top), and conventional anti‐bovine PP antiserum (bottom) using COOH‐terminal hexapeptide fragment (PP 31–36) and bovine and rat PP as standards.

From Jia and Taylor 237
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Sequence of human PP cDNA. Stop codon and polyadenylation site are underlined; amino acids are numbered from initiating methionine residue. In protein sequence, putative signal peptide is underlined, and combined cleavage and amidation site between PP (residue 30–65) and icosapeptide sequence (residues 69–88) has been boxed. Arrow indicates cleavage site between icosapeptide and terminating heptapeptide (residues 89–95).

From Boel et al. 78
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Serial resin sections of head (A, B; × 450) and tail regions (C, D, E; × 510) of rat pancreas. Same cells are demonstrated with COOH‐terminal region specific PP antiserum (A, C) and anti‐human PP antisera (B, D). In contrast an anti‐glucagon antiserum (E) demonstrates separate population of islet cells in tail region.

From Taylor and Vaillant 464
Figure 5. Figure 5.

A PP cell within islet of obese mouse exhibiting long cytoplasmic process.
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Comparison of PP and peptide YY (PYY) responses to a 15% liver extract meal in dogs.

From Taylor 451
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Responses of PP to modified sham feeding (MSF), intragastric food, and combination of the two stimuli in normal human subjects.

From Taylor et al. 456
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Comparison of PP and PYY responses to insulin hypoglycemia in dogs.
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Plasma glucose and PP responses to insulin administration in 11 normal subjects, 8 patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (IOH), and 7 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA).

From Polinsky et al. 376
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Responses of PP to intragastric administration of saline, glucose, or homogenized food in normal human subjects.

From Taylor et al. 456
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Dose‐dependent inhibition of food‐stimulated PP release by atropine in dogs.

From Taylor et al. 460
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Effect of vagotomy on PP response (mean ± SE) to a meal in dogs.

From Taylor et al. 460
Figure 13. Figure 13.

Gallbladder pressure change during infusion of porcine PP in 5 healthy conscious pigs. PP was infused at 4 different doses, each lasting 1 h, with 4‐fold increases in dosage. PP infusion doses are shown on log scale.

From Adrian et al. 18
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Age‐related changes in basal PP concentration in healthy volunteers.

From Taylor et al. 466
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Effect of ingestion of test meals of 125 g cooked ground beef on mean ± SE plasma PP levels during treatment with diet (period 1) and during treatment with diet plus insulin (period 2) in 8 patients with type 2 diabetes. Test meals were ingested on first (mean ± SE fasting plasma glucose, 16.6 ± 0.8 mM) of the 5 days before insulin treatment and on the last day (mean ± SE fasting plasma glucose, 6.3 ± 0.5 mM) of treatment with diet plus insulin. Circles around individual points denote significant differences from basal levels (P < 0.05). Asterisks denote significant differences after treatment of diabetes. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.02.

From Berger et al. 68
Figure 16. Figure 16.

Plasma PP concentrations after test breakfast in normal subjects (•—•), patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency (PI) (♦—♦), and patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) with no overt exocrine deficiency (▪—▪).

From Adrian et al. 17
Figure 17. Figure 17.

Lack of PP response to meal in obese subjects with Prader‐Willi syndrome.
Figure 18. Figure 18.

Normal‐sized islet from lean mouse (A) compared with hypertrophic islet observed in obese animal (B). PP cells lining periphery of islets are demonstrable by immunoperoxidase technique.
Figure 19. Figure 19.

Pancreatic contents of PP in lean and obese mice allowed free access to food and water (n = 8 in each group). Concentrations are expressed per gram tissue relative to rat PP standard.

From Jia and Taylor 237
Figure 20. Figure 20.

Lack of effect of intraperitoneal injection of PP on food intake in rat. Absence of any effect contrasts with inhibitory effects of bombesin and caerulein given in same molar dose.

From Taylor et al. 458
Figure 21. Figure 21.

Transient neuropeptide Y (NPY)‐immunoreactive cells that appear during fetal development at base of cortical plate. These cells bear radial processes that transverse cortical width, sp, Subplate; pl, lateral cortical plate; mz, marginal zone.

From Woodhams et al. 496
Figure 22. Figure 22.

Cortical (A, B) and striatal (C, D) neurons stained by peroxidose‐antiperoxidase (PAP) technique for NPY. A: low‐power view of deep layers of frontal cortex (layers V, VI), where a dense background plexus of immunoreactive fibers is seen. B: small pyramidal neuron stained for NPY; arrow points to axon. C: large multipolar striatal neuron stained for NPY. Small arrow points to axon; large arrow points to senile plaque. D: neuron in putamen with bipolar dendritic processes. Scale bars: A, 60 μm; B, C, D, 20 μm.

From Dawbarn et al. 113
Figure 23. Figure 23.

Immunoreactivity of NPY in rat hypothalmus. A: arcuate nucleus‐median eminence; B: paraventricular and periventricular nuclei. III, Third ventricle; arc, arcuate nucleus; int and ext, internal and external layers of median eminence; PaPc, parvocellular paraventricular nucleus; Pe, periventricular nucleus.

From Emson and DeQuidt 140
Figure 24. Figure 24.

Group of intrinsic ganglion cells in right atrium close to sinoatrial node. NPY‐immunoreactive ganglia (black arrows) are mixed with nonimmunoreactive ones (open arrows), × 700. Bar = 50 μm.

From Gu et al. 195
Figure 25. Figure 25.

Perivascular nerve fibers in which norepinephrine and NPY colocalize. DBH, dopamine β‐hydroxylase (enzyme used in norepinehrine synthesis).

From Furness et al. 168
Figure 26. Figure 26.

Immunofluorescence micrographs of celiac ganglion (A, B), splenic artery (C), and splenic vein (D) of cat after incubation with antisera to NPY (A, C, D) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (B); A and B represent adjacent sections. Some ganglion cells that are both NPY immunoreactive and TH positive are indicated by arrows in A and B. NPY‐immunoreactive nerves of splenic artery and vein at hilus level are found at junction of adventitia and media (arrows). Asterisk denotes NPY‐immunoreactive axon bundle in splenic nerves. Bars, 50 μm.

From Lund‐berg et al. 297
Figure 27. Figure 27.

Nerve cell bodies with PP‐like immunoreactivity (anti‐avian PP; C‐E) or NPY‐LI (B, F, G) in ganglia in myenteric plexus of guinea pig. Small branches (arrows) arose from principal process. Principal processes could in turn be traced out of ganglia to small strands that run to circular muscle (arrow in F, G). Calibration, 50 μm.

From Furness et al. 168
Figure 28. Figure 28.

