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Structural Correlates of Transport in Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Segments

James B. Wade, Bruce A. Stanton, Dennis Brown

10.1002/cphy.cp080104

Source: Supplement 25: Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology

Originally published: 1992

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Structural Approaches
1.1 Light and Electron Microscopy
1.2 Electron Microscopy of Freeze‐Fractured and Freeze‐Dried Tissue
1.3 Enzyme Localization
1.4 Lectin and Antibody Localization Strategies
1.5 Quantitative Evaluation of Tubular Structures
2 Overview of Specialized Cell Types
2.1 Distal Convoluted Tubule Cells
2.2 Connecting Tubule Cells
2.3 Principal Cells
2.4 Intercalated Cells
3 Structural Changes Associated with Transport Regulation
3.1 Structural Correlates of Sodium and Potassium Transport
3.2 Structural Correlates of ADH Action
3.3 Intercalated Cells
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Thin sections of Lowicryl K4M–embedded rat kidney incubated with H. pomatia lectin‐gold complexes showing heterogeneous pattern of intercalated cell labeling in different parts of collecting duct. Lectin‐binding sites revealed by electron‐dense gold particles. In micrographs, intercalated cell on left; principal cell, on right. A: cells from cortical collecting duct; both cell types show labeling of apical plasma membrane and apical cytoplasmic vesicles. Degree of labeling is more intense on intercalated cell. B: part of collecting duct from inner stripe; in this case, principal cell is still labeled, but intercalated cell is very poorly labeled. × 14,000. Bars, 1 μm.

From Brown et al. 48
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Semithin section of Epon‐embedded rat kidney showing inner stripe of outer medulla. Section was incubated with H. pomatia lectin‐gold complexes to reveal lectin‐binding sites. A: section viewed with phase‐contrast microscopy to permit identification of cell types. Intercalated cells in collecting duct (arrows) can be identified by slightly darker cytoplasm and by appearance of nucleus, which has prominent nucleolus. B: same section as in A shown with bright‐field microscopy. Principal cells have intense apical labeling, whereas intercalated cells are virtually unlabeled (arrows). × 720. Bars, 20 μm.

From Brown et al. 48
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Superficial distal nephron in rat kidney. Distal tubule is composed of three segments: distal convoluted tubule (DCT), connecting tubule (CNT), and initial collecting tubule (ICT). Transitions between segments are gradual in rat and man, whereas in rabbit they are more abrupt. Cellular morphology of each tubular segment is indicated by arrows. Some intercalated cells are present in DCT in rat and man. In micropuncture literature, “early distal tubule” corresponds to DCT, and “late distal tubule” corresponds to ICT. Note that ICT and cortical collecting tubule (CCT) are both composed of principal and intercalated cells.

From Stanton 424
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Localization in cortical collecting duct principal cells of monoclonal antibody to Na+,K+‐ATPase with peroxidase‐conjugated antibody. Reaction product is prominent in infolded portions of basal cell membrane at left, but virtually absent from flat portions of membrane that directly opposes basal lamina (arrows). × 18,000.

From Kashgarian et al. 243
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Rabbit cortical collecting duct showing principal cells (PC) and intercalated cells (IC). A: isolated from control animal. B: DOCA‐treated animal showing marked amplification of basolateral membrane area in PC but not in IC. × 6,500.

From Wade et al. 491
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Summary of basolateral membrane (μm/cell) along distal nephron in control rats (open bars) and in rats given a high‐potassium diet for 4–6 weeks (hatched bars). DCTc, distal convoluted tubule cell; CNTc, connecting tubule cell; Ic, intercalated cell; Pc, principal cell; asterisks, significantly different from control (P < 0.05). Apical membrane did not change in any cell type within distal tubule

