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Morphology of the Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, and Collecting Duct

B. Kaissling, W. Kriz

10.1002/cphy.cp080103

Source: Supplement 25: Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology

Originally published: 1992

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Loops of Henle
1.1 Intermediate Tubule
1.2 Thick Ascending Limb
1.3 Macula Densa
2 Distal Segments
2.1 Definition and Nomenclature
2.2 General Cytological Organization of the Distal Segments
2.3 Distal Convoluted Tubule
2.4 Connecting Tubule
2.5 Cortical Collecting Duct
3 Medullary Collecting Ducts
3.1 Microanatomical Organization and Histotopographical Aspects
3.2 Outer Medullary Collecting Duct
3.3 Inner Medullary Collecting Duct
3.4 Cytochemical Aspects
3.5 Structure—Function Correlations
4 Intercalated Cells
4.1 Cell Structure
4.2 Intercalated Cells in the Cortex
4.3 Cytochemical Aspects
4.4 Distribution of Intercalated Cells in the Kidney Zones
4.5 Structure—Function Correlations
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Schematic showing locations and compositions of loops of Henle. Short loop (right, belonging to a superficial glomerulus) has a descending thick limb (pars recta of proximal tubule; hatched), a descending thin limb (turning back near border between inner stripe [IS] and inner medulla [IM], shown in white), and a thick ascending limb (cross‐hatched), which passes over into distal convoluted tubule a short distance beyond macula densa (shown in black). Long loop (belonging to a juxtamedullary glomerulus) contains a descending thin limb (subdivided into two parts, lightly dotted and medium dotted) and an ascending thin limb (densely dotted); the bend is located in the papilla. Two additional long loops (incompletely drawn) demonstrate heterogeneity among long loops turning back at different levels within inner medulla. Numbers 1–4 refer to type of epithelium encountered in corresponding thin limb part: type 1, DTL of short loops; type 2, upper part of DTL of long loops; type 3, lower part of DTL of long loops; type 4 (beginning short distance before bend), ascending thin limb. C, cortex; OS, outer stripe.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Schematic showing salient features of thin limb epithelia. Type 1 epithelium (a) is found in descending thin limb of short loops. Type 2 epithelium (b and c) is found in upper part of descending thin limb of long loops; in most species, it is complexely organized (type 2, complex; b), in others (rabbit), it is much more simple (type 2, simple; c). Type 3 epithelium (d) occurs in lower parts of descending thin limb of long loops. Type 4 epithelium (e) is found in loop bend and in ascending thin limb.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Descending thin limb of short loop, rat. a: overview of entire cross‐sectional profile. × ∼4,000. C, cilium. b: shows simplicity of type 1 epithelium. × ∼12,000. c: shows complex tight junction in freeze‐fracture replica. × ∼71,000. Intramembrane particle clusters (*) seen on P‐face of basolateral membrane correspond to desmosomes.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Descending thin limb of long loop, upper part, in rat. a: overview of entire tubular profile; note many tight junctions (arrows). × ∼4,000. b: longitudinal section through epithelium; numerous tight junctions (arrows) indicate extensive cellular interdigitation. Note basolateral “labyrinth.” × ∼18,000. c: flat section through epithelium, showing star‐like shape of epithelial cells responsible for cellular interdigitation. Note microfilament bundles (*) in basal epithelium. × ∼13,500.
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Descending thin limb of long loops; freeze‐fracture electron microscopy. a: luminal aspect of rat epithelium, showing high degree of cellular interdigitation. Tight junctions consist of one single strand (arrows). × ∼12,700. [From Kriz et al. 254.] b: P‐face of Psammomys basolateral membrane, showing extremely high density of uniform intramembrane particles. BS, basal slit. × ∼28,500. [From Kriz et al. 255.] c: P‐face of rabbit luminal membrane; intramembrane particle density is somewhat less than in basolateral membrane, but nevertheless very high. × ∼41,000.

