Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

Functional Development of Stomach

Chi‐Chuan Tseng, Leonard R. Johnson

10.1002/cphy.cp060318

Source: Supplement 18: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Salivary, Gastric, Pancreatic, and Hepatobiliary Secretion

Originally published: 1989

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Parietal Cells
1.1 Structure
1.2 Basal Acid Secretion
1.3 Acid Secretory Response to Stimuli
2 Chief Cells
2.1 Structure
2.2 Mucosal Pepsinogen Content
2.3 Pepsin Secretory Response to Stimuli
3 Gastrin
3.1 Tissue Levels
3.2 Serum Levels
4 Growth
5 Regulation of Gastric Development
5.1 Diet or Weaning
5.2 Corticosterone
5.3 Thyroxine
5.4 Influence of Sex
5.5 Intrinsic Mechanism
6 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Volume fraction of mitochondria and surface density of tubulovesicles (TV) and intracellular canaliculi (IC) of parietal cells as well as basal acid output of neonatal rats aged 5‐20 days.

From Tseng et al. 86
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Gastric secretion of acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor in human newborns and infants. Data have been corrected for body weight.

From Agunod et al. 3
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Volume fraction of zymogen granules and the surface density of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of chief cells as well as pepsinogen content from neonatal rats aged 5‐20 days.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Changes in DNA content in oxyntic gland mucosa (A) and in gastric lumen (B) at various stages of development.

From Majumdar and Johnson 62
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Serum (A) and antral (B) gastrin levels in rats of various ages showing effect of weaning on day 18. *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001.

From Takeuchi et al. 80
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Pepsinogen content (A) and basal acid secretion (B) on day 20 in control, adrenalectomized (AdX), adrenalectomized treated with thyroxine (AdX + T4), and adrenalectomized treated with corticosterone (AdX + CA) rats. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. Adrenalectomy occurred on day 7 and rats were injected daily with 10 μg/g body wt of corticosterone or with 0.1 μg/g body wt of l‐thyroxine.

From Tseng and Johnson 85
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Pepsinogen content (A) and basal acid secretion (B) on day 20 of propylthiouracil‐induced hypothyroid rats (PTU) and of hypothyroid rats treated with corticosterone (PTU + CA), thyroxine (PTU + T4), and both (PTU + CA + T4). Shaded area represents normal values from control rats of same age. *, P < 0.05 compared with PTU group. Water containing propylthiouracil (.001%) was given to dams and pups from day 0 through entire experimental period to induce hypothyroidism. Hypothyroid rats were injected on days 7, 9, and 11 with 200 μg/g body wt of corticosterone or daily from day 7 with 0.05 μg/g body wt of thyroxine or both.

From Tseng and Johnson 85
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Correlation between serum corticosterone levels and pepsinogen content of oxyntic gland mucosa from normal, thyroxine‐treated, and adrenalectomized rats on day 15. Adrenalectomy occurred on day 7. l‐Thyroxine (.1 μg/g body wt) was given daily from day 7.

From Tseng and Johnson 85
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Antral (A) and serum (B) gastrin levels in control, thyroxine‐treated (T4), and propylthiouracil‐induced hypothyroid (PTU) rats on day 20. *, P < 0.05. l‐Thyroxine (.1 μg/g body wt) was given daily from day 7. Water containing propylthiouracil (.001%) was given to dams and pups from day 0 through 20.


Figure 1.

Volume fraction of mitochondria and surface density of tubulovesicles (TV) and intracellular canaliculi (IC) of parietal cells as well as basal acid output of neonatal rats aged 5‐20 days.

From Tseng et al. 86


Figure 2.

Gastric secretion of acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor in human newborns and infants. Data have been corrected for body weight.

From Agunod et al. 3


Figure 3.

Volume fraction of zymogen granules and the surface density of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of chief cells as well as pepsinogen content from neonatal rats aged 5‐20 days.



Figure 4.

Changes in DNA content in oxyntic gland mucosa (A) and in gastric lumen (B) at various stages of development.

From Majumdar and Johnson 62


Figure 5.

