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Life Under Water: Physiological Adaptations to Diving and Living at Sea

Michael Castellini

10.1002/cphy.c110013

Source: Volume 2, Issue 3, July 2012

Published online: July 2012

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

This review covers the field of diving physiology by following a chronological approach and focusing heavily on marine mammals. Because the study of modern diving physiology can be traced almost entirely to the work of Laurence Irving in the 1930s, this particular field of physiology is different than most in that it did not derive from multiple laboratories working at many locations or on different aspects of a similar problem. Because most of the physiology principles still used today were first formulated by Irving, it is important to the study of this field that the sequence of thought is examined as a progression of theory. The review covers the field in roughly decadal blocks and traces ideas as they were first suggested, tested, modified and in some cases, abandoned. Because diving physiology has also been extremely dependent on new technologies used in the development of diving recorders, a chronological approach fits well with advances in electronics and mechanical innovation. There are many species that dive underwater as part of their natural behavior, but it is mainly the marine mammals (seals, sea lions, and whales) that demonstrate both long duration and dives to great depth. There have been many studies on other diving species including birds, snakes, small aquatic mammals, and humans. This work examines these other diving species as appropriate and a listing of reviews and relevant literature on these groups is included at the end. © 2012 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 2:1889‐1919, 2012.

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Figure 1. Figure 1.

Arterial blood and muscle lactate concentrations during forced submersion in harbor seals. Adapted, with permission, from (300).
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Diagram of the general arrangement of the isolated‐hole diving hut for Weddell seals on the Antarctic sea ice. Adapted, with permission, from (193).
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Relationship of heart rate to dive duration in adult Weddell seals. Adapted, with permission, from (201).
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Percent change of organ blood flow, mL/(min · kg) during simulated diving in Weddell seal. Asterisk beneath bar denotes probability dive value different from control (P < 0.005). Adapted, with permission, from (336).
Figure 5. Figure 5.

A summary of the peak arterial lactic acid concentrations obtained during recovery from various dive durations in Weddell seals. The diamond at the abscissa zero is the average resting lactic acid concentration. Adapted, with permission, from (211).
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Postdive circulating lactate concentrations and diving duration of emperor penguin, Baikal seal, and Weddell seal. Adapted, with permission, from (207).


Figure 1.

Arterial blood and muscle lactate concentrations during forced submersion in harbor seals. Adapted, with permission, from (300).



Figure 2.

Diagram of the general arrangement of the isolated‐hole diving hut for Weddell seals on the Antarctic sea ice. Adapted, with permission, from (193).



Figure 3.

Relationship of heart rate to dive duration in adult Weddell seals. Adapted, with permission, from (201).



Figure 4.

Percent change of organ blood flow, mL/(min · kg) during simulated diving in Weddell seal. Asterisk beneath bar denotes probability dive value different from control (P < 0.005). Adapted, with permission, from (336).



Figure 5.

A summary of the peak arterial lactic acid concentrations obtained during recovery from various dive durations in Weddell seals. The diamond at the abscissa zero is the average resting lactic acid concentration. Adapted, with permission, from (211).



Figure 6.

Postdive circulating lactate concentrations and diving duration of emperor penguin, Baikal seal, and Weddell seal. Adapted, with permission, from (207).

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Article Title: Life Under Water: Physiological Adaptations to Diving and Living at Sea
 

How to Cite

Michael Castellini. Life Under Water: Physiological Adaptations to Diving and Living at Sea. Compr Physiol 2012, 2: 1889-1919. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c110013