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Intestinal Transport of Water‐Soluble Vitamins

Richard C. Rose

10.1002/cphy.cp060419

Source: Supplement 19: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Intestinal Absorption and Secretion

Originally published: 1991

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 L‐Ascorbic Acid
2 Biotin
3 Folate
3.1 Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Folates
3.2 Transport of Folate
3.3 Proposed Mechanisms of Folate Transport
3.4 Alternate Views
4 Niacin
5 Pantothenic Acid
6 Riboflavin
7 Thiamine
8 Vitamin B6
9 Conclusion
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Time course of ascorbic acid uptake into guinea pig ileal brush‐border membrane vesicles. Vesicles were preequilibrated in 300 mM mannitol and 20 mM HEPES‐Tris (pH 7.0). Incubation was at 20°C in a medium containing 65 μM L‐[14C]ascorbic acid, 100 mM mannitol, 20 mM HEPES‐Tris (pH 7.0), and either 100 mM NaCl (•) or 100 mM KCl (○); 8 observations. HEPES, N‐2‐hydroxyethylpiperazine‐N′‐2‐ethanesulfonic acid; Tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

[From Bianchi et al. 4.]
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Model of known events in intestinal absorption of reduced and oxidized forms of vitamin C in animals that require L‐ascorbic acid (ASC); model may also apply to events in renal reabsorption of filtered L‐ascorbic acid both in animal species that require dietary L‐ascorbic acid and in those that synthesize it. L‐Ascorbic acid is taken up across the brush‐border membrane against a concentration gradient coupled with Na+ diffusion down an electrochemical potential gradient entering the cell. L‐Ascorbic acid leaves the transport cell by a carrier‐mediated process at the basolateral membrane, perhaps in exchange for interstitial dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). Dehydroascorbic acid from either the lumen or interstitium enters the cell by facilitated diffusion and is enzymatically reduced.

[From Rose et al. 68.]
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Dixon plot of inhibition of 5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5‐CH3THF) intestinal transport by folic acid. Data were obtained from incubation for 10 min at 37°C of everted jejunal sacs with 0.1 μM (•) and 0.25 μM (○) 5‐CH3THF at pH 6.3 with folic acid at increasing concentrations, v, Total transport of 5‐CH3THF in nmol·−1 intestine · 10 min−1.

[From Selhub et al. 85.]
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Properties of pantothenic acid (PA) uptake and release in isolated intestinal epithelial cells of chicken. Data points are means ± SE of 4 determinations. [3H]pantothenic acid was present at 0.9 μM. NaCN was present where indicated at 2.5 mM. ▪, Control; □, cells exposed to cyanide after 14 min of control conditions; Δ, cells exposed to NaCN for 10 min prior to [3H]pantothenic acid addition and during uptake.

[From Fenstermacher and Rose 17.]
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Effect of relative Na+ deficiency on the transport of riboflavin. Transport rates with 144 mM Na+ (—•—•—), 25 mM Na+ + 119 mM choline+ (—*—*—), and 25 mM Na+ + 119 mM Li+ (—▴—▴—) are plotted against the riboflavin concentration. Points are means ± SD of 16 segments for the control and 9 segments for tests with choline+ and with Li+, respectively.

[From Daniel et al. 14.]
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Possible scheme of cellular mechanisms of transport of thiamine by the small intestine. T, thiamine; TMP, thiamine monophosphate; TPP, thiamine pyrophosphate; TPKase, thiamine pyrophosphokinase; TPPase, thiamine pyrophosphatase; TMPase, thiamine monophosphatase.

[Adapted from Rindi 58.]


Figure 1.

Time course of ascorbic acid uptake into guinea pig ileal brush‐border membrane vesicles. Vesicles were preequilibrated in 300 mM mannitol and 20 mM HEPES‐Tris (pH 7.0). Incubation was at 20°C in a medium containing 65 μM L‐[14C]ascorbic acid, 100 mM mannitol, 20 mM HEPES‐Tris (pH 7.0), and either 100 mM NaCl (•) or 100 mM KCl (○); 8 observations. HEPES, N‐2‐hydroxyethylpiperazine‐N′‐2‐ethanesulfonic acid; Tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

[From Bianchi et al. 4.]


Figure 2.

Model of known events in intestinal absorption of reduced and oxidized forms of vitamin C in animals that require L‐ascorbic acid (ASC); model may also apply to events in renal reabsorption of filtered L‐ascorbic acid both in animal species that require dietary L‐ascorbic acid and in those that synthesize it. L‐Ascorbic acid is taken up across the brush‐border membrane against a concentration gradient coupled with Na+ diffusion down an electrochemical potential gradient entering the cell. L‐Ascorbic acid leaves the transport cell by a carrier‐mediated process at the basolateral membrane, perhaps in exchange for interstitial dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). Dehydroascorbic acid from either the lumen or interstitium enters the cell by facilitated diffusion and is enzymatically reduced.

[From Rose et al. 68.]


Figure 3.

Dixon plot of inhibition of 5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5‐CH3THF) intestinal transport by folic acid. Data were obtained from incubation for 10 min at 37°C of everted jejunal sacs with 0.1 μM (•) and 0.25 μM (○) 5‐CH3THF at pH 6.3 with folic acid at increasing concentrations, v, Total transport of 5‐CH3THF in nmol·−1 intestine · 10 min−1.

[From Selhub et al. 85.]


Figure 4.

Properties of pantothenic acid (PA) uptake and release in isolated intestinal epithelial cells of chicken. Data points are means ± SE of 4 determinations. [3H]pantothenic acid was present at 0.9 μM. NaCN was present where indicated at 2.5 mM. ▪, Control; □, cells exposed to cyanide after 14 min of control conditions; Δ, cells exposed to NaCN for 10 min prior to [3H]pantothenic acid addition and during uptake.

[From Fenstermacher and Rose 17.]


Figure 5.

Effect of relative Na+ deficiency on the transport of riboflavin. Transport rates with 144 mM Na+ (—•—•—), 25 mM Na+ + 119 mM choline+ (—*—*—), and 25 mM Na+ + 119 mM Li+ (—▴—▴—) are plotted against the riboflavin concentration. Points are means ± SD of 16 segments for the control and 9 segments for tests with choline+ and with Li+, respectively.

[From Daniel et al. 14.]


Figure 6.

Possible scheme of cellular mechanisms of transport of thiamine by the small intestine. T, thiamine; TMP, thiamine monophosphate; TPP, thiamine pyrophosphate; TPKase, thiamine pyrophosphokinase; TPPase, thiamine pyrophosphatase; TMPase, thiamine monophosphatase.

[Adapted from Rindi 58.]
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Article Title: Intestinal Transport of Water‐Soluble Vitamins
 

How to Cite

Richard C. Rose. Intestinal Transport of Water‐Soluble Vitamins. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 19: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Intestinal Absorption and Secretion: 421-435. First published in print 1991. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp060419