References |
1. |
Adelman
WJ
,
Palti
Y
,
Senft
JP
. Potassium ion accumulation in a periaxonal space and its effect on the measurement of membrane potassium ion conductance. J Membr Biol
13: 387‐410, 1973. |
2. |
Aldrich
TK
,
Shander
A
,
Chaudhry
I
,
Nagashima
H
. Fatigue of isolated rat diaphragm: Role of impaired neuromuscular transmission. J Appl Physiol
61: 1077‐1083, 1986. |
3. |
Aldrich
TK
. Transmission fatigue of the rabbit diaphragm. Respir Physiol
69: 307‐319, 1987. |
4. |
Allan
DW
,
Greer
JJ
. Embryogenesis of the phrenic nerve and diaphragm in the fetal rat. J Comp Neurol
382: 459‐468, 1997. |
5. |
Allen
DG
. Skeletal muscle function: Role of ionic changes in fatigue, damage and disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol
31: 485‐493, 2004. |
6. |
Ameredes
BT
,
Zhan
W‐Z
,
Vanderboom
R
,
Prakash
YS
,
Sieck
GC
. Power fatigue of the rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol
89: 2215‐2219, 2000. |
7. |
Anderson
J
,
Li
Z
,
Goubel
F
. Passive stiffness is increased in soleus muscle of desmin knockout mouse. Muscle Nerve
24: 1090‐1092, 2001. |
8. |
Argadine
HM
,
Hellyer
NJ
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. The effect of denervation on protein synthesis and degradation in adult rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol
107: 438‐444, 2009. |
9. |
Argadine
HM
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Intracellular signaling pathways regulating net protein balance following diaphragm muscle denervation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
300: C318‐C327, 2011. |
10. |
Baar
K
,
Esser
K
. Phosphorylation of p70(S6k) correlates with increased skeletal muscle mass following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
276: C120‐C127, 1999. |
11. |
Babiuk
RP
,
Zhang
W
,
Clugston
R
,
Allan
DW
,
Greer
JJ
. Embryological origins and development of the rat diaphragm. J Comp Neurol
455: 477‐487, 2003. |
12. |
Bagni
MA
,
Cecchi
G
,
Colomo
F
,
Garzella
P
. Are weakly binding bridges present in resting intact muscle fibers? Biophys J
63: 1412‐1415, 1992. |
13. |
Bagni
MA
,
Cecchi
G
,
Colomo
F
,
Garzella
P
. Absence of mechanical evidence for attached weakly binding cross‐bridges in frog relaxed muscle fibres. J Physiol
482(Pt 2): 391‐400, 1995. |
14. |
Bang
ML
,
Centner
T
,
Fornoff
F
,
Geach
AJ
,
Gotthardt
M
,
McNabb
M
,
Witt
CC
,
Labeit
D
,
Gregorio
CC
,
Granzier
H
,
Labeit
S
. The complete gene sequence of titin, expression of an unusual approximately 700‐kDa titin isoform, and its interaction with obscurin identify a novel Z‐line to I‐band linking system. Circ Res
89: 1065‐1072, 2001. |
15. |
Bar
A
,
Pette
D
. Three fast myosin heavy chains in adult rat skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett
235: 153‐155, 1988. |
16. |
Barron
DH
,
Matthews
BHC
. Intermittent conduction in the spinal cord. J Physiol (Lond)
85: 73‐103, 1935. |
17. |
Bartlett
D, Jr.
,
Remmers
JE
,
Gautier
H
. Laryngeal regulation of respiratory airflow. Respir Physiol
18: 194‐204, 1973. |
18. |
Bartoo
ML
,
Popov
VI
,
Fearn
LA
,
Pollack
GH
. Active tension generation in isolated skeletal myofibrils. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
14: 498‐510, 1993. |
19. |
Baumeister
W
,
Walz
J
,
Zuhl
F
,
Seemuller
E
. The proteasome: Paradigm of a self‐compartmentalizing protease. Cell
92: 367‐380, 1998. |
20. |
Bazzy
AR
,
Donnelly
DF
. Failure to generate action potentials in newborn diaphragms following nerve stimulation. Brain Res
600: 349‐352, 1993. |
21. |
Bellemare
F
,
Bigland‐Ritchie
B
. Central components of diaphragmatic fatigue assessed by phrenic nerve stimulation. J Appl Physiol
62: 1307‐1316, 1987. |
22. |
Bellemare
F
,
Bigland‐Ritchie
B
,
Woods
JJ
. Contractile properties of the human diaphragm in vivo. J Appl Physiol
61: 1153‐1161, 1986. |
23. |
Benard
G
,
Karbowski
M
. Mitochondrial fusion and division: Regulation and role in cell viability. Semin Cell Dev Biol
20: 365‐374, 2009. |
24. |
Berthier
C
,
Blaineau
S
. Supramolecular organization of the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton of adult skeletal muscle fibers. A review. Biol Cell
89: 413‐434, 1997. |
25. |
Betz
WJ
. Depression of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction of the frog. J Physiol
206: 629‐644, 1970. |
26. |
Betz
WJ
,
Ridge
RM
,
Bewick
GS
. Comparison of FM1‐43 staining patterns and electrophysiological measures of transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J Physiol Paris
87: 193‐202, 1993. |
27. |
Bicknese
S
,
Periasamy
N
,
Shohet
SB
,
Verkman
AS
. Cytoplasmic viscosity near the cell plasma membrane: Measurement by evanescent field frequency‐domain microfluorimetry. Biophys J
65: 1272‐1282, 1993. |
28. |
Biggs
WH, 3rd
,
Cavenee
WK
,
Arden
KC
. Identification and characterization of members of the FKHR (FOX O) subclass of winged‐helix transcription factors in the mouse. Mamm Genome
12: 416‐425, 2001. |
29. |
Biggs
WH, III
,
Meisenhelder
J
,
Hunter
T
,
Cavenee
WK
,
Arden
KC
. Protein kinase B/Akt‐mediated phosphorylation promotes nuclear exclusion of the winged helix transcription factor FKHR1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
96: 7421‐7426, 1999. |
30. |
Bigland‐Ritchie
B
,
Donovan
EF
,
Roussos
CS
. Conduction velocity and EMG power spectrum changes in fatigue of sustained maximal efforts. J Appl Physiol
51: 1300‐1305, 1981. |
31. |
Bigland‐Ritchie
B
,
Jones
DA
,
Woods
JJ
. Excitation frequency and muscle fatigue: Electrical responses during human voluntary and stimulated contractions. Exp Neurol
64: 414‐427, 1979. |
32. |
Bigland‐Ritchie
B
,
Kukulka
CG
,
Lippold
OCJ
,
Woods
JJ
. The absence of neuromuscular transmission failure in sustained maximal voluntary contractions. J Physiol
330: 265‐278, 1982. |
33. |
Bigland‐Ritchie
B
,
Lippold
OCJ
. Changes in muscle activation during prolonged maximal voluntary contractions. J Physiol (Lond)
330: 265‐278, 1979. |
34. |
Bittner
GD
. Differentiation of nerve terminals in the crayfish opener muscle and its functional significance. J Gen Physiol
51: 731‐758, 1968. |
35. |
Blanco
CE
,
Fournier
M
,
Sieck
GC
. Metabolic variability within individual fibres of the cat tibialis posterior and diaphragm muscles. Histochem J
23: 366‐374, 1991. |
36. |
Blanco
CE
,
Sieck
GC
. Quantitative determination of calcium‐activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in rat skeletal muscle fibres. Histochem J
24: 431‐444, 1992. |
37. |
Blanco
CE
,
Sieck
GC
,
Edgerton
VR
. Quantitative histochemical determination of succinic dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle fibres. Histochem J
20: 230‐243, 1988. |
38. |
Bloch
RJ
,
Gonzalez‐Serratos
H
. Lateral force transmission across costameres in skeletal muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev
31: 73‐78, 2003. |
39. |
Boczkowski
J
,
Dureuil
B
,
Branger
C
,
Pavlovic
D
,
Murciano
D
,
Pariente
R
,
Aubier
M
. Effects of sepsis on diaphragmatic function in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis
138: 260‐265, 1988. |
40. |
Bodine
SC
,
Latres
E
,
Baumhueter
S
,
Lai
VK
,
Nunez
L
,
Clarke
BA
,
Poueymirou
WT
,
Panaro
FJ
,
Na
E
,
Dharmarajan
K
,
Pan
ZQ
,
Valenzuela
DM
,
DeChiara
TM
,
Stitt
TN
,
Yancopoulos
GD
,
Glass
DJ
. Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science
294: 1704‐1708, 2001. |
41. |
Bodine
SC
,
Stitt
TN
,
Gonzalez
M
,
Kline
WO
,
Stover
GL
,
Bauerlein
R
,
Zlotchenko
E
,
Scrimgeour
A
,
Lawrence
JC
,
Glass
DJ
,
Yancopoulos
GD
. Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat Cell Biol
3: 1014‐1019, 2001. |
42. |
Bolster
DR
,
Crozier
SJ
,
Kimball
SR
,
Jefferson
LS
. AMP‐activated protein kinase suppresses protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle through down‐regulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. J Biol Chem