Serum (A) and antral (B) gastrin levels in rats of various ages showing effect of weaning on day 18. *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001.

From Takeuchi et al. 80


Figure 6.

Pepsinogen content (A) and basal acid secretion (B) on day 20 in control, adrenalectomized (AdX), adrenalectomized treated with thyroxine (AdX + T4), and adrenalectomized treated with corticosterone (AdX + CA) rats. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. Adrenalectomy occurred on day 7 and rats were injected daily with 10 μg/g body wt of corticosterone or with 0.1 μg/g body wt of l‐thyroxine.

From Tseng and Johnson 85


Figure 7.

Pepsinogen content (A) and basal acid secretion (B) on day 20 of propylthiouracil‐induced hypothyroid rats (PTU) and of hypothyroid rats treated with corticosterone (PTU + CA), thyroxine (PTU + T4), and both (PTU + CA + T4). Shaded area represents normal values from control rats of same age. *, P < 0.05 compared with PTU group. Water containing propylthiouracil (.001%) was given to dams and pups from day 0 through entire experimental period to induce hypothyroidism. Hypothyroid rats were injected on days 7, 9, and 11 with 200 μg/g body wt of corticosterone or daily from day 7 with 0.05 μg/g body wt of thyroxine or both.

From Tseng and Johnson 85


Figure 8.

Correlation between serum corticosterone levels and pepsinogen content of oxyntic gland mucosa from normal, thyroxine‐treated, and adrenalectomized rats on day 15. Adrenalectomy occurred on day 7. l‐Thyroxine (.1 μg/g body wt) was given daily from day 7.

From Tseng and Johnson 85


Figure 9.

Antral (A) and serum (B) gastrin levels in control, thyroxine‐treated (T4), and propylthiouracil‐induced hypothyroid (PTU) rats on day 20. *, P < 0.05. l‐Thyroxine (.1 μg/g body wt) was given daily from day 7. Water containing propylthiouracil (.001%) was given to dams and pups from day 0 through 20.