Immunohistochemical (Ab S11) demonstration of PP COOH‐terminal immunoreactive nerves in rat gastrointestinal tract nerves in circular muscle of stomach (A; × 100), nerves in small intestine villi (B; × 100; arrow, endocrine cell, and perivascular nerve fibers in pancreas (C; × 180). Immunoreactive cells are also observed scattered in exocrine parenchyma.

From Taylor and Vaillant 464
Figure 29. Figure 29.

Nerve cell bodies with PP‐like and NPY‐like immunoreactivity in blood vessels and ganglia of submucous plexus of guinea pig ileum. NPY antiserum, A, D; anti‐avian PP, B, C, E; Ab S11, F.

From Furness et al. 168
Figure 30. Figure 30.

Schematic drawing of nerve cells and their projections in guinea pig small intestine. Distribution of myenteric and submucous neurones displaying PP reactivity (cell bodies in myenteric and submucous ganglia) is compared with noradrenergic nerves also containing PP‐like immunoreactivity (NA/PP on fig.) and noradrenergic nerves that do not contain detectable PP (NA). CM, circular muscle; SM, submucosa; M, mucosa; MP, myenteric plexus; PREV.G, prevertebral ganglion containing cell bodies of noradrenergic neurones.

From Furness et al. 168
Figure 31. Figure 31.

Serial sections of mouse adrenal (A, B) stained with PP hexapeptide antiserum Ab S11 (A) and anti Met‐enkephalin antiserum (B). Numerous cells exhibit PP‐like immunoreactivity while few exhibit Met‐enkephalin‐like activity. This pattern is reversed in guinea pig adrenal (C, Ab S11; D, Met‐like immunoreactivity).

From Vaillant and Taylor 479
Figure 32. Figure 32.

Contractile effect of addition of 124 mM potassium and NPY in increasing concentrations to cat middle cerebral artery. NPY‐induced contractions were abolished by 10 verapamil, a calcium‐channel blocker.

From Emson and DeQuidt 140
Figure 33. Figure 33.

Effects of local intra‐arterial administration of NPY (given as bolus injection in 100 μl saline) at a dose of 2.5 and 25 nmol on splenic blood flow and volume. NPY induces vasoconstriction and reduction in volume. Time scale, 1 min, is indicated by bar.

From Lundberg et al. 304
Figure 34. Figure 34.

Effect of NPY on secretion of labeled norepinephrine (NA) from rat vas deferens evoked by electrical field stimulation (90 V, 0.3 ms) with trains of 300 shocks at 1 Hz. Open bars show fractional stimulus‐evoked rise in 3H; hatched bars, fractional rise in [3H]norepinephrine. NPY (0.2 μM) was present 15 min before and during second stimulation period; after this time NPY‐free medium was admitted. Stimulation periods 3 and 4 started at 20 and 52 min, respectively, after discontinuing NPY administration.

From Lundberg and Stjarne 307
Figure 35. Figure 35.

Changes in myocardial perfusion in response to bolus doses of NPY (50 pmol and 100 pmol).

From Allen et al. 32
Figure 36. Figure 36.

Schematic representation of potential effects of selective resistance of hypothalmic feeding center to NPY in anorexia nervosa.
Figure 37. Figure 37.

Specificity of PYY antiserum (Ab S19) demonstrating no cross‐reactivity with a number of structurally related and unrelated peptides (+—+) including bovine, porcine, and avian PP, somatostatin, motilin, CCK‐8, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon, gastrin, enteroglucagon, and enkephalin. In contrast, NPY (○—○) cross‐reacted but was 500‐fold less immunopotent than PYY (•—•).

From Taylor 451
Figure 38. Figure 38.

In serial resin sections of rat ileum, same cell is demonstrated by COOH‐terminal‐specific PP antiserum (Ab S11) (A) and antiglucagon antiserum (B) (× 700). C: Immunofluorescent localization with Ab S11 (× 650) of endocrine cell with long basal process in rat colon.

From Taylor and Vaillant 464
Figure 39. Figure 39.

Peptide YY cell in ileal mucosa: an open‐ended, pyramidal‐shaped cell with secretory granules predominant in base of cell (× 4,500).

From Aponte et al. 59
Figure 40. Figure 40.

Distribution of PYY in extracts of canine gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Results are expressed as nanograms per gram weight tissue. Cardiac muscle was extracted as control.
Figure 41. Figure 41.

Increment in PYY concentrations in response to intestinally perfused oleic acid. Oleic acid was instilled intraduodenally at rate of 10 ml/h. Saline instilled at same rate did not significantly alter circulating PYY concentrations.

From Pappas et al. 364
Figure 42. Figure 42.

Plasma PYY concentrations after ingestion of 530 kcal of glucose, fat (double cream), or protein (steamed cod) in 6 healthy fasting subjects.

From Adrian et al. 11
Figure 43. Figure 43.

Incremental PYY responses (mean ± SE) to infusion of C18 into proximal intestinal segment alone, distal segment alone, or both proximal and distal segments simultaneously

From Aponte et al. 59
Figure 44. Figure 44.

Plasma PYY concentrations after ingestion of large evening meal (4,500 kcal) in 10 healthy fasting subjects.

From Adrian et al. 11
Figure 45. Figure 45.

Effects of PYY 200,400, and 800 pmol · kg−1 · h−1)on meal‐stimulated pancreatic volume and bicarbonate secretion. Results are expressed as percent secretion relative to saline control. *, Significantly different from control (P < 0.05).

From Pappas et al. 364
Figure 46. Figure 46.

Effects of PYY (400 pmol · kg−1 · h−1) on acid secretory response to sham feeding.

From Pappas et al. 366
Figure 47. Figure 47.

Volume of 300‐ml saline meal emptied during infusion of saline or PYY (200 pmol · kg−1 · h−1).

From Pappas et al. 363
Figure 48. Figure 48.

Peptide YY responses to glucose meal in normal subjects and patients with dumping syndrome. Normal subjects elicited maximum increment of 3.4 ± 1.0 pM in response to same stimulus.

From Adrian et al. 16
Figure 49. Figure 49.

Comparison of distribution of marker along small intestine in control rat (top) and in rat receiving PYY, 50 pmol · kg−1 · min−1 (bottom). Rats were killed 22 and 32 min after introduodenal administration on radioisotope marker, respectively. Pylorus is located at beginning of small intestinal segment 1 and ileocecal valve at end of small intestinal segment 10.

From Al‐Saffar et al. 53
Figure 50. Figure 50.

Peptide YY response to intragastric instillation of 15% liver extract meal alone and in combination with duodenal perfusion of oleic acid (10 ml/h).
Figure 51. Figure 51.

Schematic drawing of “ileal brake” phenomenon.


Figure 1.

Main chain atoms of avian pancreatic polypeptide (PP) molecule, showing relationship between polyproline helix and α‐helix. COOH‐terminal hexapeptide region lies free.