From Schiller et al. 375
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Type 3 epithelium of descending thin limb of long loops. a: overview of entire cross‐sectional profile from rat. Only two tight junctions (arrows) are encountered. × ∼3,750. b: shows simplicity of rat epithelium. × ∼16,500. c: freeze‐fracture electron microscopy shows complex tight junction in rat. × ∼52,000. L, tubular lumen. d: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph of basal aspect of epithelium in Psammomys, showing regularly arranged profiles of basal infoldings (BI). × ∼14,500.
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Descending thin limb of long loop, upper part of simple type, in rabbit. × ∼3,000. a: overview of entire cross‐sectional profile. Compare to Figure 4 to recognize simplicity of epithelium. Only three junctional complexes are present (arrows). b: Freeze‐fracture electron micrograph, showing complex tight junction (T) and high intramembrane particle density in both the luminal (L) and basolateral (BL) membrane. × ∼55,000

From Schiller et al. 375
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Ascending thin limb of long loop. a: overview of entire cross‐sectional profile in rat. × ∼3,000. Note many tight junctions (arrows). b: longitudinal section through rat epithelium, showing high degree of cellular interdigitation (junctions marked by arrows). × ∼11,500. c: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph, showing luminal aspect of interdigitating cell processes in Psammomys. × ∼1,000. Tight junctions (arrows) consist of one single strand. LU, lumen. d: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph, showing luminal aspect of two interdigitating cells in the rat. × ∼12,000. Note two different types of intramembrane textures.
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Thick ascending limb in rat, cortical (a) and medullary (b) parts. Note differences in outer diameter and epithelial thickness; epithelium of medullary part contains considerably more mitochondria and more basolateral membranes than cortical part. a, × ∼2,750; b, × ∼2,500.
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Thick ascending limb in rat, showing epithelia of the cortical (a) and medullary (b) parts. Organizations of both epithelia are identical. In taller epithelium of medullary part, basolateral membrane amplification achieved by cellular interdigitation is much greater and there are more and larger mitochondria. Apical cytoplasm is frequently filled with numerous vesicles and tubular profiles. Note many tight junctions in cortical part. a, × ∼20,000; b, × ∼11,000.
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Thick ascending limbs, details. a: apical cytoplasm of rat cortical part filled with many vesiculotubular profiles. × ∼25,500. b: tannic acid—stained specimen from rat. Lateral membranes of interdigitating cell processes are connected by intercellular skeleton that bridges intercellular spaces. Skeleton consists of regularly arranged strands (arrows) spanning entire width of intercellular spaces between opposite membranes. × ∼68,500. c: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph. Rabbit tight junction (T) consists of several densely arranged strands. LM, luminal membrane; BLM, basolateral membrane. × ∼34,000. d: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph. En face view of rabbit basal epithelial surface, showing basal slits between basal ridges. × ∼9,700.

c and d in collaboration with A. Schiller and R. Taugner
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Macula densa. a: light micrograph, showing location of rat macula densa (MD) within the end portion of the cortical thick ascending limb. Shortly after MD, cortical thick ascending limb transforms into distal convoluted tubule (short arrows). Long arrow indicates direction of tubular fluid flow. × ∼380. b: light micrograph of rat macula densa (MD) within cortical thick ascending limb. Epithelium of MD has, under control conditions, conspicuously dilated intercellular spaces; those spaces between thick ascending limb cells are narrow. EGM, extraglomerular mesangium. × ∼720. c: scanning electron micrograph. (CTAL) Cortical thick ascending limb is open at level of macula densa (MD); luminal aspect of rabbit MD cell plaque is visible. EGM, extraglomerular mesangium. × ∼2,000. d: longitudinal section through Psammomys macula densa plaque; in this example, intercellular spaces are closed. Note dense arrangement of cell nuclei. In contrast to thick ascending limb cells, MD cells do not interdigitate with lateral processes. Basal part of macula densa abuts extraglomerular mesangium (EGM). N, nerves. × ∼3,200.
Figure 13. Figure 13.

Schematic of salient features of a: macula densa, b: cortical thick ascending limb, and c: medullary thick ascending limb.
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Schematic of arrangement and location of distal segments and collecting ducts. Distal convoluted tubule (hatched) begins abruptly a short distance beyond macula densa (black) and transforms gradually into connecting tubule (dotted). Connecting tubules of deep and midcortical nephrons join to form an arcade, which ascends within the cortical labyrinth; they then pass over gradually into cortical collecting duct (white), which descends into medulla. Outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD) is subdivided into an outer stripe part (OS) and an inner stripe part (IS), followed by inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). Intercalated cells (dark semicircles) may appear in terminal portion of distal convoluted tubule and are present in connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, outer medullary collecting duct, and, in some species, the initial part of the inner medullary collecting duct. C, cortex; IM, inner medulla.
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Distal convoluted tubule in rat. a: overview, showing homogeneous composition by one cell type. Note typical location of cell nuclei in apical cytoplasm. × ∼3,300. b: longitudinal section through epithelium, demonstrating high degree of interdigitation by cell processes and close association between lateral membranes and large mitochondria within processes. C, cilium; T, tight junction. × ∼11,000.
Figure 16. Figure 16.