277: 23977‐23980, 2002. |
43. |
Boriek
AM
,
Capetanaki
Y
,
Hwang
W
,
Officer
T
,
Badshah
M
,
Rodarte
J
,
Tidball
JG
. Desmin integrates the three‐dimensional mechanical properties of muscles. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
280: C46‐C52, 2001. |
44. |
Boriek
AM
,
Hwang
W
,
Trinh
L
,
Rodarte
JR
. Shape and tension distribution of the active canine diaphragm. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
288: R1021‐R1027, 2005. |
45. |
Boriek
AM
,
Kelly
NG
,
Rodarte
JR
,
Wilson
TA
. Biaxial constitutive relations for the passive canine diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
89: 2187‐2190, 2000. |
46. |
Boriek
AM
,
Miller
CC, 3rd
,
Rodarte
JR
. Muscle fiber architecture of the dog diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
84: 318‐326, 1998. |
47. |
Boriek
AM
,
Rodarte
JR
. Inferences on passive diaphragm mechanics from gross anatomy. J Appl Physiol
77: 2065‐2070, 1994. |
48. |
Boriek
AM
,
Rodarte
JR
,
Reid
MB
. Shape and tension distribution of the passive rat diaphragm. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
280: R33‐R41, 2001. |
49. |
Boriek
AM
,
Zhu
D
,
Zeller
M
,
Rodarte
JR
. Inferences on force transmission from muscle fiber architecture of the canine diaphragm. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
280: R156‐R165, 2001. |
50. |
Bosco
C
,
Komi
PV
. Potentiation of the mechanical behavior of the human skeletal muscle through prestretching. Acta Physiol Scand
106: 467‐472, 1979. |
51. |
Bracher
A
,
Coleman
R
,
Schnall
R
,
Oliven
A
. Histochemical properties of upper airway muscles: Comparison of dilator and nondilator muscles. Eur Respir J
10: 990‐993, 1997. |
52. |
Brandt
PW
,
Diamond
MS
,
Rutchik
JS
,
Schachat
FH
. Co‐operative interactions between troponin‐tropomyosin units extend the length of the thin filament in skeletal muscle. J Mol Biol
195: 885‐896, 1987. |
53. |
Brenner
B
. Kinetics of the crossbridge cycle derived from measurements of force, rate of force development and isometric ATPase. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
7: 75‐76, 1986. |
54. |
Brenner
B
. The necessity of using two parameters to describe isotonic shortening velocity of muscle tissue: The effect of various interventions upon initial shortening velocity (vi) and curvature (b). Basic Res Cardiol
81: 54‐69, 1986. |
55. |
Brenner
B
,
Eisenberg
E
. Rate of force generation in muscle: Correlation with actomyosin ATPase activity in solution. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA
83: 3542‐3546, 1986. |
56. |
Brooke
MH
,
Kaiser
KK
. Muscle fiber types: How many and what kind? Arch Neurol
23: 369‐379, 1970. |
57. |
Brooks
SV
,
Faulkner
JA
. Contractile properties of skeletal muscles from young, adult and aged mice. J Physiol
404: 71‐82, 1988. |
58. |
Brotto
MA
,
Biesiadecki
BJ
,
Brotto
LS
,
Nosek
TM
,
Jin
JP
. Coupled expression of troponin T and troponin I isoforms in single skeletal muscle fibers correlates with contractility. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
290: C567‐C576, 2006. |
59. |
Brown
LM
,
Gonzalez‐Serratos
H
,
Huxley
AF
. Sarcomere and filament lengths in passive muscle fibres with wavy myofibrils. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
5: 293‐314, 1984. |
60. |
Brunet
A
,
Bonni
A
,
Zigmond
MJ
,
Lin
MZ
,
Juo
P
,
Hu
LS
,
Anderson
MJ
,
Arden
KC
,
Blenis
J
,
Greenberg
ME
. Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell
96: 857‐868, 1999. |
61. |
Buffelli
M
,
Burgess
RW
,
Feng
G
,
Lobe
CG
,
Lichtman
JW
,
Sanes
JR
. Genetic evidence that relative synaptic efficacy biases the outcome of synaptic competition. Nature
424: 430‐434, 2003. |
62. |
Bulbring
E
. Observations on the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation of the rat. Br J Pharmacol
1: 38‐61, 1946. |
63. |
Burke
RE
,
Levine
DN
,
Tsairis
P
,
Zajac
FE, 3rd
. Physiological types and histochemical profiles in motor units of the cat gastrocnemius. J Physiol (Lond)
234: 723‐748, 1973. |
64. |
Burke
RE
,
Levine
DN
,
Zajac
FE, 3rd
. Mammalian motor units: Physiological‐histochemical correlation in three types in cat gastrocnemius. Science
174: 709‐712, 1971. |
65. |
Cai
D
,
Frantz
JD
,
Tawa
NE, Jr.
,
Melendez
PA
,
Oh
BC
,
Lidov
HG
,
Hasselgren
PO
,
Frontera
WR
,
Lee
J
,
Glass
DJ
,
Shoelson
SE
. IKKbeta/NF‐kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice. Cell
119: 285‐298, 2004. |
66. |
Campbell
KS
,
Lakie
M
. A cross‐bridge mechanism can explain the thixotropic short‐range elastic component of relaxed frog skeletal muscle. J Physiol
510(Pt 3): 941‐962, 1998. |
67. |
Campbell
KS
,
Moss
RL
. A thixotropic effect in contracting rabbit psoas muscle: Prior movement reduces the initial tension response to stretch. J Physiol
525(Pt 2): 531‐548, 2000. |
68. |
Campbell
KS
,
Moss
RL
. History‐dependent mechanical properties of permeabilized rat soleus muscle fibers. Biophys J
82: 929‐943, 2002. |
69. |
Capetanaki
Y
,
Bloch
RJ
,
Kouloumenta
A
,
Mavroidis
M
,
Psarras
S
. Muscle intermediate filaments and their links to membranes and membranous organelles. Exp Cell Res
313: 2063‐2076, 2007. |
70. |
Carrera
M
,
Barbe
F
,
Sauleda
J
,
Tomas
M
,
Gomez
C
,
Agusti
AG
. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea exhibit genioglossus dysfunction that is normalized after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Resp Crit Care Med
159: 1960‐1966, 1999. |
71. |
Chandra
M
,
Mamidi
R
,
Ford
S
,
Hidalgo
C
,
Witt
C
,
Ottenheijm
C
,
Labeit
S
,
Granzier
H
. Nebulin alters cross‐bridge cycling kinetics and increases thin filament activation: A novel mechanism for increasing tension and reducing tension cost. J Biol Chem
284: 30889‐30896, 2009. |
72. |
Christensen
BN
,
Martin
AR
. Estimates of probability of transmitter release at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. J Physiol
210: 933‐945, 1970. |
73. |
Claflin
DR
,
Faulkner
JA
. Shortening velocity extrapolated to zero load and unloaded shortening velocity of whole rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol
359: 357‐363, 1985. |
74. |
Claflin
DR
,
Faulkner
JA
. The force‐velocity relationship at high shortening velocities in the soleus muscle of the rat. J Physiol (London)
411: 627‐637, 1989. |
75. |
Clark
KA
,
McElhinny
AS
,
Beckerle
MC
,
Gregorio
CC
. Striated muscle cytoarchitecture: An intricate web of form and function. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol
18: 637‐706, 2002. |
76. |
Clarke
BA
,
Drujan
D
,
Willis
MS
,
Murphy
LO
,
Corpina
RA
,
Burova
E
,
Rakhilin
SV
,
Stitt
TN
,
Patterson
C
,
Latres
E
,
Glass
DJ
. The E3 Ligase MuRF1 degrades myosin heavy chain protein in dexamethasone‐treated skeletal muscle. Cell Metab
6: 376‐385, 2007. |
77. |
Close
RI
. Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles. Physiol Rev
52: 129‐197, 1972. |
78. |
Coirault
C
,
Samuel
JL
,
Chemla
D
,
Pourny
JC
,
Lambert
F
,
Marotte
F
,
Lecarpentier
Y
. Increased compliance in diaphragm muscle of the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster. J Appl Physiol
85: 1762‐1769, 1998. |
79. |
Cooke
R
. The actomyosin engine. FASEB J
9: 636‐642, 1995. |
80. |
Corton
JM
,
Gillespie
JG
,
Hawley
SA
,
Hardie
DG
. 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleoside. A specific method for activating AMP‐activated protein kinase in intact cells? Eur J Biochem
229: 558‐565, 1995. |
81. |
D'Antona
G
,
Megighian
A
,
Bortolotto
S
,
Pellegrino
MA
,
Marchese‐Ragona
R
,
Staffieri
A
,
Bottinelli
R
,
Reggiani
C
. Contractile properties and myosin heavy chain isoform composition in single fibre of human laryngeal muscles. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
23: 187‐195, 2002. |
82. |
Damiani
E
,
Margreth
A