From Blundell et al. 77a


Figure 2.

Comparison of specificity of Ab S11, a COOH‐terminal‐specific PP antiserum (top), and conventional anti‐bovine PP antiserum (bottom) using COOH‐terminal hexapeptide fragment (PP 31–36) and bovine and rat PP as standards.

From Jia and Taylor 237


Figure 3.

Sequence of human PP cDNA. Stop codon and polyadenylation site are underlined; amino acids are numbered from initiating methionine residue. In protein sequence, putative signal peptide is underlined, and combined cleavage and amidation site between PP (residue 30–65) and icosapeptide sequence (residues 69–88) has been boxed. Arrow indicates cleavage site between icosapeptide and terminating heptapeptide (residues 89–95).

From Boel et al. 78


Figure 4.

Serial resin sections of head (A, B; × 450) and tail regions (C, D, E; × 510) of rat pancreas. Same cells are demonstrated with COOH‐terminal region specific PP antiserum (A, C) and anti‐human PP antisera (B, D). In contrast an anti‐glucagon antiserum (E) demonstrates separate population of islet cells in tail region.

From Taylor and Vaillant 464


Figure 5.

A PP cell within islet of obese mouse exhibiting long cytoplasmic process.



Figure 6.

Comparison of PP and peptide YY (PYY) responses to a 15% liver extract meal in dogs.

From Taylor 451


Figure 7.

Responses of PP to modified sham feeding (MSF), intragastric food, and combination of the two stimuli in normal human subjects.

From Taylor et al. 456


Figure 8.

Comparison of PP and PYY responses to insulin hypoglycemia in dogs.



Figure 9.

Plasma glucose and PP responses to insulin administration in 11 normal subjects, 8 patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (IOH), and 7 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA).

From Polinsky et al. 376


Figure 10.

Responses of PP to intragastric administration of saline, glucose, or homogenized food in normal human subjects.

From Taylor et al. 456


Figure 11.

Dose‐dependent inhibition of food‐stimulated PP release by atropine in dogs.

From Taylor et al. 460


Figure 12.

Effect of vagotomy on PP response (mean ± SE) to a meal in dogs.

From Taylor et al. 460


Figure 13.

Gallbladder pressure change during infusion of porcine PP in 5 healthy conscious pigs. PP was infused at 4 different doses, each lasting 1 h, with 4‐fold increases in dosage. PP infusion doses are shown on log scale.

From Adrian et al. 18


Figure 14.

Age‐related changes in basal PP concentration in healthy volunteers.

From Taylor et al. 466


Figure 15.

Effect of ingestion of test meals of 125 g cooked ground beef on mean ± SE plasma PP levels during treatment with diet (period 1) and during treatment with diet plus insulin (period 2) in 8 patients with type 2 diabetes. Test meals were ingested on first (mean ± SE fasting plasma glucose, 16.6 ± 0.8 mM) of the 5 days before insulin treatment and on the last day (mean ± SE fasting plasma glucose, 6.3 ± 0.5 mM) of treatment with diet plus insulin. Circles around individual points denote significant differences from basal levels (P < 0.05). Asterisks denote significant differences after treatment of diabetes. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.02.

From Berger et al. 68


Figure 16.

Plasma PP concentrations after test breakfast in normal subjects (•—•), patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency (PI) (♦—♦), and patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) with no overt exocrine deficiency (▪—▪).

From Adrian et al. 17


Figure 17.

Lack of PP response to meal in obese subjects with Prader‐Willi syndrome.



Figure 18.

Normal‐sized islet from lean mouse (A) compared with hypertrophic islet observed in obese animal (B). PP cells lining periphery of islets are demonstrable by immunoperoxidase technique.



Figure 19.

Pancreatic contents of PP in lean and obese mice allowed free access to food and water (n = 8 in each group). Concentrations are expressed per gram tissue relative to rat PP standard.

From Jia and Taylor 237


Figure 20.

Lack of effect of intraperitoneal injection of PP on food intake in rat. Absence of any effect contrasts with inhibitory effects of bombesin and caerulein given in same molar dose.

From Taylor et al. 458


Figure 21.

Transient neuropeptide Y (NPY)‐immunoreactive cells that appear during fetal development at base of cortical plate. These cells bear radial processes that transverse cortical width, sp, Subplate; pl, lateral cortical plate; mz, marginal zone.

From Woodhams et al. 496


Figure 22.

Cortical (A, B) and striatal (C, D) neurons stained by peroxidose‐antiperoxidase (PAP) technique for NPY. A: low‐power view of deep layers of frontal cortex (layers V, VI), where a dense background plexus of immunoreactive fibers is seen. B: small pyramidal neuron stained for NPY; arrow points to axon. C: large multipolar striatal neuron stained for NPY. Small arrow points to axon; large arrow points to senile plaque. D: neuron in putamen with bipolar dendritic processes. Scale bars: A, 60 μm; B, C, D, 20 μm.

From Dawbarn et al. 113


Figure 23.

Immunoreactivity of NPY in rat hypothalmus. A: arcuate nucleus‐median eminence; B: paraventricular and periventricular nuclei. III, Third ventricle; arc, arcuate nucleus; int and ext, internal and external layers of median eminence; PaPc, parvocellular paraventricular nucleus; Pe, periventricular nucleus.

From Emson and DeQuidt 140


Figure 24.

Group of intrinsic ganglion cells in right atrium close to sinoatrial node. NPY‐immunoreactive ganglia (black arrows) are mixed with nonimmunoreactive ones (open arrows), × 700. Bar = 50 μm.

From Gu et al. 195


Figure 25.

Perivascular nerve fibers in which norepinephrine and NPY colocalize. DBH, dopamine β‐hydroxylase (enzyme used in norepinehrine synthesis).

From Furness et al. 168


Figure 26.

Immunofluorescence micrographs of celiac ganglion (A, B), splenic artery (C), and splenic vein (D) of cat after incubation with antisera to NPY (A, C, D) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (B); A and B represent adjacent sections. Some ganglion cells that are both NPY immunoreactive and TH positive are indicated by arrows in A and B. NPY‐immunoreactive nerves of splenic artery and vein at hilus level are found at junction of adventitia and media (arrows). Asterisk denotes NPY‐immunoreactive axon bundle in splenic nerves. Bars, 50 μm.

From Lund‐berg et al. 297


Figure 27.

Nerve cell bodies with PP‐like immunoreactivity (anti‐avian PP; C‐E) or NPY‐LI (B, F, G) in ganglia in myenteric plexus of guinea pig. Small branches (arrows) arose from principal process. Principal processes could in turn be traced out of ganglia to small strands that run to circular muscle (arrow in F, G). Calibration, 50 μm.

