Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Chemical Agents in Air

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Nature of Chemical Agents in Air
1.1 Gases
1.2 Aerosols
2 Origin of Chemical Agents in Air
2.1 Natural sources
2.2 Man‐made sources
3 Distribution of Chemical Agents in Air
4 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Limits of equipment used for measuring particle size.

Reproduced by permission of Mine Safety Appliances Co
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Sizes of airborne contaminants.

Reproduced by permission of Mine Safety Appliances Co
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Coordinate system for plume dispersion estimates.

Figure 4. Figure 4.

Plot of horizontal and vertical standard deviations (σy and σz) versus distance from source for the various stability categories, A through F.



Figure 1.

Limits of equipment used for measuring particle size.

Reproduced by permission of Mine Safety Appliances Co


Figure 2.

Sizes of airborne contaminants.

Reproduced by permission of Mine Safety Appliances Co


Figure 3.

Coordinate system for plume dispersion estimates.



Figure 4.

Plot of horizontal and vertical standard deviations (σy and σz) versus distance from source for the various stability categories, A through F.

References
 1. Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons. Washington, D.C.: National Air Pollution Control Administration, 1970. (Report No. AP‐64)
 2. Air Quality Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides. Washington, D. C.: National Air Pollution Control Administration, 1971. (Report No. AP‐84)
 3. Air Quality Criteria for Particulates. Washington, D.C.: National Air Pollution Control Administration, 1970. (Report No. AP‐49)
 4. Air Quality Criteria for Photochemical Oxidants. Washington, D.C.: National Air Pollution Control Administration, 1970. (Report No. AP‐63)
 5. Air Quality Data for Metals 1968 and 1969. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. (Report No. APTD‐1467)
 6. Barrett, L. B. and T. E. Waddell. Cost of air pollution damage: a status report. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. (Report No. AP‐85)
 7. Becker, R. D., J. A. Spandaro, and E. W. Berg. Trace elements of human bone. J. Bone Joint Surg., US 50A: 326–334, 1968.
 8. Bituminous Coal Facts 1972. Washington, D.C.: National Coal Association, 1973, p. 60.
 9. Bolin, B., and C. D. Keeling. Large‐scale atmospheric mixing as deduced from the seasonal and meridional variations of CO2. J. Geophys. Res. 68: 3899–3920, 1963.
 10. Bowen, D. H. M. Waste lube oils pose disposal dilemma. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6 (1): 25–26, 1972.
 11. Cantrell, A. Annual refining survey. Oil Gas J. 70: 135–138, 1972.
 12. Cavender, J. H., D. S. Kircher, and A. J. Hoffman. Nationwide air pollutant emission trends 1940–1970. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. (Report No. AP‐115)
 13. Chylek, P., and J. A. Coakley, Jr. Aerosols and climate. Science 183: 75–77, 1974.
 14. Coal Refuse Fires —an environmental hazard, Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8515. Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Interior, 1971.
 15. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (2nd ed.). Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. (Report No. AP‐42)
 16. Crespi, H. L., D. Huff, H. F. Dabell, and J. J. Katz. Carbon monoxide in the biosphere: CO emission by freshwater algae, Report to CRC‐APRAC. Argonne, Ill.: Argonne National Lab., 1972.
 17. Davis, W. E. & Associates National inventory of sources and emissions of arsenic. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. (Report No. APTD‐1507)
 18. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of asbestos. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. (Report No. APTD‐70)
 19. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of barium. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. (Report No. APTD‐1140)
 20. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of beryllium. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. (Report No. APTD‐1508)
 21. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of boron. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. (Report No. APTD‐1159)
 22. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of cadmium 1968. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. (Report No. APTD‐68)
 23. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of copper. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. (Report No. APTD‐1129)
 24. Davis, W. E. & Associates. Emission study of industrial sources of lead air pollutants. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. (Report No. APTD‐1543)
 25. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of manganese. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. (Report No. APTD‐1509)
 26. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of mercury, Report No. APTD‐1510. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1971.
 27. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of nickel. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. (Report No. APTD‐69)
 28. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of selenium. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. (Report No APTD‐1130)
 29. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of vanadium. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. (Report No. APTD‐1511)