. Characterization study of the ryanodine receptor and of calsequestrin isoforms of mammalian skeletal muscles in relation to fibre types. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
15: 86‐101, 1994. |
83. |
Danjo
W
,
Fujimura
N
,
Ujike
Y
. Effect of pentoxifylline on diaphragmatic contractility in septic rats. Acta Med Okayama
62: 101‐107, 2008. |
84. |
de Tombe
PP
,
ter Keurs
HE
. An internal viscous element limits unloaded velocity of sarcomere shortening in rat myocardium. J Physiol
454: 619‐642, 1992. |
85. |
De Troyer
A
,
Sampson
M
,
Sigrist
S
,
Macklem
PT
. The diaphragm: Two muscles. Science
213: 237‐238, 1981. |
86. |
De Troyer
A
,
Sampson
M
,
Sigrist
S
,
Macklem
PT
. Action of costal and crural parts of the diaphragm on the rib cage in dog. J Appl Physiol
53(1): 30‐39, 1982. |
87. |
Dempsey
JA
,
Veasey
SC
,
Morgan
BJ
,
O'Donnell
CP
. Pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Physiol Rev
90: 47‐112, 2010. |
88. |
Deval
C
,
Mordier
S
,
Obled
C
,
Bechet
D
,
Combaret
L
,
Attaix
D
,
Ferrara
M
. Identification of cathepsin L as a differentially expressed message associated with skeletal muscle wasting. Biochem J
360: 143‐150, 2001. |
89. |
Diaz
PT
,
Brownstein
E
,
Clanton
TL
. Effects of N‐acetylcysteine on in vitro diaphragm function are temperature dependent. J Appl Physiol
77: 2434‐2439, 1994. |
90. |
Dick
TE
,
Kong
FJ
,
Berger
AJ
. Correlation of recruitment order with axonal conduction velocity for supraspinally driven diaphragmatic motor units. J Neurophysiol
57: 245‐259, 1987. |
91. |
Diffee
GM
,
Greaser
ML
,
Reinach
FC
,
Moss
RL
. Effects of a non‐divalent cation binding mutant of myosin regulatory light chain on tension generation in skinned skeletal muscle fibers. Biophys J
68: 1443‐1452, 1995. |
92. |
Eccles
JC
,
Sherrington
CS
. Numbers and contraction values of individual motor units examined in some muscles of the limb. Am J Physiol
253: 210‐218, 1930. |
93. |
Eddinger
TJ
,
Moss
RL
. Mechanical properties of skinned single fibers of identified types from rat diaphragm. Am J Physiol
253: C210‐C218, 1987. |
94. |
Edman
KAP
. The velocity of unloaded shortening and its relation to sarcomere length and isometric force in vertebrate muscle fibres. J Physiol
291: 143‐159, 1979. |
95. |
Edwards
RH
. Human muscle function and fatigue. CIBA Found Symp
82: 1‐18, 1981. |
96. |
Ellisman
MH
,
Rash
JE
,
Staehelin
LA
,
Porter
KR
. Studies of excitable membranes. II. A comparison of specializations at neuromuscular junctions and nonjunctional sarcolemmas of mammalian fast and slow twitch muscle fibers. J Cell Biol
68: 752‐774, 1976. |
97. |
Elmqvist
D
,
Quastel
DM
. A quantitative study of end‐plate potentials in isolated human muscle. J Physiol
178: 505‐529, 1965. |
98. |
Enad
JG
,
Fournier
M
,
Sieck
GC
. Oxidative capacity and capillary density of diaphragm motor units. J Appl Physiol
67: 620‐627, 1989. |
99. |
Enright
PL
,
Kronmal
RA
,
Manolio
TA
,
Schenker
MB
,
Hyatt
RE
. Respiratory muscle strength in the elderly. Correlates and reference values. Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
149: 430‐438, 1994. |
100. |
Ermilov
LG
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Rowley
KL
,
Sieck
GC
. Safety factor for neuromuscular transmission at type‐identified diaphragm fibers. Muscle Nerve
35: 800‐803, 2007. |
101. |
Ermilov
LG
,
Pulido
JN
,
Atchison
FW
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Ereth
MH
,
Sieck
GC
,
Mantilla
CB
. Impairment of diaphragm muscle force and neuromuscular transmission after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: Effect of low dose inhaled CO. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
298: R784‐R789, 2010. |
102. |
Farkas
GA
. Mechanical properties of respiratory muscles in primates. Respir Physiol
86: 41‐50, 1991. |
103. |
Farkas
GA
,
Decramer
M
,
Rochester
DF
,
De Troyer
A
. Contractile properties of intercostal muscles and their functional significance. J Appl Physiol
59: 528‐535, 1985. |
104. |
Farkas
GA
,
Roussos
C
. Diaphragm in emphysematous hamsters: Sarcomere adaptability. J Appl Physiol
54: 1635‐1640, 1983. |
105. |
Farkas
GA
,
Rochester
DF
. Contractile characteristics and operating lengths of canine neck inspiratory muscles. J Appl Physiol
61: 220‐226, 1986. |
106. |
Farkas
GA
,
Rochester
DF
. Functional characteristics of canine costal and crural diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
65: 2253‐2260, 1988a. |
107. |
Farkas
GA
,
Rochester
DF
. Characteristics and functional significance of canine abdominal muscles. J Appl Physiol
65: 2427‐2433, 1988b. |
108. |
Faulkner
JA
,
Jones
DA
,
Round
JM
. Injury to skeletal muscles of mice by forced lengthening during contractions. Q J Exp Physiol
74: 661‐670, 1989. |
109. |
Faulkner
JA
,
Maxwell
LC
,
Ruff
GL
,
White
TP
. The diaphragm as a muscle. Am Rev Respir Dis
119: 89‐92, 1979. |
110. |
Fenn
WO
. A quantitative comparison between the energy liberated and the work performed by the isolated sartorius muscle of the frog. J Physiol (London)
58: 175‐203, 1923. |
111. |
Fenn
WO
. The relation between the work performed and the energy liberated in muscular contraction. J Physiol (Lond)
58: 373‐395, 1924. |
112. |
Fenn
WO
,
Rhan
H
, editors. Respiration. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society, 1964. |
113. |
Ferreira
LF
,
Gilliam
LA
,
Reid
MB
. L‐2‐Oxothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylate reverses glutathione oxidation and delays fatigue of skeletal muscle in vitro. J Appl Physiol
107: 211‐216, 2009. |
114. |
Ferreira
LF
,
Moylan
JS
,
Gilliam
LA
,
Smith
JD
,
Nikolova‐Karakashian
M
,
Reid
MB
. Sphingomyelinase stimulates oxidant signaling to weaken skeletal muscle and promote fatigue. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
299: C552‐C560, 2010. |
115. |
Flucher
BE
,
Franzini‐Armstrong
C
. Formation of junctions involved in excitation‐contraction coupling in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
93: 8101‐8106, 1996. |
116. |
Fournier
M
,
Alula
M
,
Sieck
GC
. Neuromuscular transmission failure during postnatal development. Neurosci Lett
125: 34‐36, 1991. |
117. |
Fournier
M
,
Sieck
GC
. Mechanical properties of muscle units in the cat diaphragm. J Neurophysiol
59: 1055‐1066, 1988. |
118. |
Fournier
M
,
Sieck
GC
. Somatotopy in the segmental innervation of the cat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
64: 291‐298, 1988. |
119. |
Franzini‐Armstrong
C
. Studies of the triad. I. Structure of the junction in frog twitch fibers. J Cell Biol
47: 488‐499, 1970. |
120. |
Franzini‐Armstrong
C
,
Jorgensen
AO
. Structure and development of E‐C coupling units in skeletal muscle. Annu Rev Physiol
56: 509‐534, 1994. |
121. |
Freiburg
A
,
Trombitas
K
,
Hell
W
,
Cazorla
O
,
Fougerousse
F
,
Centner
T
,
Kolmerer
B
,
Witt
C
,
Beckmann
JS
,
Gregorio
CC
,
Granzier
H
,
Labeit
S
. Series of exon‐skipping events in the elastic spring region of titin as the structural basis for myofibrillar elastic diversity. Circ Res
86: 1114‐1121, 2000. |
122. |
Froemming
GR
,
Murray
BE
,
Harmon
S
,
Pette
D
,
Ohlendieck
K
. Comparative analysis of the isoform expression pattern of Ca(2+)‐ regulatory membrane proteins in fast‐twitch, slow‐twitch, cardiac, neonatal and chronic low‐frequency stimulated muscle fibers. Biochim Biophys Acta
1466: 151‐168, 2000. |
123. |
Fujita
H
,
Labeit
D
,
Gerull
B
,
Labeit
S
,
Granzier
HL
. Titin isoform‐dependent effect of calcium on passive myocardial tension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
287: H2528‐H2534, 2004. |
124. |
Fukuda
N
,
Granzier
HL
,
Ishiwata
S
,
Kurihara
S
. Physiological functions of the giant elastic protein titin in mammalian striated muscle. J Physiol Sci
58: 151‐159, 2008. |
125. |
Fukuda
N
,
Wu
Y
,
Nair
P
,