From Furness et al. 168


Figure 28.

Immunohistochemical (Ab S11) demonstration of PP COOH‐terminal immunoreactive nerves in rat gastrointestinal tract nerves in circular muscle of stomach (A; × 100), nerves in small intestine villi (B; × 100; arrow, endocrine cell, and perivascular nerve fibers in pancreas (C; × 180). Immunoreactive cells are also observed scattered in exocrine parenchyma.

From Taylor and Vaillant 464


Figure 29.

Nerve cell bodies with PP‐like and NPY‐like immunoreactivity in blood vessels and ganglia of submucous plexus of guinea pig ileum. NPY antiserum, A, D; anti‐avian PP, B, C, E; Ab S11, F.

From Furness et al. 168


Figure 30.

Schematic drawing of nerve cells and their projections in guinea pig small intestine. Distribution of myenteric and submucous neurones displaying PP reactivity (cell bodies in myenteric and submucous ganglia) is compared with noradrenergic nerves also containing PP‐like immunoreactivity (NA/PP on fig.) and noradrenergic nerves that do not contain detectable PP (NA). CM, circular muscle; SM, submucosa; M, mucosa; MP, myenteric plexus; PREV.G, prevertebral ganglion containing cell bodies of noradrenergic neurones.

From Furness et al. 168


Figure 31.

Serial sections of mouse adrenal (A, B) stained with PP hexapeptide antiserum Ab S11 (A) and anti Met‐enkephalin antiserum (B). Numerous cells exhibit PP‐like immunoreactivity while few exhibit Met‐enkephalin‐like activity. This pattern is reversed in guinea pig adrenal (C, Ab S11; D, Met‐like immunoreactivity).

From Vaillant and Taylor 479


Figure 32.

Contractile effect of addition of 124 mM potassium and NPY in increasing concentrations to cat middle cerebral artery. NPY‐induced contractions were abolished by 10 verapamil, a calcium‐channel blocker.

From Emson and DeQuidt 140


Figure 33.

Effects of local intra‐arterial administration of NPY (given as bolus injection in 100 μl saline) at a dose of 2.5 and 25 nmol on splenic blood flow and volume. NPY induces vasoconstriction and reduction in volume. Time scale, 1 min, is indicated by bar.

From Lundberg et al. 304


Figure 34.

Effect of NPY on secretion of labeled norepinephrine (NA) from rat vas deferens evoked by electrical field stimulation (90 V, 0.3 ms) with trains of 300 shocks at 1 Hz. Open bars show fractional stimulus‐evoked rise in 3H; hatched bars, fractional rise in [3H]norepinephrine. NPY (0.2 μM) was present 15 min before and during second stimulation period; after this time NPY‐free medium was admitted. Stimulation periods 3 and 4 started at 20 and 52 min, respectively, after discontinuing NPY administration.

From Lundberg and Stjarne 307


Figure 35.

Changes in myocardial perfusion in response to bolus doses of NPY (50 pmol and 100 pmol).

From Allen et al. 32


Figure 36.

Schematic representation of potential effects of selective resistance of hypothalmic feeding center to NPY in anorexia nervosa.



Figure 37.

Specificity of PYY antiserum (Ab S19) demonstrating no cross‐reactivity with a number of structurally related and unrelated peptides (+—+) including bovine, porcine, and avian PP, somatostatin, motilin, CCK‐8, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon, gastrin, enteroglucagon, and enkephalin. In contrast, NPY (○—○) cross‐reacted but was 500‐fold less immunopotent than PYY (•—•).

From Taylor 451


Figure 38.

In serial resin sections of rat ileum, same cell is demonstrated by COOH‐terminal‐specific PP antiserum (Ab S11) (A) and antiglucagon antiserum (B) (× 700). C: Immunofluorescent localization with Ab S11 (× 650) of endocrine cell with long basal process in rat colon.

From Taylor and Vaillant 464


Figure 39.

Peptide YY cell in ileal mucosa: an open‐ended, pyramidal‐shaped cell with secretory granules predominant in base of cell (× 4,500).

From Aponte et al. 59


Figure 40.

Distribution of PYY in extracts of canine gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Results are expressed as nanograms per gram weight tissue. Cardiac muscle was extracted as control.



Figure 41.

Increment in PYY concentrations in response to intestinally perfused oleic acid. Oleic acid was instilled intraduodenally at rate of 10 ml/h. Saline instilled at same rate did not significantly alter circulating PYY concentrations.

From Pappas et al. 364


Figure 42.

Plasma PYY concentrations after ingestion of 530 kcal of glucose, fat (double cream), or protein (steamed cod) in 6 healthy fasting subjects.

From Adrian et al. 11


Figure 43.

Incremental PYY responses (mean ± SE) to infusion of C18 into proximal intestinal segment alone, distal segment alone, or both proximal and distal segments simultaneously

From Aponte et al. 59


Figure 44.

Plasma PYY concentrations after ingestion of large evening meal (4,500 kcal) in 10 healthy fasting subjects.

From Adrian et al. 11


Figure 45.

Effects of PYY 200,400, and 800 pmol · kg−1 · h−1)on meal‐stimulated pancreatic volume and bicarbonate secretion. Results are expressed as percent secretion relative to saline control. *, Significantly different from control (P < 0.05).

From Pappas et al. 364


Figure 46.

Effects of PYY (400 pmol · kg−1 · h−1) on acid secretory response to sham feeding.

From Pappas et al. 366


Figure 47.

Volume of 300‐ml saline meal emptied during infusion of saline or PYY (200 pmol · kg−1 · h−1).

From Pappas et al. 363


Figure 48.

Peptide YY responses to glucose meal in normal subjects and patients with dumping syndrome. Normal subjects elicited maximum increment of 3.4 ± 1.0 pM in response to same stimulus.

From Adrian et al. 16


Figure 49.

Comparison of distribution of marker along small intestine in control rat (top) and in rat receiving PYY, 50 pmol · kg−1 · min−1 (bottom). Rats were killed 22 and 32 min after introduodenal administration on radioisotope marker, respectively. Pylorus is located at beginning of small intestinal segment 1 and ileocecal valve at end of small intestinal segment 10.

From Al‐Saffar et al. 53


Figure 50.

Peptide YY response to intragastric instillation of 15% liver extract meal alone and in combination with duodenal perfusion of oleic acid (10 ml/h).



Figure 51.

Schematic drawing of “ileal brake” phenomenon.