Connecting tubule in rat. Light micrograph of longitudinal section through renal cortex, showing several profiles of connecting tubules (arcades) alongside a cortical radial vein (CRV). Connecting tubule epithelium is heterogeneously composed of connecting tubule cells (asterisks) and intercalated cells (arrows). Note accumulation of intercalated cells close to afferent arteriole. (A). × ∼510.
Figure 17. Figure 17.

Connecting tubule cell in rat. a: differences between connecting tubule cell and distal convoluted tubule cell are most obvious when tracing basolateral cell membrane: in connecting tubule cell, “basal labyrinth” is predominantly established by infoldings of basal cell membrane; extracellular spaces between membranes do not belong to lateral intercellular spaces. There are comparably few mitochondria associated with basolateral cell membrane. G, Golgi apparatus. × ∼9,700. b: cell membranes of basal infoldings often are adorned with vesicular profiles (arrows). × ∼57,000.
Figure 18. Figure 18.

Cortical collecting duct in rat. Light micrograph of longitudinal section through superficial renal cortex. Cortical collecting duct epithelium is heterogenously composed of collecting duct cells (asterisks) and intercalated cells (arrows). P, proximal tubule; T, thick ascending limb. × ∼500.
Figure 19. Figure 19.

Cortical collecting duct cells. a: longitudinal section through rat cell; basal region of cell contains numerous infoldings, and cytoplasm between them is devoid of cell organelles. Mitochondria are located above this region. Note Golgi fields (G), endoplasmic reticulum, and many polysomes. Tight junction is deep. × ∼7,100. b: cross section through rabbit cortical collecting duct epithelium at level of basal infoldings; cell borders are marked by arrows. Note complicated extracellular space associated with basal infoldings (within marked outline of a cell), which does not necessarily communicate with lateral intercellular spaces (between opposite rows of arrows). × ∼7,500.
Figure 20. Figure 20.

Schematic showing salient features of a: DCT cell, b: CNT cell, and c: cortical CD cell.
Figure 21. Figure 21.

Outer medullary collecting duct in rat. Light micrograph of longitudinal section through outer stripe. Two OMCDs are shown, whose epithelium is thinner than that in cortical CD cells in superficial cortex (Fig. 18). Heterogeneous composition of epithelium containing cortical CD cells (asterisks) and intercalated cells (arrows) is apparent. P, proximal tubule; T, thick ascending limb. × ∼700.
Figure 22. Figure 22.

Light micrographs of longitudinal sections through rat papilla. a: overview showing increase in epithelial height along descent of the terminal portions of inner medullary collecting ducts (mainly IMCD3) toward the papilla. × ∼64. b: Epithelium of IMCD3 is homogeneously composed of one type of relatively tall cell (IMCD cells). × ∼300. c: cells making up the epithelium covering the surface of the papilla are obviously structurally different from IMCD cells. × ∼260.
Figure 23. Figure 23.

Outer medullary collecting duct, inner stripe part, in a: rat and b: rabbit. In both species, epithelium is heterogeneously composed of cortical CD cells (the majority) and intercalated cells (arrows). a, × ∼2,100; b, × ∼3,000.
Figure 24. Figure 24.

Outer medullary collecting duct in inner stripe in rat. a: as in cortical collecting duct, basal zone of cell contains numerous basal infoldings. Middle zone is filled with polysomes, Golgi fields (G), mitochondria, and lysosomal elements. × ∼17,300. b: in apical cytoplasm, accumulation of flat and elongated vesicles (believed to be aggrephores) is frequently found. × ∼36,000. c: elongated vesicles are often found to fuse with apical cell membrane in rectangular manner. × ∼72,000. d: elongated vesicles in apical cytoplasm, often carrying clathrin‐coated head (arrows). × ∼81,000.
Figure 25. Figure 25.