Data for cortical segments from ref. 415, and data for medullary collecting duct from ref. 350; from Stanton 426
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) and selective hormone replacement on basolateral membrane of principal cells in initial collecting tubule (open bars) and in urinary potassium excretion, expressed as fractional excretion of potassium (FEK; hatched bars). Potassium excretion was measured during intravenous infusion of KCl. Data expressed as percentage of adrenal‐intact control rats. ADX animals were given either vehicle (0.9% NaCl), dexamethasone (DEX; 1.2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1), or aldosterone (ALDO; 0.5 μg × 100−1 g × d−1) for 10 days by osmotic minipump. The ADX + ALDO + Acute ALDO group was given chronic infusion of aldosterone plus acute infusion (0.2 μg × 100−1 g body weight bolus plus 0.2 μg × 100−1 g × h−1), begun 105 min before urine was collected and maintained throughout experiment. Data from adrenal‐intact animals given high‐potassium diet for 4 to 6 Weeks (K‐Adapt) are also shown. Asterisks, significantly different from control, indicated by dashed line.

From Stanton 424
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Effects of adrenal corticosteroids on infrastructure of principal cells in rat initial collecting tubule. A: adrenal‐intact, plasma aldosterone 4.4 ng/dl. B: adrenalectomized animals given aldosterone (2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1) for 10 days. Plasma aldosterone increased above control levels to 23.5 ng/dl. Note increase in area of basolateral membrane and in cell size. These changes in ultrastructure were similar to those in animals given high‐potassium diet (see Fig. 7). C: adrenalectomy and dexamethasone (1.2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1) for 10 days. Basolateral membrane was significantly less than in A and B and was unchanged from adrenalectomized animals. Bars, 1 μm.

From Stanton 424
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Relationship between Na+,K+‐ATPase and basolateral membrane area in different renal segments from rabbit. Segments are 1: proximal convoluted tubule (S1), 2: proximal straight tubule (S2), 3: cortical thick ascending limb, 4: cortical collecting duct (control), 5: thin descending limb, and 6a, 6b: cortical collecting duct values for control and DOCA‐treated animals, respectively.

From O'Neil 332
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Effects of aldosterone treatment on surface density of basolateral membrane (SvBLM) of principal cells in initial collecting tubule of rat. Sv is ratio of basolateral membrane area to cell volume. Adrenalectomized animals were given bolus of aldosterone (2 μg) and continuous infusion of aldosterone (2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1) and dexamethasone (1.2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1). Asterisks, significantly different from day 0. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of animals in each group. [From Stanton 424 and Wade et al. 492.]
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Effects of increase in sodium uptake on cellular ultrastructure of rat distal nephron. Sodium uptake was increased chronically (6 d) by giving adrenalectomized rats (given replacement doses of adrenal corticosteroids) high‐sodium diet and furosemide by osmotic minipump. Furosemide inhibits NaCl reabsorption by thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, thereby increasing NaCl delivery into distal tubule and hence cell NaCl uptake. A: distal convoluted tubule cell from control animal. × 3,800. B: distal convoluted tubule cell from animal on high‐salt diet. Note dramatic increase in cell volume and basolateral membrane area. × 3,800. C: connecting tubule cell from control animal. × 4,000. D: connecting tubule cell from animal on high‐salt diet. Note dramatic increase in cell volume and basolateral membrane area vs. cell from control animal. × 4,000. E: principal cell from control animal. × 4,630. F: principal cell from animal on high‐salt diet. Note increase in basolateral membrane area vs. E. × 4,630.

From Kaissling and Stanton 240
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Freeze‐fracture electron micrographs of apical plasma membrane from toad urinary bladder, showing ADH‐induced intramembrane particle aggregates (arrows). A: P‐face fracture showing linear organization of aggregated particles. B: E‐face fracture of same membrane region showing complementary parallel grooves. × 60,000.

From Kachadorian et al. 227
Figure 13. Figure 13.

Freeze‐fracture micrograph of apical plasma membrane P‐face of mouse kidney collecting duct principal cell, showing typical ADH‐induced IMP clusters (arrows). Small rounded or ovoid bumps on membrane are stubby microvilli. × 54,000. Bar, 0.5 μm.