Granzier
HL
. Phosphorylation of titin modulates passive stiffness of cardiac muscle in a titin isoform‐dependent manner. J Gen Physiol
125: 257‐271, 2005. |
126. |
Fuller
DD
,
Fregosi
RF
. Fatiguing contractions of tongue protrudor and retractor muscles: Influence of systemic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol
88: 2123‐2130, 2000. |
127. |
Furuno
K
,
Goodman
MN
,
Goldberg
AL
. Role of different proteolytic systems in the degradation of muscle proteins during denervation atrophy. J Biol Chem
265: 8550‐8557, 1990. |
128. |
Gautsch
TA
,
Anthony
JC
,
Kimball
SR
,
Paul
GL
,
Layman
DK
,
Jefferson
LS
. Availability of eIF4E regulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis during recovery from exercise. Am J Physiol
274: C406‐C414, 1998. |
129. |
Gea
J
,
Zhu
E
,
Galdiz
JB
,
Comtois
N
,
Salazkin
I
,
Fiz
JA
,
Grassino
A
. Functional consequences of eccentric contractions of the diaphragm. Arch Bronconeumol
45: 68‐74, 2009. |
130. |
Geiger
PC
,
Bailey
JP
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Mechanisms underlying myosin heavy chain expression during development of the rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol
101: 1546‐1555, 2006. |
131. |
Geiger
PC
,
Bailey
JP
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Sieck
GC
. Denervation‐induced changes in myosin heavy chain expression in the rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol
95: 611‐619, 2003. |
132. |
Geiger
PC
,
Cody
MJ
,
Han
YS
,
Hunter
LW
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Effects of hypothyroidism on maximum specific force in rat diaphragm muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol
92: 1506‐1514, 2002. |
133. |
Geiger
PC
,
Cody
MJ
,
Macken
RL
,
Bayrd
ME
,
Sieck
GC
. Mechanisms underlying increased force generation by rat diaphragm muscle fibers during development. J Appl Physiol
90: 380‐388, 2001a. |
134. |
Geiger
PC
,
Cody
MJ
,
Macken
RL
,
Bayrd
ME
,
Sieck
GC
. Effect of unilateral denervation on maximum specific force in rat diaphragm muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol
90: 1196‐1204, 2001b. |
135. |
Geiger
PC
,
Cody
MJ
,
Sieck
GC
. Force‐calcium relationship depends on myosin heavy chain and troponin isoforms in rat diaphragm muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol
87: 1894‐1900, 1999. |
136. |
Geiger
PC
,
Cody
MJ
,
Macken
RL
,
Sieck
GC
. Maximum specific force depends on myosin heavy chain content in rat diaphragm muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol
89: 695‐703, 2000. |
137. |
Gertler
RA
,
Robbins
N
. Differences in neuromuscular transmission in red and white muscles. Brain Res
142: 160‐164, 1978. |
138. |
Gilliam
LA
,
Ferreira
LF
,
Bruton
JD
,
Moylan
JS
,
Westerblad
H
,
St Clair
DK
,
Reid
MB
. Doxorubicin acts through tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype 1 to cause dysfunction of murine skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol
107: 1935‐1942, 2009. |
139. |
Glass
DJ
. Molecular mechanisms modulating muscle mass. Trends Mol Med
9: 344‐350, 2003. |
140. |
Glavinovic
MI
. Change of statistical parameters of transmitter release during various kinetic tests in unparalysed voltage‐clamped rat diaphragm. J Physiol
290: 481‐497, 1979. |
141. |
Goffart
M
,
Ritchie
JM
. The effect of adrenaline on the contraction of mammalian skeletal muscle. J Physiol
116: 357‐371, 1952. |
142. |
Goldman
YE
,
Homsher
E
. Molecular physiology of the cross‐bridge cycle. In:
Engel
A
,
Franzini‐Armstrong
C
, editors. Myology: Basic and Clinical. New York, NY: McGraw‐Hill, 2004, pp. 187‐202. |
143. |
Goldstein
SS
,
Rall
W
. Changes of action potential shape and velocity for changing core conductor geometry. Biophys J
14: 731‐757, 1974. |
144. |
Gomes
MD
,
Lecker
SH
,
Jagoe
RT
,
Navon
A
,
Goldberg
AL
. Atrogin‐1, a muscle‐specific F‐box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
98: 14440‐14445, 2001. |
145. |
Goodman
C
,
Patterson
M
,
Stephenson
G
. MHC‐based fiber type and E‐C coupling characteristics in mechanically skinned muscle fibers of the rat. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
284: C1448‐C1459, 2003. |
146. |
Gordon
AM
,
Huxley
AF
,
Julian
FJ
. The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres. J Physiol
184: 170‐192, 1966. |
147. |
Gordon
DC
,
Hammond
CG
,
Fisher
JT
,
Richmond
FJ
. Muscle‐fiber architecture, innervation, and histochemistry in the diaphragm of the cat. J Morphol
201: 131‐143, 1989. |
148. |
Gorza
L
. Identification of a novel type 2 fiber population in mammalian skeletal muscle by combined use of histochemical myosin ATPase and anti‐myosin monoclonal antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem
38: 257‐265, 1990. |
149. |
Gorza
L
,
Gundersen
K
,
Lomo
T
,
Schiaffino
S
,
Westgaard
RH
. Slow‐to‐fast transformation of denervated soleus muscles by chronic high‐frequency stimulation in the rat. J Physiol
402: 627‐649, 1988. |
150. |
Gosselin
LE
,
Johnson
BD
,
Sieck
GC
. Age‐related changes in diaphragm muscle contractile properties and myosin heavy chain isoforms [published erratum appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994 Sep;150(3):879]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
150: 174‐178, 1994. |
151. |
Gosselin
LE
,
Martinez
DA
,
Vailas
AC
,
Sieck
GC
. Interstitial space and collagen alterations of the developing rat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
74: 2450‐2455, 1993. |
152. |
Gosselin
LE
,
Martinez
DA
,
Vailas
AC
,
Sieck
GC
. Passive length‐force properties of senescent diaphragm: Relationship with collagen characteristics. J Appl Physiol
76: 2680‐2685, 1994. |
153. |
Gosselin
LE
,
Sieck
GC
,
Aleff
RA
,
Martinez
DA
,
Vailas
AC
. Changes in diaphragm muscle collagen gene expression after acute unilateral denervation. J Appl Physiol
79: 1249‐1254, 1995. |
154. |
Gosselin
LE
,
Williams
JE
,
Personius
K
,
Farkas
GA
. A comparison of factors associated with collagen metabolism in different skeletal muscles from dystrophic (mdx) mice: Impact of pirfenidone. Muscle Nerve
35: 208‐216, 2007. |
155. |
Gosselin
LE
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Hypothyroid‐mediated changes in adult rat diaphragm muscle contractile properties and MHC isoform expression. J Appl Physiol
80: 1934‐1939, 1996. |
156. |
Gransee
HM
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Sieck
GC
. Respiratory muscle plasticity. Compr Physiol
2: 1441‐1462, 2012. |
157. |
Granzier
H
,
Labeit
S
. Structure‐function relations of the giant elastic protein titin in striated and smooth muscle cells. Muscle Nerve
36: 740‐755, 2007. |
158. |
Granzier
HL
,
Irving
TC
. Passive tension in cardiac muscle: Contribution of collagen, titin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Biophys J
68: 1027‐1044, 1995. |
159. |
Granzier
HL
,
Labeit
S
. The giant protein titin: A major player in myocardial mechanics, signaling, and disease. Circ Res
94: 284‐295, 2004. |
160. |
Granzier
HL
,
Wang
K
. Passive tension and stiffness of vertebrate skeletal and insect flight muscles: The contribution of weak cross‐bridges and elastic filaments. Biophys J
65: 2141‐2159, 1993. |
161. |
Greenberg
MJ
,
Mealy
TR
,
Jones
M
,
Szczesna‐Cordary
D
,
Moore
JR
. The direct molecular effects of fatigue and myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation on the actomyosin contractile apparatus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
298: R989‐R996, 2010. |
162. |
Greenberg
MJ
,
Mealy
TR
,
Watt
JD
,
Jones
M
,
Szczesna‐Cordary
D
,
Moore
JR
. The molecular effects of skeletal muscle myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
297: R265‐R274, 2009. |
163. |
Greer
EL
,
Dowlatshahi
D
,
Banko
MR
,
Villen
J
,
Hoang
K
,
Blanchard
D
,
Gygi
SP
,