Longitudinal sections through epithelium of IMCDs in upper part (a), middle part (b), and terminal part (c) of the inner medulla in rat. (Note differences in magnification.) a: relatively flat cortical CD cells in IMCD1 are not different in epithelial organization from the cortical CD cells in outer medulla. Beneath smooth apical cell membrane, a thin cytoplasmic stripe is devoid of cell organelles. × ∼18,500. b: IMCD cells in IMCD2 are considerably taller than in upper part. Their luminal surface bears many short microvilli, many lateral folds project into lateral intercellular spaces (arrow). Basic organization of cells is retained: basal zone with basal infoldings; middle zone containing Golgi fields, mitochondria, and lysosomal elements; and thin apical zone with tubular and vesicular profiles. × ∼15,500. c: IMCD cells in IMCD3 are tall and contain a large nucleus. Relative to size of cells, few cell organelles are encountered. Apical cell membrane bears many stubby microvilli; lateral intercellular spaces (arrow) are filled with microfolds and microvilli projecting from lateral cell membranes. Cytoplasm immediately beneath apical cell membrane is devoid of cell organelles. × ∼8,500.
Figure 26. Figure 26.

Inner medullary collecting duct in rabbit; freeze‐fracture electron micrographs. a: cortical CD cell whose smooth luminal membrane is separated from basolateral membrane by prominent tight junction consisting of several anastomosing junctional strands. × ∼16,300. b: Basal aspect of cortical CD cell. Polygonal shape of this cell is recognized by contours of basal slits through which lateral intercellular spaces (LIS) open into interstitium. Basal openings of extracellular spaces between basal infoldings (BI) are separated from lateral intercellular spaces. × ∼4,100.

b from Kriz and Kaissling 249
Figure 27. Figure 27.

Schematic showing salient features of middle one‐third of IMCD cell.
Figure 28. Figure 28.

Inner medullary collecting ducts in rat; freeze‐fracture electron micrograph. a: luminal membrane, showing intramembrane particle clusters (arrows); they are frequently located within pits of luminal membrane. × ∼40,000. [From Lacy 265.] b: basolateral membrane, containing orthogonally arranged particle clusters (arrows) whose functional relevance is unknown. × ∼54,000.
Figure 29. Figure 29.

a: Two rabbit cortical collecting ducts with homogeneous population of intercalated cells (arrows), revealing constricted apical cell pole adorned with tuft of long microvilli. × ∼810. b: rat cortical collecting duct with heterogeneous population of intercalated cells. Probably the two cells marked by single arrows are type A cells; other two cells marked by double arrows are type B cells. × ∼2,200.
Figure 30. Figure 30.

Intercalated cell, type A, in rat connecting tubule. a: broad apical cell pole densely covered by finger‐like microprojections. Mitochondria have narrowly arranged cristae and are accumulated in apical cell portion. Specific vesicles are sparse in this example of intercalated cell and are totally lacking in basal cell portion. G, Golgi apparatus; P, polysomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. × ∼9,000. b: finger‐like microprojections of type A cells reveal coat of “studs” (arrowheads) on cytoplasmic membrane face. × ∼45,000. c: specific “flat” (long arrow) and invaginated (double arrows) vesicles also reveal studs and are interspersed between profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), clathrin vesicles (arrowheads), microtubules (T), and polysomes (P). × ∼45,000.
Figure 31. Figure 31.

Intercalated cell type B in rat cortical collecting duct. a: cell has an approximately elliptical profile; mitochondria are distributed predominantly in basal and lateral cell portions, numerous small vesicles are apparent in apical and basal cell portions. × ∼9,000. b: small invaginated vesicles are interspersed among profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few flat vesicles. Only a few specific vesicles reveal studs. × ∼27,500. c: numerous invaginated vesicles (mostly without studs) are often found in basal cell portion. × ∼45,000. d: in some type B IC cells, basal infoldings reveal same dense coat of studs on cytoplasmic membrane face (arrowheads) as apical microprojections of type A cells. × ∼45,000.
Figure 32. Figure 32.

Intercalated cell in inner stripe of rat outer medullary collecting duct. a: intercalated cells in medulla generally have a characteristic flattened nucleus, rather few mitochondria, and numerous vesicles in apical cell portion. × ∼10,300. b: flat studded vesicles (single arrow) may be particularly abundant among invaginated studded vesicles (double arrows) within apical cytoplasm. × ∼45,000.
Figure 33. Figure 33.

Intercalated cells in rat cortex. Freeze‐fracture electron micrographs. a: luminal membrane LM of intercalated cell is densely stuffed with arrays of rod‐shaped particles that probably correspond to studs in transmission electron micrographs. × ∼32,500. b: rod‐shaped particles are also found on the P‐face of cytoplasmic flat vesicles (single arrow); corresponding depressions are seen (double arrows) on E‐face. × ∼45,000. c: in other intercalated cells, rod‐shaped particles are found on basolateral membrane (arrows). T, tight junctions; LM, luminal membrane. × ∼27,000.
Figure 34. Figure 34.