References
 1. Ackerman, S. H. Ontogeny of gastric acid secretion in the rat: evidence for multiple response system. Science Wash. DC 217: 75–77, 1982.
 2. Ackerman, S. H., and R. D. Shindledecker. Maturational increases and decreases in acid secretion in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 10): G638–G644, 1984.
 3. Agunod, M., N. Yamaguchi, R. Lopez, A. L. Luhby, and G. B. J. Glass. Correlative study of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor secretion in newborns and infants. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 14: 400–414, 1969.
 4. Aures, D., W. D. Davidson, and R. Håkanson. Histidine decarboxylase in gastric mucosa of various animals. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 8: 100–117, 1969.
 5. Boyle, J. T., and O. Koldovskýa. Critical role of adrenal glands in precocious increase in jejunal sucrase activity following premature weaning in rats: negligible effect of food intake. J. Nutr. 101: 169–177, 1980.
 6. Braaten, J. T., M. H. Greider, J. E. McGuigan, and D. H. Mintz. Gastrin in the perinatal rat pancreas and gastric antrum: immunofluorescence localization of pancreatic gastrin cells and gastrin secretion in monolayer cell cultures. Endocrinology 99: 684–691, 1976.
 7. Christie, D. L. Development of gastric function during the first month of life. In: Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy, edited by E. Lebenthal. New York: Raven, 1981, vol. 1, p. 109–120.
 8. D'Agostino, J. B., and S. J. Henning. Role of thyroxine in coordinate control of corticosterone and CBG in postnatal development. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Endocrinol. Metab. 5): E33–E39, 1982.
 9. Deren, J. S. Development of structure and function in the fetal and newborn stomach. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 24: 144–159, 1971.
 10. Donaldson, R. M., Jr. Intrinsic factor and the transport of cobalamin. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, edited by L. R. Johnson. New York: Raven, 1981, vol. 1, p. 641–658.
 11. Ducroc, R., J.‐F. Desjeux, B. Garzon, J.‐P. Onolfo, and J.‐P. Geloso. Acid secretion in fetal rat stomach in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 240 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 3): G206–G210, 1981.
 12. Dussault, J. H., and F. Labrie. Development of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis in the neonatal rat. Endocrinology 97: 1321–1324, 1975.
 13. Ebers, D. W., D. I. Smith, and G. E. Gibbs. Gastric acidity during the first month of life. Pediatrics 18: 800–802, 1956.
 14. Euler, A. R., W. J. Byrne, L. M. Cousins, M. E. Ament, R. D. Leake, and J. H. Walsh. Increased serum gastrin concentrations and gastric acid hyposecretion in the immediate newborn period. Gastroenterology 72: 1271–1273, 1977.
 15. Euler, A. R., W. J. Byrne, P. J. Meis, R. D. Leake, and M. E. Ament. Basal and pentagastrin‐stimulated acid secretion in newborn human infants. Pediatr. Res. 13: 36–37, 1979.
 16. Ferguson, A., V. P. Gershowitch, and R. I. Russell. Pre‐ and post‐weaning disaccharidase patterns in isografts of fetal mouse intestine. Gastroenterology 64: 292–297, 1973.
 17. Forte, J. G., T. M. Forte, and T. E. Machen. Histamine stimulated hydrogen ion secretion by in vitro piglet gastric mucosa. J. Physiol. Lond. 244: 15–31, 1975.
 18. Furihata, C., Y. Iwasaki, T. Sugimura, M. Tatematsu, and M. Takahashi. Differentiation of pepsinogen‐producing cells in the fundic and pyloric mucosa of developing rats. Cell Differ. 2: 179–189, 1973.
 19. Furihata, C., T. Kawachi, and T. Sugimura. Premature induction of pepsinogen in developing rat gastric mucosa by hormones. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 47: 705–711, 1972.
 20. Gabella, G. Neuron size and number in the myenteric plexus of the newborn and adult rat. J. Anat. 109: 81–95, 1971.
 21. Garzon, B., R. Ducroc, and J.‐P. Geloso. Ontogenesis of gastric acid secretion in fetal rat. Pediatr. Res. 15: 921–925, 1981.
 22. Garzon, B., R. Ducroc, and J.‐P. Geloso. Ontogenesis of gastric response to agonists and antagonists of acid secretion in fetal rat. J. Dev. Physiol. Oxf. 4: 195–205, 1982.
 23. Garzon, B., R. Ducroc, J.‐P. Onolfo, J.‐F. Desjeux, and J.‐P. Geloso. Biphasic development of pentagastrin sensitivity in rat stomach. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 5): G111–G115, 1982.
 24. Gershon, M. D., and E. B. Thompson. The maturation of neuromuscular function in a multiple innervated structure: development of the longitudinal smooth muscle of the fetal mammalian gut and its cholinergic excitatory, adrenergic inhibitory, and nonadrenergic inhibitory innervation. J. Physiol. Lond. 234: 257–277, 1973.