Brunet
A
. An AMPK‐FOXO pathway mediates longevity induced by a novel method of dietary restriction in C. elegans. Curr Biol
17: 1646‐1656, 2007. |
164. |
Greer
EL
,
Oskoui
PR
,
Banko
MR
,
Maniar
JM
,
Gygi
MP
,
Gygi
SP
,
Brunet
A
. The energy sensor AMP‐activated protein kinase directly regulates the mammalian FOXO3 transcription factor. J Biol Chem
282: 30107‐30119, 2007. |
165. |
Greer
JJ
,
Allan
DW
,
Martin‐Caraballo
M
,
Lemke
RP
. An overview of phrenic nerve and diaphragm muscle development in the perinatal rat. J Appl Physiol
86: 779‐786, 1999. |
166. |
Gregorevic
P
,
Plant
DR
,
Leeding
KS
,
Bach
LA
,
Lynch
GS
. Improved contractile function of the mdx dystrophic mouse diaphragm muscle after insulin‐like growth factor‐I administration. Am J Pathol
161: 2263‐2272, 2002. |
167. |
Greising
SM
,
Gransee
HM
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Sieck
GC
. Systems biology of skeletal muscle: Fiber type as an organizing principle. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med
4: 457‐473, 2012. |
168. |
Griffiths
RI
,
Berger
PJ
. Functional development of the sheep diaphragmatic ligament. J Physiol
492(Pt 3): 913‐919, 1996. |
169. |
Griffiths
RI
,
Shadwick
RE
,
Berger
PJ
. Functional importance of a highly elastic ligament on the mammalian diaphragm. Proc Biol Sci
249: 199‐204, 1992. |
170. |
Grob
D
. Muscular disease. Bull NY Acad Med
37: 809‐834, 1961. |
171. |
Grossman
Y
,
Parnas
I
,
Spira
ME
. Differential conduction block in branches of a bifurcating axon. J Physiol
295: 283‐305, 1979. |
172. |
Gulati
AK
,
Reddi
AH
,
Zalewski
AA
. Changes in the basement membrane zone components during skeletal muscle fiber degeneration and regeneration. J Cell Biol
97: 957‐962, 1983. |
173. |
Guyton
AC
,
Hall
JE
. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1999. |
174. |
Han
YS
,
Geiger
PC
,
Cody
MJ
,
Macken
RL
,
Sieck
GC
. ATP consumption rate per cross bridge depends on myosin heavy chain isoform. J Appl Physiol
94: 2188‐2196, 2003. |
175. |
Hardin
BJ
,
Campbell
KS
,
Smith
JD
,
Arbogast
S
,
Smith
J
,
Moylan
JS
,
Reid
MB
. TNF‐alpha acts via TNFR1 and muscle‐derived oxidants to depress myofibrillar force in murine skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol
104: 694‐699, 2008. |
176. |
Hatt
H
,
Smith
DO
. Synaptic depression related to presynaptic axon conduction block. J Physiol
259: 367‐393, 1976. |
177. |
Hebb
DO.
The Organization of Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1949. |
178. |
Hellyer
NJ
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Park
EW
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Neuregulin‐dependent protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes and rat diaphragm muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
291: C1056‐C1061, 2006. |
179. |
Henneman
E
,
Olson
CB
. Relations between structure and function in the design of skeletal muscles. J Neurophysiol
28: 581‐598, 1965. |
180. |
Henneman
E
,
Somjen
G
,
Carpenter
DO
. Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J Neurophysiol
28: 560‐580, 1965. |
181. |
Hill
AV
. The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc R Soc Lond
126: 136‐195, 1938. |
182. |
Hill
DK
. Tension due to interaction between the sliding filaments in resting striated muscle. The effect of stimulation. J Physiol
199: 637‐684, 1968. |
183. |
Hisa
Y
,
Malmgren
LT
,
Lyon
MJ
. Quantitative histochemical studies on the cat infrahyoid muscles. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
103: 723‐732, 1990. |
184. |
Hlastala
MP
,
Berger
AJ
. Physiology of Respiration. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001. |
185. |
Homma
I
,
Hagbarth
KE
. Thixotropy of rib cage respiratory muscles in normal subjects. J Appl Physiol
89: 1753‐1758, 2000. |
186. |
Horowits
R
. The physiological role of titin in striated muscle. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol
138: 57‐96, 1999. |
187. |
Hubmayr
RD
,
Farkas
GA
,
Tao
HY
,
Sieck
GC
,
Margulies
SS
. Diaphragm mechanics in dogs with unilateral emphysema. J Clin Invest
91: 1598‐1603, 1993. |
188. |
Huijing
PA
. Muscle as a collagen fiber reinforced composite: A review of force transmission in muscle and whole limb. J Biomech
32: 329‐345, 1999. |
189. |
Hunter
RB
,
Kandarian
SC
. Disruption of either the Nfkb1 or the Bcl3 gene inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy. J Clin Invest
114: 1504‐1511, 2004. |
190. |
Hunter
RB
,
Stevenson
E
,
Koncarevic
A
,
Mitchell‐Felton
H
,
Essig
DA
,
Kandarian
SC
. Activation of an alternative NF‐kappaB pathway in skeletal muscle during disuse atrophy. FASEB J
16: 529‐538, 2002. |
191. |
Huxley
AF
. Muscle structure and theories of contraction. Prog Biophysics Biophys Chem
7: 255‐318, 1957. |
192. |
Huxley
AF
,
Niedergerke
R
. Structural changes in muscle during contraction; interference microscopy of living muscle fibres. Nature
173: 971‐973, 1954. |
193. |
Huxley
AF
,
Simmons
RM
. Proposed mechanism of force generation in striated muscle. Nature
233: 533‐538, 1971. |
194. |
Huxley
AF
,
Taylor
RE
. Local activation of striated muscle fibres. J Physiol (Lond)
144: 426‐441, 1958. |
195. |
Huxley
H
,
Hanson
J
. Changes in the cross‐striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation. Nature
173: 973‐976, 1954. |
196. |
Hwang
W
,
Kelly
NG
,
Boriek
AM
. Passive mechanics of muscle tendinous junction of canine diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
98: 1328‐1333, 2005. |
197. |
Isaza
R
,
Behnke
BJ
,
Bailey
JK
,
McDonough
P
,
Gonzalez
NC
,
Poole
DC
. Arterial blood gas control in the upright versus recumbent Asian elephant. Respir Physiol Neurobiol
134: 169‐176, 2003. |
198. |
Izumizaki
M
,
Iwase
M
,
Ohshima
Y
,
Homma
I
. Acute effects of thixotropy conditioning of inspiratory muscles on end‐expiratory chest wall and lung volumes in normal humans. J Appl Physiol
101: 298‐306, 2006. |
199. |
Izumizaki
M
,
Shibata
M
,
Homma
I
. Factors contributing to thixotropy of inspiratory muscles. Respir Physiol Neurobiol
140: 257‐264, 2004. |
200. |
Jannapureddy
SR
,
Patel
ND
,
Hwang
W
,
Boriek
AM
. Genetic models in applied physiology. Merosin deficiency leads to alterations in passive and active skeletal muscle mechanics. J Appl Physiol
94: 2524‐2533; discussion 2523, 2003. |
201. |
Jenkins
RR
. Free radial chemistry –relationship to exercise. Sports Med
5: 156‐170, 1988. |
202. |
Jodkowski
JS
,
Viana
F
,
Dick
TE
,
Berger
AJ
. Electrical properties of phrenic motoneurons in the cat: Correlation with inspiratory drive. J Neurophysiol
58: 105‐124, 1987. |
203. |
Jodkowski
JS
,
Viana
F
,
Dick
TE
,
Berger
AJ
. Repetitive firing properties of phrenic motoneurons in the cat. J Neurophysiol
60: 687‐702, 1988. |
204. |
Johnson
BD
,
Sieck
GC
. Activation‐induced reduction of SDH activity in diaphragm muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol
75: 2689‐2695, 1993. |
205. |
Johnson
BD
,
Sieck
GC
. Differential susceptibility of diaphragm muscle fibers to neuromuscular transmission failure. J Appl Physiol
75: 341‐348, 1993. |
206. |
Johnson
BD
,
Wilson
LE
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Watchko
JF
,
Daood
MJ
,
Sieck
GC
. Contractile properties of the developing diaphragm correlate with myosin heavy chain phenotype. J Appl Physiol
77: 481‐487, 1994. |
207. |
Judge
AR
,
Koncarevic
A
,
Hunter
RB
,
Liou
HC
,
Jackman
RW
,
Kandarian
SC
. Role for IkappaBalpha, but not c‐Rel, in skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
292: C372‐C382, 2007. |
208. |
Keens
TG
,
Bryan
AC
,
Levison
H
,
Ianuzzo
CD
. Developmental pattern of muscle fiber types in human ventilatory muscles. J Appl Physiol
44: 909‐913, 1978. |
209. |
Kellermayer
MS
,
Smith
SB
,
Bustamante
C
,
Granzier
HL