Schematic of salient features of intercalated cells. a: type A. b: type B. c: medullary type.
Figure 35. Figure 35.

Light micrograph of connecting tubule in rat chronically treated with furosemide, showing intercalated type A cells (arrows) forming clusters around afferent arteriole (A). × ∼900.


Figure 1.

Schematic showing locations and compositions of loops of Henle. Short loop (right, belonging to a superficial glomerulus) has a descending thick limb (pars recta of proximal tubule; hatched), a descending thin limb (turning back near border between inner stripe [IS] and inner medulla [IM], shown in white), and a thick ascending limb (cross‐hatched), which passes over into distal convoluted tubule a short distance beyond macula densa (shown in black). Long loop (belonging to a juxtamedullary glomerulus) contains a descending thin limb (subdivided into two parts, lightly dotted and medium dotted) and an ascending thin limb (densely dotted); the bend is located in the papilla. Two additional long loops (incompletely drawn) demonstrate heterogeneity among long loops turning back at different levels within inner medulla. Numbers 1–4 refer to type of epithelium encountered in corresponding thin limb part: type 1, DTL of short loops; type 2, upper part of DTL of long loops; type 3, lower part of DTL of long loops; type 4 (beginning short distance before bend), ascending thin limb. C, cortex; OS, outer stripe.



Figure 2.

Schematic showing salient features of thin limb epithelia. Type 1 epithelium (a) is found in descending thin limb of short loops. Type 2 epithelium (b and c) is found in upper part of descending thin limb of long loops; in most species, it is complexely organized (type 2, complex; b), in others (rabbit), it is much more simple (type 2, simple; c). Type 3 epithelium (d) occurs in lower parts of descending thin limb of long loops. Type 4 epithelium (e) is found in loop bend and in ascending thin limb.



Figure 3.

Descending thin limb of short loop, rat. a: overview of entire cross‐sectional profile. × ∼4,000. C, cilium. b: shows simplicity of type 1 epithelium. × ∼12,000. c: shows complex tight junction in freeze‐fracture replica. × ∼71,000. Intramembrane particle clusters (*) seen on P‐face of basolateral membrane correspond to desmosomes.



Figure 4.

Descending thin limb of long loop, upper part, in rat. a: overview of entire tubular profile; note many tight junctions (arrows). × ∼4,000. b: longitudinal section through epithelium; numerous tight junctions (arrows) indicate extensive cellular interdigitation. Note basolateral “labyrinth.” × ∼18,000. c: flat section through epithelium, showing star‐like shape of epithelial cells responsible for cellular interdigitation. Note microfilament bundles (*) in basal epithelium. × ∼13,500.



Figure 5.

Descending thin limb of long loops; freeze‐fracture electron microscopy. a: luminal aspect of rat epithelium, showing high degree of cellular interdigitation. Tight junctions consist of one single strand (arrows). × ∼12,700. [From Kriz et al. 254.] b: P‐face of Psammomys basolateral membrane, showing extremely high density of uniform intramembrane particles. BS, basal slit. × ∼28,500. [From Kriz et al. 255.] c: P‐face of rabbit luminal membrane; intramembrane particle density is somewhat less than in basolateral membrane, but nevertheless very high. × ∼41,000.

From Schiller et al. 375


Figure 6.

Type 3 epithelium of descending thin limb of long loops. a: overview of entire cross‐sectional profile from rat. Only two tight junctions (arrows) are encountered. × ∼3,750. b: shows simplicity of rat epithelium. × ∼16,500. c: freeze‐fracture electron microscopy shows complex tight junction in rat. × ∼52,000. L, tubular lumen. d: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph of basal aspect of epithelium in Psammomys, showing regularly arranged profiles of basal infoldings (BI). × ∼14,500.



Figure 7.

Descending thin limb of long loop, upper part of simple type, in rabbit. × ∼3,000. a: overview of entire cross‐sectional profile. Compare to Figure 4 to recognize simplicity of epithelium. Only three junctional complexes are present (arrows). b: Freeze‐fracture electron micrograph, showing complex tight junction (T) and high intramembrane particle density in both the luminal (L) and basolateral (BL) membrane. × ∼55,000

From Schiller et al. 375


Figure 8.