References
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 10. Adrian, T. E., S. R., Bloom, K. Hermansen, and J. Iversen. Pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and insulin secretion from the isolated perfused canine pancreas. Diabetologia 14: 413–417, 1978.
 11. Adrian, T. E., G. L., Ferri, A. J. Bacarese‐Hamilton, H. S. Fuessl, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom. Human distribution and release of PYY, a putative new gut hormone. Gastroenterology 89: 1070–1077, 1985.
 12. Adrian, T. E., R., Greenberg, A. J. Barnes, N. D. Christofides, K. G. M. M. Alberti, and S. R. Bloom. Effects of pancreatic polypeptide on motilin and circulating metabolites in man. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 10: 235–240, 1980.
 13. Adrian, T. E., G. R., Greenberg, H. S. Besterman, and S. R. Bloom. Pharmacokinetics of pancreatic polypeptide in man. Gut 19: 907–909, 1978.
 14. Adrian, T. E., G. R., Greenberg, M. L. Fitzpatrick, and S. R. Bloom. Lack of effect of pancreatic polypeptide in the rate of gastric emptying and gut hormone release during breakfast. Digestion 21: 214–218, 1981.
 15. Adrian, T. E., J., Gu, J. M. Allen, K. Tatemoto, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom. Neuropeptide Y in the human male genital tract. Life Sci. 35: 2643–2648, 1984.
 16. Adrian, T. E., R. G., Lons, H. S. Fuessl, and S. R. Bloom. Plasma peptide YY (PYY) in dumping syndrome. Dig. Dis. Sci. 30: 1145–1148, 1985.
 17. Adrian, T. E., J., Mckiernan, D. I. Johnstone, E. J. Hiller, H. Vyas, D. L. Souson, and S. R. Bloom. Hormonal abnormalities of the pancreas and gut in cystic fibrosis. Gastroenterology 79: 460–465, 1980.
 18. Adrian, T. E., P., Mitchenere, G. Sagor, and S. R. Bloom. Effect of pancreatic polypeptide on gallbladder pressure and hepatic bile secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 243 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 6): G204–G207, 1982.
 19. Adrian, T. E., A. P., Savage, A. J. Bacarese‐Hamilton, H. S. Fuessl, H. S. Besteman, and S. R. Bloom. Increased peptide YY release in patients with ileal resection (Abstract). Gut 26: Asso, 1985.
 20. Adrian, T. E., A. P., Savage, A. J. Bacarese‐Hamilton, K. Wolfe, H. S. Besterman, and S. R. Bloom. Peptide YY abnormalities in gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology 90: 379–384, 1986.
 21. Adrian, T. E., A. P., Savage, G. R. Sagor, J. M. Allen, A. J. Bacarese‐Hamilton, K. Tatemoto, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom. Effect of peptide YY on gastric, pancreatic, and biliary function in humans. Gastroenterology 89: 484–499, 1985.
 22. Agnati, L. F., K., Fuxe, F. Benfenati, N. Battistini, A. Harfstrand, T. Hökfelt, L. Cavicchioli, K. Tatemoto, and V. Mutt. Failure of neuropeptide Y in vitro to increase the number of alpha2‐adrenergic binding sites in membrane of medulla oblongata of the spontaneous rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 119: 309–312, 1983.
 23. Agnati, L. F., K., Fuxe, F. Benfenati, N. Battistini, A. Harfstrand, K. Tatemoto, T. Hökfelt, and V. Mutt. Neuropeptide Y in vitro selectively increases the number of alpha 2‐adrenergic binding sites in membranes of the medulla oblongata of the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 118: 293–295, 1983.
 24. Ahren, B., and I. Lundquist. Influence of glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin on beta‐adrenergically induced insulin secretion in the mouse. Diabete Metab. 8: 209–212, 1982.
 25. Albers, H. E., and C. F. Ferris. Neuropeptide Y: role in light‐dark cycle entrainment of hamster circadia rhythms. Neurosci. Lett. 50: 163–168, 1984.
 26. Albers, H. E., C. F., Ferris, S. E. Leeman, and B. D. Goldman. Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region. Science Wash. DC 24: 833–835, 1983.
 27. Ali‐Rachedi, A., I. M., Varndell, T. E. Adrian, D. A. Gapp, S. Van‐Noorden, S. R. Bloom, and J. M. Polak. Peptide YY (PYY) immunoreactivity is co‐stored with glucagon‐related immunoreactants in endocrine cells of the gut and pancreas. Histochemistry 80: 487–491, 1984.
 28. Allen, J. M., T. E., Adrian, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the adrenal gland. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 9: 559–563, 1983.
 29. Allen, J. M., T. E., Adrian, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom. Neuropeptide Y in the guinea‐pig biliary tract. Experientia Basel 40: 765–767, 1984.
 30. Allen, J. M., T. E., Adrian, K. Tatemoto, J. M. Polak, J. Hughes, and S. R. Bloom. Two novel related peptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) inhibit the contraction of the electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens. Neuropeptides 3: 71–77, 1982.
 31. Allen, J. M., P. M. M., Bircham, S. R. Bloom, and A. V. Edwards. Release of neuropeptide Y in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation in the conscious calf. J. Physiol. Lond. 347: 401–408, 1984.
 32. Allen, J. M., P. M., Bircham, A. V. Edwards, K. Tatemoto, and S. R. Bloom. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) reduces myocardial perfusion and inhibits the force of contraction of the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Regul. Pept. 6: 247–253, 1983.
 33. Allen, J. M., and S. R. Bloom. Neuropeptide Y: a putative neurotransmitter. Neurochem. Int. 8: 1–8, 1986.
 34. Allen, J. M., A. F., Cross, T. J. Crow, F. Javoy‐Agid, Y. Agid, and S. R. Bloom. Dissociation of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 337: 197–200, 1985.
 35. Allen, J. M., A. J., Cross, J. C. Yeats, M. A. Ghatei, G. P. Mcgregor, S. P. Close, S. Pay, A. S. Marriott, M. B. Tyers, and T. J. Crow. Neuropeptide and dopamine in the marmoset. Effects of treatment with 1 methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): an animal model for Parkinson's disease? Brain 109: 143–157, 1986.
 36. Allen, J. M., I. N., Ferrier, G. W. Roberts, A. J. Cross, T. E. Adrian, T. J. Crow, and S. R. Bloom. Elevation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in substantia innominata in Alzheimer's type dementia. J. Neurol. Sci. 64: 325–331, 1984.
 37. Allen, J. M., M. L., Fitzpatrick, J. C. Yeats, K. Darcy, T. E. Adrian, and S. R. Bloom. Effects of peptide YY and neuropeptide Y on gastric emptying in man. Digestion 30: 255–262, 1984.
 38. Allen, J. M., S. J., Gibson, T. E. Adrian, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom. Neuropeptide Y in human spinal cord. Brain Res. 308: 145–148, 1984.
