Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Muscle Plasticity: Energy Demand and Supply Processes

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Goals and Fundamental Concepts
1.1 The Concept of Plasticity
1.2 The Concept of Protein Isoforms
1.3 The Concept of Protein Turnover
2 Organization of Muscle Cells into Functional Units Based on Patterns of Protein Expression
2.1 Cellular Processes Involved in Contraction and Relaxation: Role of Cross‐Bridge and Calcium Cycling Isoforms
2.2 Cellular Processes Involving Oxidative Metabolism
2.3 Cellular Processes Involving Anaerobic Metabolism and High‐Energy Phosphate Buffering
2.4 Interrelationships in Cellular Processes
3 Organelle Plasticity in Response to Interventions
3.1 Contractile Machinery
3.2 Mitochondria and Substrate Provision (Oxidative Processes)
3.3 Glycogenolytic Activity and Glucose Transport for Anaerobic Processes
3.4 Fatty Acid Transfer and Oxidation
3.5 Fiber‐Type Plasticity
4 Regulatory Factors
4.1 External to the Muscle
4.2 Internal to Muscle
5 Cunical Significance of Muscle Plasticity
6 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Diagram of intermediary steps involved in the transfer of substrates to and from skeletal muscle. Mit, mitochondria; FFA, free fatty acids; GLUT 4 is glucose transport protein 4.

Adapted from a review by Hoppeler and Billeter 152
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Enzymatic reactions designed to buffer ATP turnover independent of aerobic metabolic processes.

Figure 3. Figure 3.

Adaptive increases in mitochondrial enzymes to either treadmill running or chronic electrical stimulation.

Contributed by Zhen Yan
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Schematic overview of signal transduction pathways. TM, transmembrane; PL, phospholipases; DAG, diacylglycerol; InsP3, inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; MAP kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase.

Reprinted with permission from the publisher from Hug and Sarre 157
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Multiple steps in the pathway of gene expression are modulated by changes in the inherent contractile activity.



Figure 1.

Diagram of intermediary steps involved in the transfer of substrates to and from skeletal muscle. Mit, mitochondria; FFA, free fatty acids; GLUT 4 is glucose transport protein 4.

Adapted from a review by Hoppeler and Billeter 152


Figure 2.

Enzymatic reactions designed to buffer ATP turnover independent of aerobic metabolic processes.



Figure 3.

Adaptive increases in mitochondrial enzymes to either treadmill running or chronic electrical stimulation.

Contributed by Zhen Yan


Figure 4.

Schematic overview of signal transduction pathways. TM, transmembrane; PL, phospholipases; DAG, diacylglycerol; InsP3, inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; MAP kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase.

Reprinted with permission from the publisher from Hug and Sarre 157


Figure 5.

Multiple steps in the pathway of gene expression are modulated by changes in the inherent contractile activity.

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Frank W. Booth, Kenneth M. Baldwin. Muscle Plasticity: Energy Demand and Supply Processes. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 29: Handbook of Physiology, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems: 1075-1123. First published in print 1996. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp120124