Ascending thin limb of long loop. a: overview of entire cross‐sectional profile in rat. × ∼3,000. Note many tight junctions (arrows). b: longitudinal section through rat epithelium, showing high degree of cellular interdigitation (junctions marked by arrows). × ∼11,500. c: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph, showing luminal aspect of interdigitating cell processes in Psammomys. × ∼1,000. Tight junctions (arrows) consist of one single strand. LU, lumen. d: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph, showing luminal aspect of two interdigitating cells in the rat. × ∼12,000. Note two different types of intramembrane textures.



Figure 9.

Thick ascending limb in rat, cortical (a) and medullary (b) parts. Note differences in outer diameter and epithelial thickness; epithelium of medullary part contains considerably more mitochondria and more basolateral membranes than cortical part. a, × ∼2,750; b, × ∼2,500.



Figure 10.

Thick ascending limb in rat, showing epithelia of the cortical (a) and medullary (b) parts. Organizations of both epithelia are identical. In taller epithelium of medullary part, basolateral membrane amplification achieved by cellular interdigitation is much greater and there are more and larger mitochondria. Apical cytoplasm is frequently filled with numerous vesicles and tubular profiles. Note many tight junctions in cortical part. a, × ∼20,000; b, × ∼11,000.



Figure 11.

Thick ascending limbs, details. a: apical cytoplasm of rat cortical part filled with many vesiculotubular profiles. × ∼25,500. b: tannic acid—stained specimen from rat. Lateral membranes of interdigitating cell processes are connected by intercellular skeleton that bridges intercellular spaces. Skeleton consists of regularly arranged strands (arrows) spanning entire width of intercellular spaces between opposite membranes. × ∼68,500. c: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph. Rabbit tight junction (T) consists of several densely arranged strands. LM, luminal membrane; BLM, basolateral membrane. × ∼34,000. d: freeze‐fracture electron micrograph. En face view of rabbit basal epithelial surface, showing basal slits between basal ridges. × ∼9,700.

c and d in collaboration with A. Schiller and R. Taugner


Figure 12.

Macula densa. a: light micrograph, showing location of rat macula densa (MD) within the end portion of the cortical thick ascending limb. Shortly after MD, cortical thick ascending limb transforms into distal convoluted tubule (short arrows). Long arrow indicates direction of tubular fluid flow. × ∼380. b: light micrograph of rat macula densa (MD) within cortical thick ascending limb. Epithelium of MD has, under control conditions, conspicuously dilated intercellular spaces; those spaces between thick ascending limb cells are narrow. EGM, extraglomerular mesangium. × ∼720. c: scanning electron micrograph. (CTAL) Cortical thick ascending limb is open at level of macula densa (MD); luminal aspect of rabbit MD cell plaque is visible. EGM, extraglomerular mesangium. × ∼2,000. d: longitudinal section through Psammomys macula densa plaque; in this example, intercellular spaces are closed. Note dense arrangement of cell nuclei. In contrast to thick ascending limb cells, MD cells do not interdigitate with lateral processes. Basal part of macula densa abuts extraglomerular mesangium (EGM). N, nerves. × ∼3,200.



Figure 13.

Schematic of salient features of a: macula densa, b: cortical thick ascending limb, and c: medullary thick ascending limb.



Figure 14.

Schematic of arrangement and location of distal segments and collecting ducts. Distal convoluted tubule (hatched) begins abruptly a short distance beyond macula densa (black) and transforms gradually into connecting tubule (dotted). Connecting tubules of deep and midcortical nephrons join to form an arcade, which ascends within the cortical labyrinth; they then pass over gradually into cortical collecting duct (white), which descends into medulla. Outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD) is subdivided into an outer stripe part (OS) and an inner stripe part (IS), followed by inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). Intercalated cells (dark semicircles) may appear in terminal portion of distal convoluted tubule and are present in connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, outer medullary collecting duct, and, in some species, the initial part of the inner medullary collecting duct. C, cortex; IM, inner medulla.



Figure 15.

Distal convoluted tubule in rat. a: overview, showing homogeneous composition by one cell type. Note typical location of cell nuclei in apical cytoplasm. × ∼3,300. b: longitudinal section through epithelium, demonstrating high degree of interdigitation by cell processes and close association between lateral membranes and large mitochondria within processes. C, cilium; T, tight junction. × ∼11,000.



Figure 16.