 39. Allen, J. M., P., Gjörstrup, J. A. Björkman, L. Ek, T. Abrahamsson, and S. R. Bloom. Studies on cardiac distribution and function of neuropeptide Y. Acta Physiol. Scand. 126: 405–411, 1986.
 40. Allen, J. M., G. P., Mcgregor, T. E. Adrian, S. R. Bloom, S. Q. Zhang, K. W. Ennis, and W. G. Unger. Reduction of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rabbit iris‐ciliary body after chronic sympathectomy. Exp. Eye Res. 37: 213–215, 1983.
 41. Allen, J. M., G. P., Mcgregor, P. L. Woodhams, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom. Ontogeny of a novel peptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY) in rat brain. Brain Res. 303: 197–200, 1984.
 42. Allen, J. M., A. R. L., Penketh, T. E. Adrian, Y. C. Lee, K. L. Sarson, M. E. Hodson, J. C. Batten, and S. R. Bloom. Adult cystic fibrosis: postprandial response to gut regulatory peptides. Gastroenterology 85: 1379–1383, 1983.
 43. Allen, J. M., J. M., Polak, and S. R. Bloom. Presence of the predicted C‐flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y (CPON) in tissue extracts. Neuropeptides 6: 95–100, 1985.
 44. Allen, J. M., J. M., Polak, J. Rodrigo, K. Darch, and S. R. Bloom. Localisation of neuropeptide Y in nerves of the rat cardiovascular system and the effect of 6‐hydroxydopamine. Cardiovasc. Res. 19: 570–577, 1985.
 45. Allen, J. M., A. E. G., Raine, J. G. Ledingham, and S. R. Bloom. Neuropeptide Y: a novel renal peptide with vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity. Clin. Sci. 68: 373–377, 1985.
 46. Allen, J. M., J., Rodrigo, J. C. Yeats, A. P. Savage, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom. Vascular distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and effect on blood pressure. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. Part A Theory Pract. 6: 1879–1882, 1984.
 47. Allen, J. M., F., Schon, N. Todd, J. C. Yeats, H. A. Crockard, and S. R. Bloom. Presence of neuropeptide Y in human circle of Willis and its possible role in cerebral vasospasm. Lancet 2: 550–552, 1984.
 48. Allen, J. M., S. S., Tischler, Y. C. Lee, and S. R. Bloom. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in PC12 phaeochromocytoma culture. Response to dexamethasone and nerve growth factor. Neurosci. Lett. 46: 291–296, 1984.
 49. Allen, J. M., J. C., Yeats, T. E. Adrian, and S. R. Bloom. Radioimmunoassay of neuropeptide Y. Regul. Pept. 8: 61–70, 1984.
 50. Allen, L. G., P. S., Kalra, W. R. Crowley, and S. P. Kalra. Comparison of the effects of neuropeptide Y and adrenergic transmitters of LH release and food intake in male rats. Life Sci. 37: 617–623, 1985.
 51. Allen, Y. S., T. E., Adrian, J. M. Allen, K. Tatemoto, T. J. Crow, S. R. Bloom, and J. M. Polak. Neuropeptide Y distribution in the rat brain. Science Wash. DC 221: 877–879, 1983.
 52. Allen, Y. S., G. W., Roberts, S. R. Bloom, T. J. Crow, and J. M. Polak. Neuropeptide Y in the stria terminalis: evidence for an amygdalofugal projection. Brain Res. 321: 357–362, 1984.
 53. Al‐Saffar, A., P. M., Hellstrom, and G. Nylander. Correlation between peptide YY‐induced myoelectric activity and transit of small‐intestinal contents in rats. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 20: 577–582, 1985.
 54. Aluments, J., R., Häkanson, and F. Sundler. Distribution, ontogeny and ultrastructure of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells in the pancreas and gut of the chicken. Cell Tissue Res. 194: 377–386, 1978.
 55. Anderson, B. M., C., Hagen, H. C. Klein, F. Stadil, and H. Worning. Correlation between exocrine pancreatic secretion and serum concentration of human pancreatic polypeptide in chronic pancreatitis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 15: 699–704, 1980.
 56. Andrew, P. C., and J. E. Dixon. Isolation and structure of the second of two major peptide products from the precursor to an anglerfish peptide homoloous to neuropeptide Y. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 8674–8677, 1986.
 57. Andrew, P. C., D., Hawke, J. E. Shively, and J. E. Dixon. A nonamidated peptide homologous to porcine peptide YY and neuropeptide YY. Endocrinology 116: 2677–2688, 1985.
 58. Anggård, A., J. M., Lundbeeg, and L. Lunblad. Nasal autonomic innervation with special reference to peptidergic nerves. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 64, Suppl. 128: 143–148, 1983.
 59. Aponte, G., A. S., Fink, J. H. Meyer, K. Tatemoto, and I. L. Taylor. Regional distribution and release of peptide YY with fatty acids of different chain length. Am. J. Physiol. 249 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 12): G745–G750, 1985.
 60. Arimura, A., C. A., Meyers, W. L. Case, W. A. Murphy, and A. V. Schally. Suppression of somatostatin levels in the hepatic portal and systemic plasma of the rat by synthetic human pancreatic polypeptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 89: 913–918, 1979.
 61. Asplin, C. M., P., Hollander, R. E. Pecoraro, J. Brodsky, and J. P. Palmer. Insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, and glucagon antibodies in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 4: 337–342, 1981.
 62. Atweh, S. F., L. C., Murrin, and M. J. Kuhar. Presynaptic localization of opiate receptors in the vagal and accessory optic systems: an autoradiographic study. Neuropharmacology 17: 65–71, 1978.
 63. Bai, F. L., M., Yamano, Y. Shiotani, P. C. Emson, A. D. Smith, J. F. Powell, and M. Tohyama. An arcuato‐paraventricular and ‐dorsomedial hypothalamic neuropeptide Y‐containing system which lacks noradrenaline in the rat. Brain Res. 331: 172–175, 1985.
 64. Beglinger, C., I. L., Taylor, M. I. Grossman, and T. E. Solomon. Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits exocrine pancreatic responses to six stimulants. Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 9): G286–G291, 1984.
 65. Beglinger, C., I. L., Taylor, M. I. Grossman, and T. E. Solomon. Pancreatic polypeptide release: role of stimulants of exocrine pancreatic secretion in dogs. Gastroenterology 87: 530–536, 1984.
 66. Berger, D., C., Crowther, J. C. Floyd, JR., S. Pek, and S. S. Fajans. Effect of age on fasting plasma levels of pancreatic hormones in man. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 47: 1183–1188, 1978.
 67. Berger, D., J. C., Floyd, R. M. Lampman, and S. S. Fajans. The effect of adrenergic receptor blockade on the exercise‐induced rise in pancreatic polypeptide in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 33–39, 1980.
 68. Berger, D., J. C., Floyd, and S. B. Pek. The effect of treatment of type 2 (insulin independent) diabetes mellitus on plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon. Diabetologia 21: 120–125, 1981.