 30. Davis, W. E. & Associates. National inventory of sources and emissions of zinc. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. (Report No. APTD‐1139)
 31. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, 1971.
 32. Engelmann, R. J., and W. G. N. Slinn (editors). Precipitation Scavenging, issued by National Technical Information Service as CONF‐700601, 1970.
 33. Facts and Figures for the Chemical Industry. Chem Eng. News, June 5, 1972.
 34. Facts and Figures for the Chemical Industry. Chem Eng. News, June 4, 1973.
 35. Friberg, L., M. Piscator, G. Nordberg, and T. Kjellstrom. Cadmium in the Environment. II. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. (Report EPA‐R2‐73‐190)
 36. GCA Corporation. National Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Chromium. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. (Report No. 450/3‐74‐012)
 37. GCA Corporation. National Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Magnesium. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. (Report No. 450/3‐74‐010)
 38. GCA Corporation. National Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Molybdenum. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. (Report No. 450/3‐74‐009)
 39. GCA Corporation. National Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Phosphorus. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. (Report No. 450/3‐74‐013)
 40. GCA Corporation. National Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Silver. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. (Report No. 450/3‐74‐011)
 41. GCA Corporation. National Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Titanium. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. (Report No. 450/ 3‐74‐008)
 42. Gibbs, W. E. Clouds and Smokes. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son and Co., 1924.
 43. Grey, D. C., and M. L. Jensen. Bacteriogenic sulfur in air pollution. Science 177: 1099–1100, 1972.
 44. Highway Statistics 1971. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Public Roads, Department of Transportation, 1973.
 45. Hodgman, C. D. (editor). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., 1961, p. 3421.
 46. Houdry Division of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Ethylene dichloride manufacture by oxychlorination process. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973.
 47. Jawawroski, Z. Stable and Radioactive lead in Environment and Human Body. Warsaw, Poland: Nuclear Energy Information Center, 1967. (Review Report No. 29)
 48. Kearney, A. T., and Co. Systems Analysis of Emissions and Emission Control in the Iron Foundry Industry. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1971, vol. I‐III. (APTD‐0644 through‐0646)
 49. Kevorkian, J., D. P. Cento, J. R. Hyland, W. M. Bagozzi, and E. Van Hellebeke. Mercury content of human tissues during the twentieth century. Am. J. Public Health 62: 504–13, 1972.
 50. Kessler, T., A. G. Sharkey, and R. A. Friedel. Analysis of Trace Elements in Coal by Spark‐Source Mass‐Spectrometry. US Department of Interior, Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Bureau of Mines, 1972. (Report RI‐7714)
 51. Levy, A., S. E. Miller, R. E. Barnett, E. J. Schulz, R. H. Melvin, W. H. Axtman, and D. W. Locklin. A field Investigation of Emissions from Fuel Oil Combustion for Space Heating. Presented at American Petroleum Institute Committee on Air and Water Conservation Meeting, Columbus, Ohio, November, 1971.
 52. Minerals Yearbook –1971. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, US Department of Interior, 1972.
 53. Muhich, A. J., A. J. Klee, and P. W. Britten. 1968 National survey of community solid waste practices. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1968. (PHS Publication No. 1867)
 54. Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, 1972.
 55. Patty, F. A. (editor). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, (2nd ed.), vol. II. New York: Interscience, 1963.
 56. Poldervaart, A. (editor). Crust of the Earth, New York: Geological Society of America, 1955, p. 121–123.
 57. Resources Research, Inc. Engineering and Cost Effectiveness Study of Fluoride Emissions Control. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1972.
 58. Robinson, E., and R. C. Robbins. Gaseous nitrogen compound pollutants from urban and natural sources. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 20: 303–306, 1970.
 59. Robinson, G. D. Long‐term effects of air pollution —a survey. Hartford, Connecticut: Center for Environment and Man, 1970. (Report CEM 4029‐400)
 60. Sewage Sludge Incineration. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. (Report No. EPA‐R2‐72‐949)
 61. Stoiber, R. E., and A. Jepsen. Sulfur dioxide contributions to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Science 182: 577–579, 1973.
 62. Turner, D. B. Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates. Cincinnati, Ohio. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1969. (PHS Publication No. 999‐AP‐26)
 63. Westenberg, A. A. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide consumption in polluted air: the carbon monoxide‐hydroperoxyl reaction. Science 177: 255–257, 1972.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

How to Cite

D. S. Barth, S. C. Black, J. R. Hammerle. Chemical Agents in Air. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 26: Handbook of Physiology, Reactions to Environmental Agents: 157-166. First published in print 1977. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp090109