Connecting tubule in rat. Light micrograph of longitudinal section through renal cortex, showing several profiles of connecting tubules (arcades) alongside a cortical radial vein (CRV). Connecting tubule epithelium is heterogeneously composed of connecting tubule cells (asterisks) and intercalated cells (arrows). Note accumulation of intercalated cells close to afferent arteriole. (A). × ∼510.



Figure 17.

Connecting tubule cell in rat. a: differences between connecting tubule cell and distal convoluted tubule cell are most obvious when tracing basolateral cell membrane: in connecting tubule cell, “basal labyrinth” is predominantly established by infoldings of basal cell membrane; extracellular spaces between membranes do not belong to lateral intercellular spaces. There are comparably few mitochondria associated with basolateral cell membrane. G, Golgi apparatus. × ∼9,700. b: cell membranes of basal infoldings often are adorned with vesicular profiles (arrows). × ∼57,000.



Figure 18.

Cortical collecting duct in rat. Light micrograph of longitudinal section through superficial renal cortex. Cortical collecting duct epithelium is heterogenously composed of collecting duct cells (asterisks) and intercalated cells (arrows). P, proximal tubule; T, thick ascending limb. × ∼500.



Figure 19.

Cortical collecting duct cells. a: longitudinal section through rat cell; basal region of cell contains numerous infoldings, and cytoplasm between them is devoid of cell organelles. Mitochondria are located above this region. Note Golgi fields (G), endoplasmic reticulum, and many polysomes. Tight junction is deep. × ∼7,100. b: cross section through rabbit cortical collecting duct epithelium at level of basal infoldings; cell borders are marked by arrows. Note complicated extracellular space associated with basal infoldings (within marked outline of a cell), which does not necessarily communicate with lateral intercellular spaces (between opposite rows of arrows). × ∼7,500.



Figure 20.

Schematic showing salient features of a: DCT cell, b: CNT cell, and c: cortical CD cell.



Figure 21.

Outer medullary collecting duct in rat. Light micrograph of longitudinal section through outer stripe. Two OMCDs are shown, whose epithelium is thinner than that in cortical CD cells in superficial cortex (Fig. 18). Heterogeneous composition of epithelium containing cortical CD cells (asterisks) and intercalated cells (arrows) is apparent. P, proximal tubule; T, thick ascending limb. × ∼700.



Figure 22.

Light micrographs of longitudinal sections through rat papilla. a: overview showing increase in epithelial height along descent of the terminal portions of inner medullary collecting ducts (mainly IMCD3) toward the papilla. × ∼64. b: Epithelium of IMCD3 is homogeneously composed of one type of relatively tall cell (IMCD cells). × ∼300. c: cells making up the epithelium covering the surface of the papilla are obviously structurally different from IMCD cells. × ∼260.



Figure 23.

Outer medullary collecting duct, inner stripe part, in a: rat and b: rabbit. In both species, epithelium is heterogeneously composed of cortical CD cells (the majority) and intercalated cells (arrows). a, × ∼2,100; b, × ∼3,000.



Figure 24.

Outer medullary collecting duct in inner stripe in rat. a: as in cortical collecting duct, basal zone of cell contains numerous basal infoldings. Middle zone is filled with polysomes, Golgi fields (G), mitochondria, and lysosomal elements. × ∼17,300. b: in apical cytoplasm, accumulation of flat and elongated vesicles (believed to be aggrephores) is frequently found. × ∼36,000. c: elongated vesicles are often found to fuse with apical cell membrane in rectangular manner. × ∼72,000. d: elongated vesicles in apical cytoplasm, often carrying clathrin‐coated head (arrows). × ∼81,000.



Figure 25.

Longitudinal sections through epithelium of IMCDs in upper part (a), middle part (b), and terminal part (c) of the inner medulla in rat. (Note differences in magnification.) a: relatively flat cortical CD cells in IMCD1 are not different in epithelial organization from the cortical CD cells in outer medulla. Beneath smooth apical cell membrane, a thin cytoplasmic stripe is devoid of cell organelles. × ∼18,500. b: IMCD cells in IMCD2 are considerably taller than in upper part. Their luminal surface bears many short microvilli, many lateral folds project into lateral intercellular spaces (arrow). Basic organization of cells is retained: basal zone with basal infoldings; middle zone containing Golgi fields, mitochondria, and lysosomal elements; and thin apical zone with tubular and vesicular profiles. × ∼15,500. c: IMCD cells in IMCD3 are tall and contain a large nucleus. Relative to size of cells, few cell organelles are encountered. Apical cell membrane bears many stubby microvilli; lateral intercellular spaces (arrow) are filled with microfolds and microvilli projecting from lateral cell membranes. Cytoplasm immediately beneath apical cell membrane is devoid of cell organelles. × ∼8,500.