 69. Bergstrom, B. H., S., Loo, J. H. Hirsh, D. Schutzengel, and K. H. Gabbay. Ultrastructural localization of pancreatic‐polypeptide in human pancreas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 44: 795–798, 1977.
 70. Besterman, H. S., T. E., Adrian, C. N. Mallinson, N. D. Christofides, D. L. Sarson, A. Pera, L. Lombardo, R. Modigliani, and S. R. Bloom. Gut hormone release after intestinal resection. Gut 23: 854–861, 1982.
 71. Björklund, H., T., Hökfelt, M. Goldstein, L. Terenius, and L. Olson. Appearance of the noradrenergic markers tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y in cholinergic nerves of the iris following sympathectomy. J. Neurosci. 5: 1633–1640, 1985.
 72. Blackburn, A. M., D. R., Fletcher, T. E. Adrian, and S. R. Bloom. Neurotensin infusion in man: pharmacokinetics and effect on gastrointestinal and pituitary hormones. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 1257–1261, 1980.
 73. Bloom, S. R., T. E., Adrian, A. J. Barnes, and J. M. Polak. Autoimmunity in diabetics induced by hormonal contaminants of insulin. Lancet 1: 14–17, 1979.
 74. Bloom, S. R., T. E., Adrian, and J. M. Polak. Pancreatic polypeptide from pancreatic endocrine tumours (Letter to the editor). Lancet 2: 1026, 1980.
 75. Bloom, S. R., and A. V. Edwards. Pancreatic endocrine responses to stimulation of the peripheral ends of the splanchnic nerves in the conscious adrenalectomized calf. J. Physiol. Lond. 308: 39–48, 1980.
 76. Bloom, S. R., and A. V. Edwards. Pancreatic endocrine responses to stimulation of the peripheral ends of the vagus nerves in conscious calves. J. Physiol. Lond. 315: 31–41, 1981.
 77. Bloom, S. R., A. V., Edwards, and R. N. Hardy. The role of the autonomic nervous system in the control of glucagon, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide release from the pancreas. J. Physiol. Lond. 280: 9–23, 1978.
 78. Blundell, T. L., J. E. Pitts, I. J. Tickle, S. P. Wood, and C.‐W. Wu. X‐ray analysis (1.4 Å resolution) of avian pancreatic polypeptide: small globular protein hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 4175–4179, 1981.
 79. Boel, E., T. W., Schwartz, K. E. Norris, and N. P. Fiil. A cDNA encoding a small common precursor for human pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic icosapeptide. EMBO J. 3: 909–912, 1984.
 80. Bommer, G., U., Fried, P. U. Heitz, and G. Kloppel. Pancreatic PP cell distribution and hyperplasia. Immunocytochemical morphology in the normal human pancreas, in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. Virchows Arch. 387: 319–331, 1980.
 81. Bonner‐Weir, S., and L. Orci. New perspectives on the microvasculature on the islets of Langerhans in the rat. Diabetes 31: 883–889, 1982.
 82. Böttcher, G., K., Sjölund, E. Ekblad, R. Håkanson, T. W. Schwartz, and F. Sundler. Coexistence of peptide YY and glicentin immunoreactivity in endocrine cells of the gut. Regul. Pept. 8: 261–266, 1984.
 83. Broome, M., T., Hökfelt, and L. Terenius. Peptide YY (PYY)‐immunoreactive neurons in the lower brain stem and spinal cord of rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 125: 349–352, 1985.
 84. Bueno, L., J., Fioramonti, V. Rayner, and Y. Ruckebush. Effects of motilin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide on the migrating myoelectric complex in pig and dog. Gastroenterology 82: 1395–1402, 1982.
 85. Buffa, R., C., Capella, P. Fontana, L. Usellini, and E. Solcia. Types of endocrine cells in the human colon and rectum. Cell Tissue Res. 182: 227–240, 1978.
 86. Camilleri, M., B. T., Cooper, T. E. Adrian, S. R. Bloom, and V. S. Chadwick. Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pancreatic polypeptide in rabbit intestine. Gut 22: 14–18, 1981.
 87. Card, J. P., and R. Y. Moore. Ventral lateral geniculate nucleus efferents to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus exhibit avian pancreatic polypeptide‐like immunoreactivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 206: 390–396, 1982.
 88. Carter, D. A., M., Vallejo, and S. L. Lightman. Cardiovascular effects of neuropeptide Y in the nucleus tractus solitarius of rats: relationship with noradrenaline and vasopressin. Peptides Fayetteville 6: 421–425, 1985.
 89. Chan, P. V., S. Y., Allen, W. Lang, U. Haesier, and J. M. Polak. Cytology and distribution in normal human cerebral cortex of neurons immunoreactive with antisera against neuropeptide Y. J. Comp. Neurol. 238: 382–389, 1985.
 90. Chan, P. V., W., Lang, Y. S. Allen, U. Haesler, and J. M. Polak. Cortical neurons immunoreactive with antisera against neuropeptide Y are altered in Alzheimer's‐type dementia. J. Comp. Neurol. 238: 390–400, 1985.
 91. Chance, R. E., N. E., Moon, and M. G. Johnson. Human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP). In: Methods of Hormone Radioimmunoassay, edited by B. M. Jaffe and H. R. Behman. New York: Academic, 1979, p. 657–674.
 92. Chans, R. S., V. J., Lotti, T. B. Chen, D. J. Cerino, and P. J. Kling. Neuropeptide Y (NPY): comparative potencies of various polypeptides on brain NPY binding and biological responses in the rat vas deferens. Life Sci. 37: 2111–2122, 1985.
 93. Chen, M. H., A., Balasubramanian, R. F. Murphy, K. Ta‐Bata, J. E. Fischer, I. W. Chen, and S. N. Joffe. Sensitive radioimmunoassay for measurement of circulating peptide YY. Gastroenterology 87: 1332–1338, 1984.
 94. Chen, M. H., S. N., Joffe, D. F. Magee, R. F. Murphy, and S. Naruse. Cyclic changes of plasma pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic secretion in fasting dogs. J. Physiol. Lond. 341: 453–461, 1983.
 95. Chronwall, B. M., T. N., Chase, and T. L. O'Donohue. Coexistence of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in rat and human cortical and rat hypothalamic neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 52: 213–217, 1984.
 96. Chronwall, B. M., D. A., Dimaggio, V. J. Massari, V. M. Pickel, D. A. Ruggiero, and T. L. O'Donohue. The anatomy of neuropeptide‐Y‐containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience 15: 1159–1181, 1985.
 97. Clark, A., and A. M. Grant. Quantitative morphology of endocrine cells in human fetal pancreas. Diabetologia 25: 31–35, 1983.
 98. Clark, J. T., P. S., Kalra, and S. P. Kalra. Neuropeptide Y stimulates feeding but inhibits sexual behavior in rats. Endocrinology 117: 2435–2442, 1985.
 99. Coelle, E. F., I. L., Taylor, K. Lewin, and N. Adham. Beneficial effect of pancreatic polypeptide in experimental pancreatitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 28: 1083–1088, 1983.