From Brown et al. 49
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Freeze‐fracture micrograph of aggrephores in cytoplasm of toad urinary bladder granular cell when not stimulated by ADH. Favorable fractures show that characteristic P‐face particle aggregates and E‐face grooves of aggregates are arranged in a spiral in vesicle membrane. × 80,000. Bar, 0.3 μm.

From Coleman et al. 67
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Freeze‐fracture micrograph of ADH‐stimulated toad urinary bladder apical membrane showing membrane fusion events (asterisks). × 39,000.

From Wade 486
Figure 16. Figure 16.

Fracture showing aggrephore tubule with aggregates (arrows) fused with luminal membrane E‐face (LM‐E) in ADH‐stimulated bladder. × 46,000.

From Muller et al. 322
Figure 17. Figure 17.

A: camera lucida drawings from 1876 showing surface and sectioned views of frog skin epithelium. Mitochondria‐rich (MR) cells (flask) cells are pear‐shaped in perpendicular sections (top right) and have small, white, circular profiles when seen from the surface of epidermis (bottom left). Other drawings in A represent additional views of epidermal cells. [From Schulze 402.] B, C: sections of Epon‐embedded X. laevis skin shown for comparison. Flask cells appear somewhat larger in diameter in tangential section in C than in A, because level of sectioning was deeper in epithelium, at level of base of flask cells. B, C, × 400; bars, 25 μm.

From Ilic and Brown 212
Figure 18. Figure 18.

Camera lucida drawing from 1887 showing the surface of toad urinary bladder. Polygonal cells are granular cells; darker triangular or rectangular cells are MR cells, and circular cells with small white apices are goblet cells. This drawing bears remarkable resemblance to modern scanning micrographs of toad bladder surface.

From List 284
Figure 19. Figure 19.

Camera lucida drawing from 1876 of kidney tubule epithelia. Top right drawing represents early evidence for two distinct populations of cells in collecting duct; Darker cells are intercalated cells, and lighter cells are principal cells. Bright oval in center of each cell presumably indicates the nucleus. Other drawings illustrate additional nephron segment specialization.

From Schachowa 392
Figure 20. Figure 20.

Apical pole of intercalated cell from rat collecting duct shown by conventional electron microscopy. A: coating material on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane can be readily seen (arrows) and is formed of stud‐like projections. B: by immunoelectron microscopy with anti‐proton pump antibodies followed by protein A‐gold, this coating material is specifically labeled, showing that it contains subunits of proton pump. Most gold particles lie directly over dense coating material that lines extensive apical microvilli and microplicae in this intercalated cell. A, × 100,000; bar, 0.1 μm. B, × 40,000; bar, 0.5 μm.

From Brown et al. 33
Figure 21. Figure 21.

Structure of cytoplasmic domain of proton pumps in vesicle from toad bladder MR cell shown by freeze‐drying and rotary‐shadowing of membranes from these cells. Proton pumps form para‐crystalline, hexagonally packed arrays on underside of plasma membrane and on cytoplasmic surface of specialized transporting vesicles. Arrays form membrane‐coating material that is apparent with conventional electron microscopy (see Fig. 20A). × 400,000. Bar, 50 nm.

From Brown et al. 33
Figure 22. Figure 22.

Characteristics of specialized transporting vesicles found in intercalated cells. A: freeze‐fracture micrograph of rod‐shaped IMPs on concave P‐faces; complementary elongated depressions are visible on convex E‐faces. B: anti‐proton pump immunogold labeling of vesicles from Lowicryl K4M–embedded kidney. Gold particles label cytoplasmic surface, revealing proton pumps in membrane of vesicles. C: endocytotic nature shown in micrograph of horseradish peroxidase–injected animal. Coated vesicles contain peroxidase reaction product, indicating that horseradish peroxidase has been internalized from cell surface. A, × 94,000; bar, 0.2 μm.B, × 15,000; bar, 0.1 μm. C, × 80,000; bar, 0.25 μm.