 25. Håkanson, R., C. Owman, and N. P. Sjöberg. Cellular stores of gastric histamine in the developing rat. Life Sci. 6: 2535–2543, 1967.
 26. Haydard, A. F. The fine structure of gastric epithelial cells in the suckling rabbit with particular reference to the parietal cell. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 78: 474–483, 1967.
 27. Heitkemper, M. M., and S. F. Marotta. Development of neurotransmitter enzyme activity in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Am. J. Physiol. 244 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 7): G58–G64, 1983.
 28. Helander, H. F. Ultrastructure and function of gastric parietal cells in the rat during development. Gastroenterology 56: 35–52, 1969.
 29. Helander, H. F. Ultrastructure and function of gastric mucoid and zymogen cells in the rat during development. Gastroenterology 56: 53–70, 1969.
 30. Helander, H. F. Stereological change in rat parietal cells after vagotomy and antrectomy. Gastroenterology 71: 1010–1018, 1976.
 31. Henning, S. J. Plasma concentrations of total and free corticosterone during development in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 235 (Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 4): E451–E456, 1978.
 32. Henning, S. J. Postnatal development: coordination of feeding, digestion, and metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. 241 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 4): G199–G214, 1981.
 33. Henning, S. J., and L. L. Leeper. Coordinate loss of glucocorticoid responsiveness by intestinal enzymes during postnatal development. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 5): G89–G94, 1982.
 34. Henning, S. J., and J. M. Sims. Delineation of the glucocorticoid‐sensitive period of intestinal development in the rat. Endocrinology 104: 1158–1163, 1979.
 35. Ikezaki, M., and L. R. Johnson. Development of sensitivity to different secretagogues in the rat stomach. Am. J. Physiol. 244 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 7): G165–G170, 1983.
 36. Jacobs, D. M., and S. H. Ackerman. Differential growth rate of rat gastric mucosal cells during postnatal ontogeny. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 10): G645–G650, 1984.
 37. Johnson, L. R. Pepsin secretion stimulated by topical hydrochloric and acetic acids. Gastroenterology 62: 33–38, 1971.
 38. Johnson, L. R. Regulation of pepsin secretion by topical acid in the stomach. Am. J. Physiol. 223: 847–850, 1972.
 39. Johnson, L. R. The trophic action of gastrointestinal hormones. Gastroenterology 70: 278–288, 1976.
 40. Johnson, L. R. Regulation of gastrointestinal growth. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, edited by L. R. Johnson. New York: Raven, 1981, vol. 1, p. 169–196.
 41. Johnson, L. R. Effects of somatostatin and acid on inhibition of gastrin release in newborn rats. Endocrinology 114: 743–746, 1984.
 42. Johnson, L. R., and P. D. Guthrie. Regulation of antral gastrin content. Am. J. Physiol. 245 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 8): G725–G729, 1983.
 43. Johnson, L. R., W. Peitsch, and K. Takeuchi. Mucosal gastrin receptor. VIII. Sex‐related differences in binding. Am. J. Physiol. 243 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 6): G469–G474, 1982.
 44. Johnson, L. R., and D. B. Tumpson. Effect of secretin on histamine‐stimulated secretion in gastric fistula rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 133: 125–127, 1970.
 45. Jumawan, J., and O. Koldovský. Comparison of the effect of various doses of thyroxine on jejunal disaccharidases in intact and adrenalectomized rats during the first 3 weeks of life. Enzyme Basel 23: 206–209, 1978.
 46. Kataoka, K. Electron microscopic observation on cell proliferation and differentiation in the gastric mucosa of the mouse. Arch. Histol. Jpn. 32: 251–273, 1970.
 47. Keene, M. F. L., and E. E. Hewer. Digestive enzymes of the human fetus. Lancet 1: 767–769, 1929.
 48. Kelly, K. A. Motility of the stomach and gastroduodenal junction. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, edited by L. R. Johnson. New York: Raven, 1981, vol. 1, p. 393–410.
 49. Kendall, K., J. Jumawan, and O. Koldovský. Development of jujunoileal differences of activity of lactase, sucrase and acid β‐galactosidase in isografts of fetal rat intestine. Biol. Neonate 36: 206–214, 1979.
