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Renal Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids

Kirk P. Conrad, Michael J. Dunn

10.1002/cphy.cp080235

Source: Supplement 25: Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology

Originally published: 1992

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Biochemistry
1.1 Eicosanoid Synthesis
1.2 Eicosanoid Degradation
1.3 Lipoxygenase and Epoxygenase Derivatives of Arachidonic Acid
1.4 Sites of Renal Eicosanoid Synthesis
1.5 Mechanism of Peptide Hormone Stimulation of Eicosanoid Synthesis
1.6 Eicosanoid Receptors and Mechanism of Action of Eicosanoids
1.7 Prostaglandin Excretion and Secretion
2 Influence of Prostaglandins on Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate
2.1 Administration of Prostaglandins and Their Precursors
2.2 Influence of Cyclooxygenase Inhibition on Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
2.3 Role of Prostaglandins in Renal Autoregulation and Tubuloglomerular Feedback
2.4 Hormonal Stimulation of Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis
2.5 Peptide Hormones and Prostaglandin Interactions in the Control of Renal Blood Flow
2.6 Some Conditions in Which Prostaglandins Exert an Important Vasodilatory Action
2.7 Summary: Prostaglandins and Renal Hemodynamics
3 Prostaglandins and Renal Water Excretion
3.1 Capacity of Renal Prostaglandins to Modulate Water Excretion in the Presence of Vasopressin
3.2 Capacity of Renal Prostaglandins to Modulate Water Excretion When Vasopressin Is Absent or Severely Reduced
3.3 Vasopressin and Vasopressin Analogs Stimulate Prostaglandin Synthesis in the Kidney
3.4 Mechanisms by Which Prostaglandins Modulate Renal Water Excretion
3.5 Prostaglandin Antagonism of AVP‐Stimulated Water Flow: A Physiologic Phenomenon Mediated through the cyclic‐AMP System?
3.6 Summary: Prostaglandins and Renal Water Excretion
4 Staglandins and Sodium Excretion
4.1 Influence of Prostaglandins and Arachidonic Acid on Renal Sodium Excretion
4.2 Cyclooxygenase Inhibition and Renal Sodium Excretion
4.3 Effect of Sodium Intake on Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis and Excretion
4.4 Nephron Sites Where Prostaglandins Oppose Sodium Absorption
4.5 Summary: Prostaglandins and Sodium Excretion
5 Contribution of Prostaglandins to the Renal Release of Renin
5.1 Effects of Exogenous Prostaglandins and Arachidonic Acid on Renal Renin Release
5.2 Influence of Cyclooxygenase Inhibition on Renal Renin Release
5.3 Renin Release by the β‐Adrenergic, Renal Baroreceptor, and Macula Densa Mechanisms: Role of Prostaglandins
5.4 Summary: Prostaglandins and Renin Release
6 Prostaglandins as Mediators of Erythropoietin Release
7 Effect of Prostaglandins on Tubular Transport of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium, and on Renal Ammoniagenesis
7.1 Calcium
7.2 Phosphate
7.3 Magnesium
7.4 Renal Ammoniagenesis
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Arachidonic acid conversion to biologically active eicosanoids. NSAIA, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents; HPETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; PG, prostaglandin; HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; HHT, hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid; MDA, malondialdehyde.

Reproduced with permission, Upjohn Co
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Chemical structures of the major prostaglandins (PGs) derived from arachidonic acid (C20:4) and oxygenated by the cyclooxygenase (PGH2 synthase) enzyme. HPETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; Tx, thromboxane.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Prostaglandin degradation. 15‐PGDH, 15‐hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase; 15‐PGKR, 15‐hydroxy prostaglandin ketoreductase; 9‐PGDH, 9‐hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase; 9‐PGKR, 9‐hydroxy prostaglandin ketoreductase.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Eicosanoid synthesis by different nephron sites. A. Location of cyclooxygenase along the nephron. B. Location of P450 and lipoxygenase enzymes along the nephron. PCT, proximal convoluted tubule; PST, proximal straight tubule; TALH, thick ascending limb of Henle; DCT, distal convoluted tubule.

From Morrison, A. R., Biochemistry and pharmacology of renal arachidonic acid metabolism. Am. J. Med. 80(Suppl. 1A): 3–11, 1986
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Sources of arachidonic acid. Agonists, such as AT II, activate phospholipases A2 and C, ultimately releasing arachidonic acid.
Figure 6. Figure 6.

The phospholipase C–signal transduction pathways. These mechanisms have been documented in diverse cells, including renal mesangial and tubular epithelial cells. Gx, guanine nucleotide‐binding regulatory protein; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate; I‐1,4,5 P3, inositol‐1,4,5‐triphosphate.