. Mechanical fatigue in repetitively stretched single molecules of titin. Biophys J
80: 852‐863, 2001. |
210. |
Kelly
NG
,
McCarter
RJ
,
Barnwell
GM
. Respiratory muscle stiffness is age‐ and muscle‐specific. Aging
5: 229‐238, 1993. |
211. |
Kelsen
SG
,
Nochomovitz
ML
. Fatigue of the mammalian diaphragm in vitro. J Appl Physiol
53: 440‐447, 1982. |
212. |
Kelsen
SG
,
Supinski
GS
,
Oliven
A
. Diaphragm structure and function in elastase‐induced emphysema. Chest
85: 55S‐58S, 1984. |
213. |
Kernell
D
,
Monster
AW
. Time course and properties of late adaptation in spinal motoneurones of the cat. Exp Brain Res
46: 191‐196, 1982. |
214. |
Kernell
D
,
Monster
AW
. Motoneurone properties and motor fatigue. An intracellular study of gastrocnemius motoneurones of the cat. Exp Brain Res
46: 197‐204, 1982. |
215. |
Khawli
FA
,
Reid
MB
. N‐acetylcysteine depresses contractile function and inhibits fatigue of diaphragm in vitro. J Appl Physiol
77: 317‐324, 1994. |
216. |
Kim
MJ
,
Druz
WS
,
Danon
J
,
Machnach
W
,
Sharp
JT
. Mechanics of the canine diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
41: 369‐382, 1976. |
217. |
Kjaer
M
. Role of extracellular matrix in adaptation of tendon and skeletal muscle to mechanical loading. Physiol Rev
84: 649‐698, 2004. |
218. |
Kleijn
M
,
Scheper
GC
,
Voorma
HO
,
Thomas
AA
. Regulation of translation initiation factors by signal transduction. Eur J Biochem
253: 531‐544, 1998. |
219. |
Kobzik
L
,
Reid
MB
,
Bredt
DS
,
Stamler
JS
. Nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Nature
372: 546‐548, 1994. |
220. |
Koo
BB
,
Strohl
KP
,
Gillombardo
CB
,
Jacono
FJ
. Ventilatory patterning in a mouse model of stroke. Respir Physiol Neurobiol
172: 129‐135, 2010. |
221. |
Krnjevic
K
,
Miledi
R
. Failure of neuromuscular propagation in rats. J Physiol
140: 440‐461, 1958. |
222. |
Krnjevic
K
,
Miledi
R
. Presynaptic failure of neuromuscular propagation in rats. J Physiol (Lond)
149: 1‐22, 1959. |
223. |
Kruger
M
,
Linke
WA
. Protein kinase‐A phosphorylates titin in human heart muscle and reduces myofibrillar passive tension. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
27: 435‐444, 2006. |
224. |
Kuchler
G
,
Patzak
A
,
Schubert
E
. Muscle elasticity: Effect of muscle length and temperature. Biomed Biochim Acta
49: 1209‐1225, 1990. |
225. |
Kuei
JH
,
Shadmehr
R
,
Sieck
GC
. Relative contribution of neurotransmission failure to diaphragm fatigue. J Appl Physiol
68: 174‐180, 1990. |
226. |
Kulakowski
SA
,
Parker
SD
,
Personius
KE
. Reduced TrkB expression results in precocious age‐like changes in neuromuscular structure, neurotransmission, and muscle function. J Appl Physiol
111: 844‐852, 2011. |
227. |
Kulke
M
,
Fujita‐Becker
S
,
Rostkova
E
,
Neagoe
C
,
Labeit
D
,
Manstein
DJ
,
Gautel
M
,
Linke
WA
. Interaction between PEVK‐titin and actin filaments: Origin of a viscous force component in cardiac myofibrils. Circ Res
89: 874‐881, 2001. |
228. |
Kumar
A
,
Khandelwal
N
,
Malya
R
,
Reid
MB
,
Boriek
AM
. Loss of dystrophin causes aberrant mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle fibers. FASEB J
18: 102‐113, 2004. |
229. |
Labeit
D
,
Watanabe
K
,
Witt
C
,
Fujita
H
,
Wu
Y
,
Lahmers
S
,
Funck
T
,
Labeit
S
,
Granzier
H
. Calcium‐dependent molecular spring elements in the giant protein titin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
100: 13716‐13721, 2003. |
230. |
Labeit
S
,
Kolmerer
B
. Titins: Giant proteins in charge of muscle ultrastructure and elasticity. Science
270: 293‐296, 1995. |
231. |
LaFramboise
WA
,
Daood
MJ
,
Guthrie
RD
,
Butler‐Browne
GS
,
Whalen
RG
,
Ontell
M
. Myosin isoforms in neonatal rat extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm, and soleus muscles. Am J Physiol
259: L116‐L122, 1990. |
232. |
LaFramboise
WA
,
Daood
MJ
,
Guthrie
RD
,
Schiaffino
S
,
Moretti
P
,
Brozanski
B
,
Ontell
MP
,
Butler‐Browne
GS
,
Whalen
RG
,
Ontell
M
. Emergence of the mature myosin phenotype in the rat diaphragm muscle. Dev Biol
144: 1‐15, 1991. |
233. |
Lakie
M
,
Robson
LG
. Thixotropy in frog single muscle fibres. Exp Physiol
75: 123‐125, 1990. |
234. |
Lecker
SH
,
Jagoe
RT
,
Gilbert
A
,
Gomes
M
,
Baracos
V
,
Bailey
J
,
Price
SR
,
Mitch
WE
,
Goldberg
AL
. Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression. FASEB J
18: 39‐51, 2004. |
235. |
Levine
S
,
Kaiser
L
,
Leferovich
J
,
Tikunov
B
. Cellular adaptations in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med
337: 1799‐1806, 1997. |
236. |
Lewis
MI
,
Bodine
SC
,
Kamangar
N
,
Xu
X
,
Da
X
,
Fournier
M
. Effect of severe short‐term malnutrition on diaphragm muscle signal transduction pathways influencing protein turnover. J Appl Physiol
100: 1799‐1806, 2006. |
237. |
Lewis
MI
,
Fournier
M
,
Yeh
AY
,
Micevych
PE
,
Sieck
GC
. Alterations in diaphragm contractility after nandrolone administration: An analysis of potential mechanisms. J Appl Physiol
86: 985‐992, 1999. |
238. |
Lewis
MI
,
Li
H
,
Huang
ZS
,
Biring
MS
,
Cercek
B
,
Fournier
M
. Influence of varying degrees of malnutrition on IGF‐I expression in the rat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
95: 555‐562, 2003. |
239. |
Lewis
MI
,
LoRusso
TJ
,
Zhan
W‐Z
,
Sieck
GC
. Interactive effects of denervation and malnutrition on diaphragm structure and function. J Appl Physiol
81: 2165‐2172, 1996. |
240. |
Lewis
MI
,
Monn
SA
,
Sieck
GC
. Effect of corticosteroids on diaphragm fatigue, SDH activity, and muscle fiber size. J Appl Physiol
72: 293‐301, 1992. |
241. |
Lewis
MI
,
Monn
SA
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Interactive effects of emphysema and malnutrition on diaphragm structure and function. J Appl Physiol
77: 947‐955, 1994. |
242. |
Lewis
MI
,
Sieck
GC
,
Fournier
M
,
Belman
MJ
. Effect of nutritional deprivation on diaphragm contractility and muscle fiber size. J Appl Physiol
60: 596‐603, 1986. |
243. |
Lewis
MI
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Adaptations of the diaphragm in emphysema. J Appl Physiol
72: 934‐943, 1992. |
244. |
Li
Z
,
Mericskay
M
,
Agbulut
O
,
Butler‐Browne
G
,
Carlsson
L
,
Thornell
LE
,
Babinet
C
,
Paulin
D
. Desmin is essential for the tensile strength and integrity of myofibrils but not for myogenic commitment, differentiation, and fusion of skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol
139: 129‐144, 1997. |
245. |
Liddell
EGT
,
Sherrington
CS
. Recruitment and some other factors of reflex inhibition. Proc Roy Soc Lond (Biol)
97: 488‐518, 1925. |
246. |
Light
N
,
Champion
AE
. Characterization of muscle epimysium, perimysium and endomysium collagens. Biochem J
219: 1017‐1026, 1984. |
247. |
Lloyd
JS
,
Brozanski
BS
,
Daood
M
,
Watchko
JF
. Developmental transitions in the myosin heavy chain phenotype of human respiratory muscle. Biol Neonate
69: 67‐75, 1996. |
248. |
Lopez
MA
,
Mayer
U
,
Hwang
W
,
Taylor
T
,
Hashmi
MA
,
Jannapureddy
SR
,
Boriek
AM
. Force transmission, compliance, and viscoelasticity are altered in the alpha7‐integrin‐null mouse diaphragm. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
288: C282‐C289, 2005. |
249. |
Luby‐Phelps
K
. Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm: Volume, viscosity, diffusion, intracellular surface area. Int Rev Cytol
192: 189‐221, 2000. |
250. |
Luff
AR
. Dynamic properties of the inferior rectus, extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm and soleus muscles of the mouse. J Physiol
313: 161‐171, 1981. |
251. |
Lynch
GS
,
Fary
CJ
,
Williams
DA
. Quantitative measurement of resting skeletal muscle [Ca2+]i following acute and long‐term downhill running exercise in mice. Cell Calcium
22: 373‐383, 1997. |
252. |
MacIntosh
BR
,
Gardiner
PF
,
McComas
AJ
. Skeletal Muscle Form and Function. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2006. |
253. |
Macklem
PT.