 50. Koshimizu, T. The development of pancreatic and gastrointestinal somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity and its relationship to feeding in neonatal rats. Endocrinology 112: 911–916, 1983.
 51. Kumegawa, M., T. Takuma, S. Hosoda, S. Kunii, and Y. Kanda. Precocious induction of pepsinogen in the stomach of suckling mice by hormones. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 543: 243–250, 1978.
 52. Kumegawa, M., T. Yajima, N. Maeda, T. Takuma, and S. Hosoda. Permissive role of l‐thyroxine in the induction of stomach pepsinogen by Cortisol in neonatal rats. J. Endocrinol. 87: 431–435, 1980.
 53. Larsson, L.‐I. Peptide secretory pathways in GI tract: cytochemical contributions to regulatory physiology of the gut. Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2): G237–G246, 1980.
 54. Larsson, L.‐I., N. Goltermann, L. deMagistris, J. F. Rehfeld, and T. W. Schwartz. Somatostatin cell processes as pathways for paracrine secretion. Science Wash. DC 205: 1393–1395, 1979.
 55. Larsson, L.‐I., R. Håkanson, J. F. Rehfeld, F. Stadil, and F. Sandler. Occurrence of neonatal development of gastrin immunoreactivity in the gastric tract of rat. Cell Tissue Res. 149: 275–281, 1974.
 56. Lichtenberger, L. M. A search for the origin of neonatal hypergastrinemia. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 3: 161–166, 1984.
 57. Lichtenberger, L. M., S. S. Crandell, P. A. Plama, and F. H. Morriss, Jr. Ontogeny of tissue and serum gastrin concentrations in fetal and neonatal sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 241 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 4): G235–G241, 1981.
 58. Lichtenberger, L., and L. R. Johnson. Gastrin in the ontogenic development of the small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 227: 390–395, 1974.
 59. Lichtenberger, L. M., D. M. Nance, and R. A. Gorski. Sex‐related differences in antral and serum gastrin levels in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 151: 785–788, 1976.
 60. Lipkin, M. Growth and development of gastrointestinal cells. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 47: 175–197, 1985.
 61. Lucas, A., T. E. Adrian, N. Christofides, S. R. Bloom, and A. Aynsley‐Green. Plasma motilin, gastrin, and enteroglucagon and feeding in the human newborn. Arch. Dis. Child. 55: 673–677, 1980.
 62. Majumdar, A. P. N., and L. R. Johnson. Gastric mucosal cell proliferation during development in rats and effects of pentagastrin. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 5): G135–G139, 1982.
 63. Makhlouf, G. M. Electrolyte composition of gastric secretion. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, edited by L. R. Johnson. New York: Raven, 1981, vol. 1, p. 551–556.
 64. Malinowska, K. W., W. S. Chan, P. W. Nathanelz, and R. N. Hardy. Plasma adrenocorticosteroid changes during thyroxine‐induced accelerated maturation of the neonatal rat intestine. Experientia Basel 30: 61, 1974.
 65. Malloy, M. H., F. H. Morriss, S. E. Denson, N. W. Weisbrodt, L. M. Lichtenberger, and E. W. Adcock III. Neonatal gastric motility in dogs: maturation and response to pentagastrin. Am. J. Physiol. 236 (Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 5): E562–E566, 1979.
 66. McGuigan, J. E., and W. L. Trudeau. Studies with antibodies to gastrin: radioimmunoassay in human serum and physiological studies. Gastroenterology 58: 139–150, 1970.
 67. Miller, B. A. Observations on the gastric acidity during the first month of life. Arch. Dis. Child. 16: 22–30, 1941.
 68. Peitsch, W., K. Takeuchi, and L. R. Johnson. Mucosal gastrin receptor. VI. Induction by corticosterone in newborn rats. Am. J. Physiol. 240 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 3): G442–G449, 1981.
 69. Rodbro, P., P. A. Krasilnikoff, and V. Bitsch. Gastric secretion of pepsin in early childhood. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2: 257–260, 1967.
 70. Rodbro, P., P. A. Krasilnikoff, and P. M. Christiansen. Parietal cell secretory function in early childhood. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2: 209–213, 1967.
 71. Rogers, I. M., D. C. Davidson, J. Lawrence, J. Ardill, and K. D. Buchanan. Neonatal secretion of gastrin and glucagon. Arch. Dis. Child. 49: 796–801, 1974.
 72. Saffouri, B., G. Weir, K. Bitar, and G. Makhlouf. Stimulation of gastrin secretion from the perfused rat stomach by somatostatin antiserum. Life Sci. 25: 1749–1753, 1979.
 73. Salenius, P. On the ontogenesis of the human gastric epithelial cells. Acta Anat. Suppl. 46: 1–76, 1962.