From Brown et al. 50
Figure 23. Figure 23.

Diagram summarizing main morphological features of principal cells (left) and intercalated cells (right) in kidney collecting duct. Principal cells have relatively few cytoplasmic organelles compared with intercalated cells and have few apical microvilli. In freeze‐fracture, apical plasma membrane has mainly globular IMPs (1) while basolateral plasma membrane (2) has characteristic orthogonal arrays of IMPs (arrowheads) of unknown function (see ref. 338). Intercalated cells have many mitochondria, many cytoplasmic vesicles, and often an elaborate apical array of microvilli and microplicae. In freeze‐fracture, rod‐shaped IMPs are found on parts of plasma membrane and on membrane of specialized cytoplasmic vesicles that transport proton pumps to and from cell surface (see Fig. 22). Some intercalated cells have rod‐shaped IMPs on apical plasma membranes (3); these are probably type A (proton‐secreting) intercalated cells. Other intercalated cells in cortical collecting ducts have similar rod‐shaped IMPs on basolateral plasma membrane (4); these are probably type B (bicarbonate‐secreting) intercalated cells. × 75,000. Bar, 0.25 μm.

From Brown and Orci 46
Figure 24. Figure 24.

Semithin sections of epoxy resin–embedded rat kidney, immunostained with anti‐proton ATPase antibodies followed by goat antirabbit IgG‐FITC. A: part of cortical collecting tubule. Principal cells are unstained, but intercalated cells have intense staining that in some cells is at apical pole while in others is located basally (arrows). These two patterns of staining represent location of proton pumps in A‐ and B‐type intercalated cells, respectively. B: part of inner stripe of outer medulla shown at lower magnification. Intercalated cells in collecting ducts (CD) are brightly stained; staining occurs only at apical pole. Only A‐type intercalated cells are present in this segment of the collecting duct. Some apical vesicles in adjacent thick ascending limbs (TAL) are weakly stained. A, × 1,000; bar, 10 μm. B, × 450; bar, 25 μm.

From Brown et al. 36


Figure 1.

Thin sections of Lowicryl K4M–embedded rat kidney incubated with H. pomatia lectin‐gold complexes showing heterogeneous pattern of intercalated cell labeling in different parts of collecting duct. Lectin‐binding sites revealed by electron‐dense gold particles. In micrographs, intercalated cell on left; principal cell, on right. A: cells from cortical collecting duct; both cell types show labeling of apical plasma membrane and apical cytoplasmic vesicles. Degree of labeling is more intense on intercalated cell. B: part of collecting duct from inner stripe; in this case, principal cell is still labeled, but intercalated cell is very poorly labeled. × 14,000. Bars, 1 μm.

From Brown et al. 48


Figure 2.

Semithin section of Epon‐embedded rat kidney showing inner stripe of outer medulla. Section was incubated with H. pomatia lectin‐gold complexes to reveal lectin‐binding sites. A: section viewed with phase‐contrast microscopy to permit identification of cell types. Intercalated cells in collecting duct (arrows) can be identified by slightly darker cytoplasm and by appearance of nucleus, which has prominent nucleolus. B: same section as in A shown with bright‐field microscopy. Principal cells have intense apical labeling, whereas intercalated cells are virtually unlabeled (arrows). × 720. Bars, 20 μm.

From Brown et al. 48


Figure 3.

Superficial distal nephron in rat kidney. Distal tubule is composed of three segments: distal convoluted tubule (DCT), connecting tubule (CNT), and initial collecting tubule (ICT). Transitions between segments are gradual in rat and man, whereas in rabbit they are more abrupt. Cellular morphology of each tubular segment is indicated by arrows. Some intercalated cells are present in DCT in rat and man. In micropuncture literature, “early distal tubule” corresponds to DCT, and “late distal tubule” corresponds to ICT. Note that ICT and cortical collecting tubule (CCT) are both composed of principal and intercalated cells.