The Thorax; Part A: Physiology, Chapter 15. The Act of Breathing. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995. |
254. |
Macklem
PT
,
Mead
J
editors. Mechanics of Breathing. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society, 1986. |
255. |
Magid
A
,
Law
DJ
. Myofibrils bear most of the resting tension in frog skeletal muscle. Science
230: 1280‐1282, 1985. |
256. |
Mammucari
C
,
Milan
G
,
Romanello
V
,
Masiero
E
,
Rudolf
R
,
Del Piccolo
P
,
Burden
SJ
,
Di Lisi
R
,
Sandri
C
,
Zhao
J
,
Goldberg
AL
,
Schiaffino
S
,
Sandri
M
. FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo. Cell Metab
6: 458‐471, 2007. |
257. |
Mann
EA
,
Burnett
T
,
Cornell
S
,
Ludlow
CL
. The effect of neuromuscular stimulation of the genioglossus on the hypopharyngeal airway. Laryngoscope
112: 351‐356, 2002. |
258. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Dow
DE
,
Sieck
GC
. Skeletal muscle changes in hypothyroidism. In:
Preedy
VR
,
Burrow
GN
,
Watson
RR
, editors. Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine. Oxford: Academic Press, 2009, pp. 1087‐1101. |
259. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Ermilov
LG
. The novel TrkB receptor agonist 7,8‐dihydroxyflavone enhances neuromuscular transmission. Muscle Nerve
45: 274‐276, 2012. |
260. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Greising
SM
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Seven
YB
,
Sieck
GC
. Prolonged C2 spinal hemisection‐induced inactivity reduces diaphragm muscle specific force with modest, selective atrophy of type IIx and/or IIb fibers. J Appl Physiol
114: 380‐386, 2013. |
261. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Rowley
KL
,
Fahim
MA
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Synaptic vesicle cycling at type‐identified diaphragm neuromuscular junctions. Muscle Nerve
30: 774‐783, 2004. |
262. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Rowley
KL
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Fahim
MA
,
Sieck
GC
. Synaptic vesicle pools at diaphragm neuromuscular junctions vary with motoneuron soma, not axon terminal, inactivity. Neuroscience
146: 178‐189, 2007. |
263. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Seven
YB
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Diaphragm motor unit recruitment in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol
173: 101‐106, 2010. |
264. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Sieck
GC
. Key aspects of phrenic motoneuron and diaphragm muscle development during the perinatal period. J Appl Physiol
104: 1818‐1827, 2008. |
265. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Sieck
GC
. Neuromuscular adaptations to respiratory muscle inactivity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol
169: 133‐140, 2009. |
266. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Sieck
GC
. Phrenic motor unit recruitment during ventilatory and non‐ventilatory behaviors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol
179: 57‐63, 2011. |
267. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Sieck
GC
. Age‐related remodeling of neuromuscular junctions. In:
Lynch
GS
, editor. Sarcopenia ‐ Age‐Related Muscle Wasting and Weakness. Netherlands: Springer, 2011, pp. 37‐54. |
268. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Sieck
GC
. Neuromotor control in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol 114: 1246‐1252, 2013. |
269. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Sill
RV
,
Aravamudan
B
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Developmental effects on myonuclear domain size of rat diaphragm fibers. J Appl Physiol
104: 787‐794, 2008. |
270. |
Mantilla
CB
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Neurotrophins improve neuromuscular transmission in the adult rat diaphragm. Muscle Nerve
29: 381‐386, 2004. |
271. |
Maquirriain
J
,
Ghisi
JP
,
Kokalj
AM
. Rectus abdominis muscle strains in tennis players. Br J Sports Med
41: 842‐848, 2007. |
272. |
Mardini
IA
,
McCarter
RJ
. Contractile properties of the shortening rat diaphragm in vitro. J Appl Physiol
62: 1111‐1116, 1987. |
273. |
Margulies
SS
,
Farkas
GA
,
Rodarte
JR
. Effects of body position and lung volume on in situ operating length of canine diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
69: 1702‐1708, 1990. |
274. |
Margulies
SS
,
Lei
GT
,
Farkas
GA
,
Rodarte
JR
. Finite‐element analysis of stress in the canine diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
76: 2070‐2075, 1994. |
275. |
Martin
TP
,
Vailas
AC
,
Durivage
JB
,
Edgerton
VR
,
Castleman
KR
. Quantitative histochemical determination of muscle enzymes: Biochemical verification. J Histochem Cytochem
33: 1053‐1059, 1985. |
276. |
Matsui
T
,
Nagoshi
T
,
Rosenzweig
A
. Akt and PI 3‐kinase signaling in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and survival. Cell Cycle
2: 220‐223, 2003. |
277. |
Mayock
DE
,
Standaert
TA
,
Murphy
TD
,
Woodrum
DE
. Diaphragmatic force and substrate reponse to resistive loaded breathing in the piglet. J Appl Physiol
70: 70‐76, 1991. |
278. |
McArdle
A
,
van der Meulen
JH
,
Catapano
M
,
Symons
MC
,
Faulkner
JA
,
Jackson
MJ
. Free radical activity following contraction‐induced injury to the extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats. Free Radic Biol Med
26: 1085‐1091, 1999. |
279. |
McCully
KK
,
Faulkner
JA
. Length‐tension relationship of mammalian diaphragm muscles. J Appl Physiol
54: 1681‐1686, 1983. |
280. |
McCully
KK
,
Faulkner
JA
. Injury to skeletal muscle fibers of mice following lengthening contractions. J Appl Physiol
59: 119‐126, 1985. |
281. |
McKenzie
DK
,
Allen
GM
,
Butler
JE
,
Gandevia
SC
. Task failure with lack of diaphragm fatigue during inspiratory resistive loading in human subjects. J Appl Physiol
82: 2011‐2019, 1997. |
282. |
McKenzie
DK
,
Bigland‐Ritchie
B
,
Gorman
RB
,
Gandevia
SC
. Central and peripheral fatigue of human diaphragm and limb muscles assessed by twitch interpolation. J Physiol
454: 643‐656, 1992. |
283. |
McKinsey
TA
,
Zhang
CL
,
Olson
EN
. Signaling chromatin to make muscle. Curr Opin Cell Biol
14: 763‐772, 2002. |
284. |
McPhedran
AM
,
Wuerker
RB
,
Henneman
E
. Properties of motor units in a homogeneous red muscle (soleus) of the cat. J Neurophysiol
28: 71‐84, 1965. |
285. |
Mendell
LM
. The size principle: A rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons. J Neurophysiol
93: 3024‐3026, 2005. |
286. |
Merton
PA
. Voluntary strength and fatigue. J Physiol
123: 553‐564, 1954. |
287. |
Metzger
JM
,
Scheidt
KB
,
Fitts
RH
