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Neuromuscular Adaptation

V. R. Edgerton, S. Bodine‐Fowler, R. R. Roy, A. Ishihara, J. A. Hodgson

10.1002/cphy.cp120102

Source: Supplement 29: Handbook of Physiology, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems

Originally published: 1996

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Matching of Motoneurons and Muscle Fiber Properties During Normal Development
1.1 Muscle Development
1.2 Motoneuron Development
1.3 Synapse Elimination
1.4 Summary
2 Neural and Nonneural Sources of Control of Adult Skeletal Muscle Properties
2.1 Cross‐Reinnervation
2.2 Prolonged Electrical Silence
3 Morphological and Metabolic Properties of Motoneurons
3.1 Relationship of Soma Size and Metabolic Properties
3.2 Adaptability of Soma Size and Metabolic Properties
4 Gene Amplification Within a Motor Unit
5 Overall Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

The three major types of myoblasts—embryonic or primary myoblasts, fetal or secondary myoblasts, and adult myoblasts or satellite cells—are separated primarily by the developmental stage at which they migrate from the somite to the limb bud.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

A schematic of the emergence of myosin heavy chain types from primary and secondary myotubes at the fetal, neonatal, and postnatal stages of development.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

A schematic of some of the factors potentially involved in the neural control of expression of AChR via the neuromuscular junction. Note that AChR transcription is repressed in extrajunctional nuclei by activity, perhaps via protein kinase C and Myo‐D–like transcription factors. Activity may also affect the junctional nuclei via receptors involving agrin and FGF, which may cause AChR clustering by stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation and AChR‐43KDa interactions; ARIA and CGRP could also affect junctional nuclei via separate receptors.


Figure 1.

The three major types of myoblasts—embryonic or primary myoblasts, fetal or secondary myoblasts, and adult myoblasts or satellite cells—are separated primarily by the developmental stage at which they migrate from the somite to the limb bud.



Figure 2.

A schematic of the emergence of myosin heavy chain types from primary and secondary myotubes at the fetal, neonatal, and postnatal stages of development.



Figure 3.

A schematic of some of the factors potentially involved in the neural control of expression of AChR via the neuromuscular junction. Note that AChR transcription is repressed in extrajunctional nuclei by activity, perhaps via protein kinase C and Myo‐D–like transcription factors. Activity may also affect the junctional nuclei via receptors involving agrin and FGF, which may cause AChR clustering by stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation and AChR‐43KDa interactions; ARIA and CGRP could also affect junctional nuclei via separate receptors.

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Article Title: Neuromuscular Adaptation
 

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V. R. Edgerton, S. Bodine‐Fowler, R. R. Roy, A. Ishihara, J. A. Hodgson. Neuromuscular Adaptation. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 29: Handbook of Physiology, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems: 54-88. First published in print 1996. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp120102