From Stanton 424


Figure 4.

Localization in cortical collecting duct principal cells of monoclonal antibody to Na+,K+‐ATPase with peroxidase‐conjugated antibody. Reaction product is prominent in infolded portions of basal cell membrane at left, but virtually absent from flat portions of membrane that directly opposes basal lamina (arrows). × 18,000.

From Kashgarian et al. 243


Figure 5.

Rabbit cortical collecting duct showing principal cells (PC) and intercalated cells (IC). A: isolated from control animal. B: DOCA‐treated animal showing marked amplification of basolateral membrane area in PC but not in IC. × 6,500.

From Wade et al. 491


Figure 6.

Summary of basolateral membrane (μm/cell) along distal nephron in control rats (open bars) and in rats given a high‐potassium diet for 4–6 weeks (hatched bars). DCTc, distal convoluted tubule cell; CNTc, connecting tubule cell; Ic, intercalated cell; Pc, principal cell; asterisks, significantly different from control (P < 0.05). Apical membrane did not change in any cell type within distal tubule

Data for cortical segments from ref. 415, and data for medullary collecting duct from ref. 350; from Stanton 426


Figure 7.

Effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) and selective hormone replacement on basolateral membrane of principal cells in initial collecting tubule (open bars) and in urinary potassium excretion, expressed as fractional excretion of potassium (FEK; hatched bars). Potassium excretion was measured during intravenous infusion of KCl. Data expressed as percentage of adrenal‐intact control rats. ADX animals were given either vehicle (0.9% NaCl), dexamethasone (DEX; 1.2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1), or aldosterone (ALDO; 0.5 μg × 100−1 g × d−1) for 10 days by osmotic minipump. The ADX + ALDO + Acute ALDO group was given chronic infusion of aldosterone plus acute infusion (0.2 μg × 100−1 g body weight bolus plus 0.2 μg × 100−1 g × h−1), begun 105 min before urine was collected and maintained throughout experiment. Data from adrenal‐intact animals given high‐potassium diet for 4 to 6 Weeks (K‐Adapt) are also shown. Asterisks, significantly different from control, indicated by dashed line.

From Stanton 424


Figure 8.

Effects of adrenal corticosteroids on infrastructure of principal cells in rat initial collecting tubule. A: adrenal‐intact, plasma aldosterone 4.4 ng/dl. B: adrenalectomized animals given aldosterone (2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1) for 10 days. Plasma aldosterone increased above control levels to 23.5 ng/dl. Note increase in area of basolateral membrane and in cell size. These changes in ultrastructure were similar to those in animals given high‐potassium diet (see Fig. 7). C: adrenalectomy and dexamethasone (1.2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1) for 10 days. Basolateral membrane was significantly less than in A and B and was unchanged from adrenalectomized animals. Bars, 1 μm.

From Stanton 424


Figure 9.

Relationship between Na+,K+‐ATPase and basolateral membrane area in different renal segments from rabbit. Segments are 1: proximal convoluted tubule (S1), 2: proximal straight tubule (S2), 3: cortical thick ascending limb, 4: cortical collecting duct (control), 5: thin descending limb, and 6a, 6b: cortical collecting duct values for control and DOCA‐treated animals, respectively.

From O'Neil 332


Figure 10.

Effects of aldosterone treatment on surface density of basolateral membrane (SvBLM) of principal cells in initial collecting tubule of rat. Sv is ratio of basolateral membrane area to cell volume. Adrenalectomized animals were given bolus of aldosterone (2 μg) and continuous infusion of aldosterone (2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1) and dexamethasone (1.2 μg × 100−1 g × d−1). Asterisks, significantly different from day 0. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of animals in each group. [From Stanton 424 and Wade et al. 492.]