 74. Schusdziarra, V., V. Harris, J. M. Conlon, A. Arimura, and R. Unger. Pancreatic and gastric somatostatin release in response to intragastric and intraduodenal nutrients and HCl in the dog. J. Clin. Invest. 62: 509–518, 1978.
 75. Seidel, E. R., and L. R. Johnson. Ontogeny of gastric mucosal muscarinic receptor and sensitivity to carbachol. Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 9): G550–G555, 1984.
 76. Shulkes, A., and K. J. Hardy. Ontogeny of circulating gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide in the foetal sheep. Acta Endocrinol. 100: 565–572, 1982.
 77. Sircar, B., L. R. Johnson, and L. M. Lichtenberger. Effect of chemically defined diets on antral and serum gastrin levels in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1): G376–G383, 1980.
 78. Soll, A. H. The interaction of histamine with gastrin and carbamylcholine on oxygen uptake by isolated mammalian parietal cells. J. Clin. Invest. 61: 381–389, 1978.
 79. Takeuchi, K., S. Okabe, and K. Tagaki. Influence of pregnancy and lactation on the healing process of gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. Experientia Basel 30: 366–368, 1974.
 80. Takeuchi, K., W. Peitsch, and L. R. Johnson. Mucosal gastrin receptor. V. Development in newborn rats. Am. J. Physiol. 240 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 3): G163–G169, 1981.
 81. Takeuchi, K., G. R. Speir, and L. R. Johnson. Mucosal gastrin receptor. III. Regulation by gastrin. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1): G135–G140, 1980.
 82. Tatematsu, M., M. Takahashi, H. Tsuda, M. Hirose, C. Furihata, and T. Sugimura. Precocious differentiation of immature chief cells in fundic mucosa of infant rats induced by hydrocortisone. Cell Differ. 4: 285–294, 1975.
 83. Track, N. S., C. Creutzfeldt, J. Litzenberger, C. Neuhoff, R. Arnold, and W. Creutzfeldt. Appearance of gastrin and somatostatin in the human fetal stomach, duodenum, and pancreas. Digestion 19: 292–306, 1979.
 84. Tseng, C.‐C., and L. R. Johnson. Does corticosterone affect gastric mucosal cell growth during development? Am. J. Physiol. 250 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 13): G633–G638, 1986.
 85. Tseng, C.‐C., and L. R. Johnson. Role of thyroxine in functional gastric development. Am. J. Physiol. 251 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 14): G111–G116, 1986.
 86. Tseng, C.‐C., K. L. Schmidt, and L. R. Johnson. Hormonal effects on development of the secretory apparatus of chief cells. Am. J. Physiol. 253 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 16): G274–G283, 1987.
 87. Tseng, C.‐C., K. L. Schmidt, and L. R. Johnson. Hormonal effects on development of the secretory apparatus of parietal cells. Am. J. Physiol. 253 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol 16): G284–G289, 1987.
 88. Vollrath, L. Über Entwicklung und Funktion der Belegzellen der Magendrüsen. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 50: 36–60, 1959.
 89. Walker, P., J. D. Dubois, and J. H. Dussault. Free thyroid hormone concentration during postnatal development in the rat. Pediatr. Res. 14: 247–249, 1980.
 90. Walsh, J. H. Gastrointestinal hormones and peptides. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, edited by L. R. Johnson. New York: Raven, 1981, vol. 1, p. 59–145.
 91. Werner, B. Peptic and tryptic capacity of the digestive glands in newborns. Acta Paediatr. Scand. Suppl. 70: 1–80, 1948.
 92. Woodward, E. R., E. S. Lyon, J. Landor, and L. R. Dragstedt. The physiology of the gastric antrum: experimental studies on isolated antrum pouches in dogs. Gastroenterology 27: 766–785, 1954.
 93. Yahav, J., P. C. Lee, and E. Lebenthal. Ontogeny of pepsin secretory response to secretagogues in isolated rat gastric glands. Am. J. Physiol. 250 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 13): G200–G204, 1986.
 94. Yalow, R. S., and S. A. Berson. Radioimmunoassay of gastrin. Gastroenterology 58: 1–14, 1970.
 95. Yeomans, N. D., J. S. Trier, D. C. Moxey, and E. T. Markezin. Maturation and differentiation of culture fetal stomach. Effects of corticosterone, pentagastrin and cytochalasin B. Gastroenterology 71: 770–777, 1976.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Functional Development of Stomach
 

How to Cite

Chi‐Chuan Tseng, Leonard R. Johnson. Functional Development of Stomach. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 18: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Salivary, Gastric, Pancreatic, and Hepatobiliary Secretion: 345-358. First published in print 1989. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp060318