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Invertebrate Blood Oxygen Carriers

Charlotte P. Mangum

10.1002/cphy.cp130215

Source: Supplement 30: Handbook of Physiology, Comparative Physiology

Originally published: 1997

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 The Red Blood Cell Hemoglobins
1.1 Distribution and Localization
1.2 Molecular Structure
1.3 Respiratory Properties
1.4 Physiological Functions
2 The Hemerythrins
2.1 Distribution and Location
2.2 Molecular Structure
2.3 Respiratory Properties
2.4 Physiological Functions
3 The Extracellular Heme Proteins
3.1 Nematodes
3.2 Nemertines
3.3 Annelids, Pogonophorans, and Vestimentiferans
3.4 Molluscs
3.5 Arthropods
4 The Molluscan Hemocyanins
4.1 Distribution and Location
4.2 Molecular Structure
4.3 Respiratory Properties
4.4 Physiological Performance
5 The Arthropod Hemocyanins
5.1 Distribution and Location
5.2 Quaternary Structure
5.3 Molecular Relationships
5.4 Oxygen Carrying Capacity
5.5 Oxygen Binding Properties
5.6 Physiological Performance
6 Are There Unknown Functions of the Oxygen Carriers?
7 Conclusions
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Physiological performance of a cooperative (dashed line) and a noncooperative (solid line) hemoglobin with the same oxygen affinity, in a circulation in which equilibration times are long and the difference between the tissues (left arrow directed upward from the abscissa) and the gill (right arrow) is large. The changes in oxygenation differ very little.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Oxygen equilibrium of Themiste zostericola tentacular hemerythrins. Represented are the hemerythrin stripped of inorganic ions except 10 mmol · 1−1 Ca (NO3)2 (solid line), the hemerythrin in a saline designed to simulate the inorganic ion environment within the PBC (dashed line), and intact PBCs in an extracellular saline (dotted line). The small difference between tentacular hemerythrin extracts in the intracellular saline and the PBCs is believed to be due to the inevitable inaccuracy of the intracellular saline. 20°C, 0.05 mmol · 1−1 Tris maleate buffer (pH 7.6–7.7).

Data from Mangum and Burnett 67
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Transmission electron micrograph of the extracellular hemoglobin of the annelid Amphitrite ornata, negatively stained with phosphotungstate and prepared by J. L. Scott. The hexagons (top view) measure 24.5 nm across at the parallel sides; each pair in the stack (side view) in the upper central portion of the micrograph measures 16 nm in height.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Examples of the latitudinal temperature compensation of oxygen affinity in congeneric or otherwise closely related species.

Data from Mangum et al. 77, Brix et al. 13, Mangum and Lykkeboe 73, Mangum 57, Miller and Mangum 92, and J. E. Reese and C. P. Mangum (unpublished observations
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Physiological performance of a cooperative (dashed line) and a noncooperative (solid line) hemocyanin with the same oxygen affinity, when the blood Po2 difference between the two sites of gas exchange is small. Under the Po2 regime (shown by the arrows directed upward from the abscissa), the cooperativity confers a much greater advantage than in Figure 1.
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Free calcium in the blood of Callinectes sapidus. Right: individuals (n = 30) sampled immediately after a summer collection from normoxic seaside (Po2 >135 Torr, 30 o/oo salinity) waters and individuals (n = 43) from hypoxic estuarine (Po2 30–50 Torr, 14–18 o/oo) waters. The blood was sampled on board, immediately after catching the animals by line and net. Left: both groups (N = 21–22) after acclimation in the laboratory to aerated, estuarine water. The samples from the hypoxic animals contained 3.8(± 0.2 S.E.) mmol · 1−1 lactate; no significant quantities were found in the other three groups.


Figure 1.

Physiological performance of a cooperative (dashed line) and a noncooperative (solid line) hemoglobin with the same oxygen affinity, in a circulation in which equilibration times are long and the difference between the tissues (left arrow directed upward from the abscissa) and the gill (right arrow) is large. The changes in oxygenation differ very little.



Figure 2.

Oxygen equilibrium of Themiste zostericola tentacular hemerythrins. Represented are the hemerythrin stripped of inorganic ions except 10 mmol · 1−1 Ca (NO3)2 (solid line), the hemerythrin in a saline designed to simulate the inorganic ion environment within the PBC (dashed line), and intact PBCs in an extracellular saline (dotted line). The small difference between tentacular hemerythrin extracts in the intracellular saline and the PBCs is believed to be due to the inevitable inaccuracy of the intracellular saline. 20°C, 0.05 mmol · 1−1 Tris maleate buffer (pH 7.6–7.7).

Data from Mangum and Burnett 67


Figure 3.

Transmission electron micrograph of the extracellular hemoglobin of the annelid Amphitrite ornata, negatively stained with phosphotungstate and prepared by J. L. Scott. The hexagons (top view) measure 24.5 nm across at the parallel sides; each pair in the stack (side view) in the upper central portion of the micrograph measures 16 nm in height.



Figure 4.

Examples of the latitudinal temperature compensation of oxygen affinity in congeneric or otherwise closely related species.

Data from Mangum et al. 77, Brix et al. 13, Mangum and Lykkeboe 73, Mangum 57, Miller and Mangum 92, and J. E. Reese and C. P. Mangum (unpublished observations


Figure 5.

Physiological performance of a cooperative (dashed line) and a noncooperative (solid line) hemocyanin with the same oxygen affinity, when the blood Po2 difference between the two sites of gas exchange is small. Under the Po2 regime (shown by the arrows directed upward from the abscissa), the cooperativity confers a much greater advantage than in Figure 1.



Figure 6.

Free calcium in the blood of Callinectes sapidus. Right: individuals (n = 30) sampled immediately after a summer collection from normoxic seaside (Po2 >135 Torr, 30 o/oo salinity) waters and individuals (n = 43) from hypoxic estuarine (Po2 30–50 Torr, 14–18 o/oo) waters. The blood was sampled on board, immediately after catching the animals by line and net. Left: both groups (N = 21–22) after acclimation in the laboratory to aerated, estuarine water. The samples from the hypoxic animals contained 3.8(± 0.2 S.E.) mmol · 1−1 lactate; no significant quantities were found in the other three groups.

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Article Title: Invertebrate Blood Oxygen Carriers
 

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Charlotte P. Mangum. Invertebrate Blood Oxygen Carriers. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 30: Handbook of Physiology, Comparative Physiology: 1097-1135. First published in print 1997. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp130215