 100. Colca, J. R., and R. L. Hazelwood. Insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, and glucagon release from the chicken pancreas in vitro: responses to changes in medium glucose and free fatty acid content. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 45: 482–490, 1981.
 101. Colca, J. R., and R. L. Hazelwood. Amino acids as in vitro secretogogues of avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) and insulin from the chicken pancreas. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 47: 104–110, 1982.
 102. Colmers, W. F., K., Lukowiak, and Q. J. Pittman. Neuropeptide Y reduces orthodromically evoked population spike in rat hippocampal CAI by a possible presynaptic mechanism. Brain Res. 346: 404–408, 1985.
 103. Conter, R. L., J. J., Roslyn, H. A. Pitt, L. Denbesten, and I. L. Taylor. Pancreatic polypeptide enhances post‐contractile gallbladder filling. Gastroenterology 89: 1387–1395, 1985.
 104. Corder, R., P. C., Emson, and P. J. Lowry. Purification and characterization of human neuropeptide Y from adrenal‐medullary phaechromocytoma tissue. Biochem. J. 219: 699–706, 1984.
 105. Corder, R., and P. J. Lowry. An immunoradiometric assay for the measurement of neuropeptide Y in plasma. Peptides 6: 1195–1200, 1985.
 106. Corder, R., P. J., Lowry, P. C. Emson, and R. C. Gaillard. Chromatographic characterization of the circulating neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity from patients with phaecochromocytoma. Regul. Pept. 10: 91–97, 1985.
 107. Corder, R., P. J., Lowry, S. J. Wilkinson, and A. G. Ramage. Comparison of the haemodynamic action of neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II and noradrenaline in anaesthetised cats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 121: 25–30, 1986.
 108. Correas, I., M. A., Zulueta, and J. Marco. Suppressor effect of morphine on the pancreatic polypeptide response to insulin‐induced hypoglycemia in man. Metabolism 32: 982–986, 1983.
 109. Crowley, W. R., R. E., Tessel, T. L. O'Donohue, B. A. Adler, and S. P. Kalra. Effects of ovarian hormones on the concentrations of immunoreactive neuropeptide Y in discrete brain regions of the female rat: correction with serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and median eminence LH‐releasing hormone. Endocrinology 117: 1151–1155, 1985.
 110. Dahlof, C., P., Dahlof, and J. M. Lundberg. Neuropeptide Y (NPY): enhancement of blood pressure increase upon alpha‐adrenoceptor activation and direct pressor effects in pithed rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 109: 289–292, 1985.
 111. Dahlof, C., P., Dahlof, K. Tatemoto, and J. M. Lundberg. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) reduces field stimulation evoked release of noradrenaline and enhances force of contraction in the rat portal vein. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 328: 327–330, 1985.
 112. Dawbarn, D., and P. C. Emson. Neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 126: 289–294, 1985.
 113. Dawbarn, D., M. E. De De Quidt, and P. C. Emson. Survival of basal ganglia neuropeptide Y‐somatostatin neurones in Huntington's disease. Brain Res. 340: 251–260, 1985.
 114. Dawbarn, D., S. P., Hunt, and P. C. Emson. Neuropeptide Y: regional distribution chromatographic characterization and immunohistochemical demonstration in post‐mortem human brain. Brain Res. 296: 168–173, 1984.
 115. Day, T. A., J. H., Jhamandas, and L. P. Renaud. Comparison between the actions of avian pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide Y and norepinephrine on the excitability of rat supraoptic vasopressin neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 62: 181–185, 1985.
 116. Debas, H. T., I. L., Taylor, A. M. Seal, and E. P. Passaro, JR. Evidence for vagus‐dependent pancreatic polypeptide‐releasing factor in the antrum: studies with the autotransplanted dog pancreas. Surgery St. Louis 92: 309–314, 1982.
 117. De Magistris, L., G. Delle Fave, A. Kohn, and T. W. Schwartz. Differential stimulation of pancreatic‐polypeptide and gastrin secretion by bombesin in man. Life Sci. 28: 2617–2621, 1981.
 118. Demol, P., and H. Sarles. Action of fatty acids on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of the conscious rat: further evidence of a protein pancreatic inhibitory factor. J. Physiol. Lond. 275: 27–37, 1978.
 119. De Quidt, M. E., P. J. Richardson, and P. C. Emson. Subcellular distribution of neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactivity in guinea‐pig neocortex. Brain Res. 335: 354–359, 1985.
 120. Dimassio, D. A., B. M., Chronwall, K. Buchanan, and T. L. O'Donohue. Pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity in rat brain is actually neuropeptide Y. Neuroscience 15: 1149–1157, 1985.
 121. Dockray, G. J. Neuropeptide Y: in search of a function. Neurochem. Int. 8: 9–11, 1986.
 122. Dooley, C. P., I. L., Taylor, and J. E. Valenzuela. Impaired acid secretion and pancreatic polypeptide release in some patients with achalasia. Gastroenterology 84: 809–813, 1983.
 123. Duke, G. E., J. R., Kimmel, K. Durham, H. G. Pollock, R. Bertoy, and D. Rains‐Epstein. Release of avian pancreatic polypeptide by various intraluminal contents in the stomach, duodenum, or ileum of turkeys. Dig. Dis. Sci. 27: 782–788, 1982.
 124. Duke, G. E., J. R., Kimmel, H. Hunt, and H. G. Pollock. The influence of avian pancreatic polypeptide on gastric secretion and motility in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 64: 1231–1235, 1985.
 125. Duke, G. E., J. R., Kimmel, P. T. Redig, and H. G. Pollock. Influence of exogenous avian pancreatic polypeptide on gastrointestinal motility in turkeys. Poult. Sci. 58: 239–246, 1979.
 126. Duve, H., A., Thorpe, N. R. Lazarus, and P. J. Lowry. A neuropeptide of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria with an amino acid composition homologous with vertebrae pancreatic polypeptide. Biochem. J. 201: 429–432, 1982.
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Article Title: Pancreatic Polypeptide Family: Pancreatic Polypeptide, Neuropeptide Y, and Peptide YY
 

How to Cite

Ian L. Taylor. Pancreatic Polypeptide Family: Pancreatic Polypeptide, Neuropeptide Y, and Peptide YY. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 17: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Neural and Endocrine Biology: 475-543. First published in print 1989. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp060221