Figure 11.

Effects of increase in sodium uptake on cellular ultrastructure of rat distal nephron. Sodium uptake was increased chronically (6 d) by giving adrenalectomized rats (given replacement doses of adrenal corticosteroids) high‐sodium diet and furosemide by osmotic minipump. Furosemide inhibits NaCl reabsorption by thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, thereby increasing NaCl delivery into distal tubule and hence cell NaCl uptake. A: distal convoluted tubule cell from control animal. × 3,800. B: distal convoluted tubule cell from animal on high‐salt diet. Note dramatic increase in cell volume and basolateral membrane area. × 3,800. C: connecting tubule cell from control animal. × 4,000. D: connecting tubule cell from animal on high‐salt diet. Note dramatic increase in cell volume and basolateral membrane area vs. cell from control animal. × 4,000. E: principal cell from control animal. × 4,630. F: principal cell from animal on high‐salt diet. Note increase in basolateral membrane area vs. E. × 4,630.

From Kaissling and Stanton 240


Figure 12.

Freeze‐fracture electron micrographs of apical plasma membrane from toad urinary bladder, showing ADH‐induced intramembrane particle aggregates (arrows). A: P‐face fracture showing linear organization of aggregated particles. B: E‐face fracture of same membrane region showing complementary parallel grooves. × 60,000.

From Kachadorian et al. 227


Figure 13.

Freeze‐fracture micrograph of apical plasma membrane P‐face of mouse kidney collecting duct principal cell, showing typical ADH‐induced IMP clusters (arrows). Small rounded or ovoid bumps on membrane are stubby microvilli. × 54,000. Bar, 0.5 μm.

From Brown et al. 49


Figure 14.

Freeze‐fracture micrograph of aggrephores in cytoplasm of toad urinary bladder granular cell when not stimulated by ADH. Favorable fractures show that characteristic P‐face particle aggregates and E‐face grooves of aggregates are arranged in a spiral in vesicle membrane. × 80,000. Bar, 0.3 μm.

From Coleman et al. 67


Figure 15.

Freeze‐fracture micrograph of ADH‐stimulated toad urinary bladder apical membrane showing membrane fusion events (asterisks). × 39,000.

From Wade 486


Figure 16.

Fracture showing aggrephore tubule with aggregates (arrows) fused with luminal membrane E‐face (LM‐E) in ADH‐stimulated bladder. × 46,000.

From Muller et al. 322


Figure 17.

A: camera lucida drawings from 1876 showing surface and sectioned views of frog skin epithelium. Mitochondria‐rich (MR) cells (flask) cells are pear‐shaped in perpendicular sections (top right) and have small, white, circular profiles when seen from the surface of epidermis (bottom left). Other drawings in A represent additional views of epidermal cells. [From Schulze 402.] B, C: sections of Epon‐embedded X. laevis skin shown for comparison. Flask cells appear somewhat larger in diameter in tangential section in C than in A, because level of sectioning was deeper in epithelium, at level of base of flask cells. B, C, × 400; bars, 25 μm.

From Ilic and Brown 212


Figure 18.

Camera lucida drawing from 1887 showing the surface of toad urinary bladder. Polygonal cells are granular cells; darker triangular or rectangular cells are MR cells, and circular cells with small white apices are goblet cells. This drawing bears remarkable resemblance to modern scanning micrographs of toad bladder surface.

From List 284


Figure 19.

Camera lucida drawing from 1876 of kidney tubule epithelia. Top right drawing represents early evidence for two distinct populations of cells in collecting duct; Darker cells are intercalated cells, and lighter cells are principal cells. Bright oval in center of each cell presumably indicates the nucleus. Other drawings illustrate additional nephron segment specialization.

From Schachowa 392


Figure 20.