Figure 26.

Inner medullary collecting duct in rabbit; freeze‐fracture electron micrographs. a: cortical CD cell whose smooth luminal membrane is separated from basolateral membrane by prominent tight junction consisting of several anastomosing junctional strands. × ∼16,300. b: Basal aspect of cortical CD cell. Polygonal shape of this cell is recognized by contours of basal slits through which lateral intercellular spaces (LIS) open into interstitium. Basal openings of extracellular spaces between basal infoldings (BI) are separated from lateral intercellular spaces. × ∼4,100.

b from Kriz and Kaissling 249


Figure 27.

Schematic showing salient features of middle one‐third of IMCD cell.



Figure 28.

Inner medullary collecting ducts in rat; freeze‐fracture electron micrograph. a: luminal membrane, showing intramembrane particle clusters (arrows); they are frequently located within pits of luminal membrane. × ∼40,000. [From Lacy 265.] b: basolateral membrane, containing orthogonally arranged particle clusters (arrows) whose functional relevance is unknown. × ∼54,000.



Figure 29.

a: Two rabbit cortical collecting ducts with homogeneous population of intercalated cells (arrows), revealing constricted apical cell pole adorned with tuft of long microvilli. × ∼810. b: rat cortical collecting duct with heterogeneous population of intercalated cells. Probably the two cells marked by single arrows are type A cells; other two cells marked by double arrows are type B cells. × ∼2,200.



Figure 30.

Intercalated cell, type A, in rat connecting tubule. a: broad apical cell pole densely covered by finger‐like microprojections. Mitochondria have narrowly arranged cristae and are accumulated in apical cell portion. Specific vesicles are sparse in this example of intercalated cell and are totally lacking in basal cell portion. G, Golgi apparatus; P, polysomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. × ∼9,000. b: finger‐like microprojections of type A cells reveal coat of “studs” (arrowheads) on cytoplasmic membrane face. × ∼45,000. c: specific “flat” (long arrow) and invaginated (double arrows) vesicles also reveal studs and are interspersed between profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), clathrin vesicles (arrowheads), microtubules (T), and polysomes (P). × ∼45,000.



Figure 31.

Intercalated cell type B in rat cortical collecting duct. a: cell has an approximately elliptical profile; mitochondria are distributed predominantly in basal and lateral cell portions, numerous small vesicles are apparent in apical and basal cell portions. × ∼9,000. b: small invaginated vesicles are interspersed among profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few flat vesicles. Only a few specific vesicles reveal studs. × ∼27,500. c: numerous invaginated vesicles (mostly without studs) are often found in basal cell portion. × ∼45,000. d: in some type B IC cells, basal infoldings reveal same dense coat of studs on cytoplasmic membrane face (arrowheads) as apical microprojections of type A cells. × ∼45,000.



Figure 32.

Intercalated cell in inner stripe of rat outer medullary collecting duct. a: intercalated cells in medulla generally have a characteristic flattened nucleus, rather few mitochondria, and numerous vesicles in apical cell portion. × ∼10,300. b: flat studded vesicles (single arrow) may be particularly abundant among invaginated studded vesicles (double arrows) within apical cytoplasm. × ∼45,000.



Figure 33.

Intercalated cells in rat cortex. Freeze‐fracture electron micrographs. a: luminal membrane LM of intercalated cell is densely stuffed with arrays of rod‐shaped particles that probably correspond to studs in transmission electron micrographs. × ∼32,500. b: rod‐shaped particles are also found on the P‐face of cytoplasmic flat vesicles (single arrow); corresponding depressions are seen (double arrows) on E‐face. × ∼45,000. c: in other intercalated cells, rod‐shaped particles are found on basolateral membrane (arrows). T, tight junctions; LM, luminal membrane. × ∼27,000.



Figure 34.

Schematic of salient features of intercalated cells. a: type A. b: type B. c: medullary type.



Figure 35.

Light micrograph of connecting tubule in rat chronically treated with furosemide, showing intercalated type A cells (arrows) forming clusters around afferent arteriole (A). × ∼900.

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Article Title: Morphology of the Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, and Collecting Duct
 

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B. Kaissling, W. Kriz. Morphology of the Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, and Collecting Duct. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 25: Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology: 109-167. First published in print 1992. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp080103