From Williamson 517
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Eicosanoid signal transduction. Vasorelaxants PGE2 and PGI2 stimulate adenylate cyclase, whereas vasoconstrictors TxA2, PGF2α, and LTD4 activate phospholipase C, increase cytosolic Ca, and stimulate protein kinase C. PG, prostaglandin; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine‐3′,5′‐monophosphate; DAG, diacylglycerol; Tx, thromboxane; LT, leukotriene.
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Indomethacin (10 mg/kg body weight intravenous) was given to seven chronically instrumented conscious dogs and six dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. *, P < 0.05 vs. control.

From Swain et al. 471
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Comparison of effects of sodium meclofenamate (5 mg/kg body weight intravenous) on mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal blood flow (RBF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR) in unanesthetized, sodium‐replete and depleted dogs. ○, mean ± SE; •, individual values. *, P < 0.02 meclofenamate vs. control.

From Blasingham et al. 56
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Studies were conducted in steroid‐replaced hypophysectomized dogs undergoing a water diuresis. A: Blank solution (vehicle) was given, and no enhancement of the antidiuretic action of vasopressin was observed. With administration of 2 mg/kg intravenous indomethacin (B) or 2 mg/kg intravenous meclofenamate (C), a pronounced potentiation of the antidiuretic action of vasopressin was demonstrated.

From Anderson et al. 5
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Na excretion as a function of renal arterial pressure before (A) and after (B) indomethacin administration to dogs.

From Carmines, P. K., P. D. Bell, R. J. Roman, J. Work, and L. G. Navar, Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 17): F8–F14, 1985


Figure 1.

Arachidonic acid conversion to biologically active eicosanoids. NSAIA, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents; HPETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; PG, prostaglandin; HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; HHT, hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid; MDA, malondialdehyde.

Reproduced with permission, Upjohn Co


Figure 2.

Chemical structures of the major prostaglandins (PGs) derived from arachidonic acid (C20:4) and oxygenated by the cyclooxygenase (PGH2 synthase) enzyme. HPETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; Tx, thromboxane.



Figure 3.

Prostaglandin degradation. 15‐PGDH, 15‐hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase; 15‐PGKR, 15‐hydroxy prostaglandin ketoreductase; 9‐PGDH, 9‐hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase; 9‐PGKR, 9‐hydroxy prostaglandin ketoreductase.



Figure 4.

Eicosanoid synthesis by different nephron sites. A. Location of cyclooxygenase along the nephron. B. Location of P450 and lipoxygenase enzymes along the nephron. PCT, proximal convoluted tubule; PST, proximal straight tubule; TALH, thick ascending limb of Henle; DCT, distal convoluted tubule.

From Morrison, A. R., Biochemistry and pharmacology of renal arachidonic acid metabolism. Am. J. Med. 80(Suppl. 1A): 3–11, 1986


Figure 5.

Sources of arachidonic acid. Agonists, such as AT II, activate phospholipases A2 and C, ultimately releasing arachidonic acid.



Figure 6.

The phospholipase C–signal transduction pathways. These mechanisms have been documented in diverse cells, including renal mesangial and tubular epithelial cells. Gx, guanine nucleotide‐binding regulatory protein; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate; I‐1,4,5 P3, inositol‐1,4,5‐triphosphate.

From Williamson 517


Figure 7.

Eicosanoid signal transduction. Vasorelaxants PGE2 and PGI2 stimulate adenylate cyclase, whereas vasoconstrictors TxA2, PGF2α, and LTD4 activate phospholipase C, increase cytosolic Ca, and stimulate protein kinase C. PG, prostaglandin; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine‐3′,5′‐monophosphate; DAG, diacylglycerol; Tx, thromboxane; LT, leukotriene.



Figure 8.

Indomethacin (10 mg/kg body weight intravenous) was given to seven chronically instrumented conscious dogs and six dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. *, P < 0.05 vs. control.

From Swain et al. 471


Figure 9.

Comparison of effects of sodium meclofenamate (5 mg/kg body weight intravenous) on mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal blood flow (RBF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR) in unanesthetized, sodium‐replete and depleted dogs. ○, mean ± SE; •, individual values. *, P < 0.02 meclofenamate vs. control.

From Blasingham et al. 56


Figure 10.

Studies were conducted in steroid‐replaced hypophysectomized dogs undergoing a water diuresis. A: Blank solution (vehicle) was given, and no enhancement of the antidiuretic action of vasopressin was observed. With administration of 2 mg/kg intravenous indomethacin (B) or 2 mg/kg intravenous meclofenamate (C), a pronounced potentiation of the antidiuretic action of vasopressin was demonstrated.

From Anderson et al. 5


Figure 11.

Na excretion as a function of renal arterial pressure before (A) and after (B) indomethacin administration to dogs.

From Carmines, P. K., P. D. Bell, R. J. Roman, J. Work, and L. G. Navar, Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 17): F8–F14, 1985
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Article Title: Renal Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids
 

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Kirk P. Conrad, Michael J. Dunn. Renal Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 25: Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology: 1707-1757. First published in print 1992. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp080235