Apical pole of intercalated cell from rat collecting duct shown by conventional electron microscopy. A: coating material on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane can be readily seen (arrows) and is formed of stud‐like projections. B: by immunoelectron microscopy with anti‐proton pump antibodies followed by protein A‐gold, this coating material is specifically labeled, showing that it contains subunits of proton pump. Most gold particles lie directly over dense coating material that lines extensive apical microvilli and microplicae in this intercalated cell. A, × 100,000; bar, 0.1 μm. B, × 40,000; bar, 0.5 μm.

From Brown et al. 33


Figure 21.

Structure of cytoplasmic domain of proton pumps in vesicle from toad bladder MR cell shown by freeze‐drying and rotary‐shadowing of membranes from these cells. Proton pumps form para‐crystalline, hexagonally packed arrays on underside of plasma membrane and on cytoplasmic surface of specialized transporting vesicles. Arrays form membrane‐coating material that is apparent with conventional electron microscopy (see Fig. 20A). × 400,000. Bar, 50 nm.

From Brown et al. 33


Figure 22.

Characteristics of specialized transporting vesicles found in intercalated cells. A: freeze‐fracture micrograph of rod‐shaped IMPs on concave P‐faces; complementary elongated depressions are visible on convex E‐faces. B: anti‐proton pump immunogold labeling of vesicles from Lowicryl K4M–embedded kidney. Gold particles label cytoplasmic surface, revealing proton pumps in membrane of vesicles. C: endocytotic nature shown in micrograph of horseradish peroxidase–injected animal. Coated vesicles contain peroxidase reaction product, indicating that horseradish peroxidase has been internalized from cell surface. A, × 94,000; bar, 0.2 μm.B, × 15,000; bar, 0.1 μm. C, × 80,000; bar, 0.25 μm.

From Brown et al. 50


Figure 23.

Diagram summarizing main morphological features of principal cells (left) and intercalated cells (right) in kidney collecting duct. Principal cells have relatively few cytoplasmic organelles compared with intercalated cells and have few apical microvilli. In freeze‐fracture, apical plasma membrane has mainly globular IMPs (1) while basolateral plasma membrane (2) has characteristic orthogonal arrays of IMPs (arrowheads) of unknown function (see ref. 338). Intercalated cells have many mitochondria, many cytoplasmic vesicles, and often an elaborate apical array of microvilli and microplicae. In freeze‐fracture, rod‐shaped IMPs are found on parts of plasma membrane and on membrane of specialized cytoplasmic vesicles that transport proton pumps to and from cell surface (see Fig. 22). Some intercalated cells have rod‐shaped IMPs on apical plasma membranes (3); these are probably type A (proton‐secreting) intercalated cells. Other intercalated cells in cortical collecting ducts have similar rod‐shaped IMPs on basolateral plasma membrane (4); these are probably type B (bicarbonate‐secreting) intercalated cells. × 75,000. Bar, 0.25 μm.

From Brown and Orci 46


Figure 24.

Semithin sections of epoxy resin–embedded rat kidney, immunostained with anti‐proton ATPase antibodies followed by goat antirabbit IgG‐FITC. A: part of cortical collecting tubule. Principal cells are unstained, but intercalated cells have intense staining that in some cells is at apical pole while in others is located basally (arrows). These two patterns of staining represent location of proton pumps in A‐ and B‐type intercalated cells, respectively. B: part of inner stripe of outer medulla shown at lower magnification. Intercalated cells in collecting ducts (CD) are brightly stained; staining occurs only at apical pole. Only A‐type intercalated cells are present in this segment of the collecting duct. Some apical vesicles in adjacent thick ascending limbs (TAL) are weakly stained. A, × 1,000; bar, 10 μm. B, × 450; bar, 25 μm.

From Brown et al. 36
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Article Title: Structural Correlates of Transport in Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Segments
 

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James B. Wade, Bruce A. Stanton, Dennis Brown. Structural Correlates of Transport in Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Segments. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 25: Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology: 169-226. First published in print 1992. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp080104