. Histochemical and physiological characteristics of the rat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
58: 1085‐1091, 1985. |
288. |
Millar
AG
,
Bradacs
H
,
Charlton
MP
,
Atwood
HL
. Inverse relationship between release probability and readily releasable vesicles in depressing and facilitating synapses. J Neurosci
22: 9661‐9667, 2002. |
289. |
Minajeva
A
,
Kulke
M
,
Fernandez
JM
,
Linke
WA
. Unfolding of titin domains explains the viscoelastic behavior of skeletal myofibrils. Biophys J
80: 1442‐1451, 2001. |
290. |
Miyata
H
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Prakash
YS
,
Sieck
GC
. Myoneural interactions affect diaphragm muscle adaptations to inactivity. J Appl Physiol
79: 1640‐1649, 1995. |
291. |
Mizushima
N
,
Yamamoto
A
,
Matsui
M
,
Yoshimori
T
,
Ohsumi
Y
. In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker. Mol Biol Cell
15: 1101‐1111, 2004. |
292. |
Monti
RJ
,
Roy
RR
,
Hodgson
JA
,
Edgerton
VR
. Transmission of forces within mammalian skeletal muscles. J Biomech
32: 371‐380, 1999. |
293. |
Moore
AJ
,
Stubbings
A
,
Swallow
EB
,
Dusmet
M
,
Goldstraw
P
,
Porcher
R
,
Moxham
J
,
Polkey
MI
,
Ferenczi
MA
. Passive properties of the diaphragm in COPD. J Appl Physiol
101: 1400‐1405, 2006. |
294. |
Moore
BJ
,
Feldman
HA
,
Reid
MB
. Developmental changes in diaphragm contractile properties. J Appl Physiol
75: 522‐526, 1993. |
295. |
Moss
RL
,
Halpern
W
. Elastic and viscous properties of resting frog skeletal muscle. Biophys J
17: 213‐228, 1977. |
296. |
Moss
RL
,
Lauer
MR
,
Giulian
GG
,
Greaser
ML
. Altered Ca2+ dependence of tension development in skinned skeletal muscle fibers following modification of troponin by partial substitution with cardiac troponin C. J Biol Chem
261: 6096‐6099, 1986. |
297. |
Mutungi
G
. The effects of inorganic phosphate and arsenate on both passive muscle visco‐elasticity and maximum Ca2+ activated tension in chemically skinned rat fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
24: 65‐75, 2003. |
298. |
Mutungi
G
,
Ranatunga
KW
. The viscous, viscoelastic and elastic characteristics of resting fast and slow mammalian (rat) muscle fibres. J Physiol
496(Pt 3): 827‐836, 1996. |
299. |
Mutungi
G
,
Ranatunga
KW
. Do cross‐bridges contribute to the tension during stretch of passive muscle? A response. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
21: 301‐302, 2000. |
300. |
Naess
K
,
Storm‐Mathisen
A
. Fatigue of sustained tetanic contractions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
44: 363‐383, 1955. |
301. |
Nakashima
K
,
Yakabe
Y
. AMPK activation stimulates myofibrillar protein degradation and expression of atrophy‐related ubiquitin ligases by increasing FOXO transcription factors in C2C12 myotubes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem
71: 1650‐1656, 2007. |
302. |
Nelson
DL
,
Cox
MM
. Lehniger ‐ Principles of Biochemistry. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Co., 2005. |
303. |
Nguyen
T
,
Shrager
J
,
Kaiser
L
,
Mei
L
,
Daood
M
,
Watchko
J
,
Rubinstein
N
,
Levine
S
. Developmental myosin heavy chains in the adult human diaphragm: Coexpression patterns and effect of COPD. J Appl Physiol
88: 1446‐1456, 2000. |
304. |
Nosek
TM
,
Fender
KY
,
Godt
RE
. It is diprotonated inorganic phosphate that depresses force in skinned skeletal muscle fibers. Science
236: 191‐193, 1987. |
305. |
Nystrom
GJ
,
Lang
CH
. Sepsis and AMPK Activation by AICAR Differentially Regulate FoxO‐1, ‐3 and ‐4 mRNA in Striated Muscle. Int J Clin Exp Med
1: 50‐63, 2008. |
306. |
Oliven
A
,
Carmi
N
,
Coleman
R
,
Odeh
M
,
Silbermann
M
. Age‐related changes in upper airway muscles morphological and oxidative properties. Exp Gerontol
36: 1673‐1686, 2001. |
307. |
Oliven
A
,
Odeh
M
,
Geitini
L
,
Oliven
R
,
Steinfeld
U
,
Schwartz
AR
,
Tov
N
. Effect of coactivation of tongue protrusor and retractor muscles on pharyngeal lumen and airflow in sleep apnea patients. J Appl Physiol
103: 1662‐1668, 2007. |
308. |
Oliven
A
,
Tov
N
,
Geitini
L
,
Steinfeld
U
,
Oliven
R
,
Schwartz
AR
,
Odeh
M
. Effect of genioglossus contraction on pharyngeal lumen and airflow in sleep apnoea patients. Eur Respir J
30: 748‐758, 2007. |
309. |
Osborne
S
,
Road
JD
. Diaphragm and phrenic nerve activities during inspiratory loading in anesthetized rabbits. Respir Physiol
99: 321‐330, 1995. |
310. |
Osmond
DG.
The Thorax; Part A: Physiology, Chapter 14. Functional Anatomy of the Chest Wall. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995. |
311. |
Ottenheijm
CA
,
Heunks
LM
,
Hafmans
T
,
van der Ven
PF
,
Benoist
C
,
Zhou
H
,
Labeit
S
,
Granzier
HL
,
Dekhuijzen
PN
. Titin and diaphragm dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
173: 527‐534, 2006. |
312. |
Ottenheijm
CA
,
Heunks
LM
,
Sieck
GC
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Jansen
SM
,
Degens
H
,
de Boo
T
,
Dekhuijzen
PN
. Diaphragm dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
172: 200‐205, 2005. |
313. |
Ottenheijm
CA
,
Knottnerus
AM
,
Buck
D
,
Luo
X
,
Greer
K
,
Hoying
A
,
Labeit
S
,
Granzier
H
. Tuning passive mechanics through differential splicing of titin during skeletal muscle development. Biophys J
97: 2277‐2286, 2009. |
314. |
Pandorf
CE
,
Jiang
W
,
Qin
AX
,
Bodell
PW
,
Baldwin
KM
,
Haddad
F
. Regulation of an antisense RNA with the transition of neonatal to IIb myosin heavy chain during postnatal development and hypothyroidism in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
302: R854‐R867, 2012. |
315. |
Pardo
JV
,
Siliciano
JD
,
Craig
SW
. Vinculin is a component of an extensive network of myofibril‐sarcolemma attachment regions in cardiac muscle fibers. J Cell Biol
97: 1081‐1088, 1983. |
316. |
Parnas
I
. Differential block at high frequency of branches of a single axon innervating two muscles. J Neurophysiol
35: 903‐914, 1972. |
317. |
Passerieux
E
,
Rossignol
R
,
Letellier
T
,
Delage
JP
. Physical continuity of the perimysium from myofibers to tendons: Involvement in lateral force transmission in skeletal muscle. J Struct Biol
159: 19‐28, 2007. |
318. |
Patel
JR
,
Diffee
GM
,
Moss
RL
. Myosin regulatory light chain modulates the Ca2+ dependence of the kinetics of tension development in skeletal muscle fibers. Biophys J
70: 2333‐2340, 1996. |
319. |
Patel
ND
,
Jannapureddy
SR
,
Hwang
W
,
Chaudhry
I
,
Boriek
AM
. Altered muscle force and stiffness of skeletal muscles in alpha‐sarcoglycan‐deficient mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
284: C962‐C968, 2003. |
320. |
Patel
TJ
,
Lieber
RL
. Force transmission in skeletal muscle: From actomyosin to external tendons. Exerc Sport Sci Rev
25: 321‐363, 1997. |
321. |
Pereon
Y
,
Dettbarn
C
,
Lu
Y
,
Westlund
KN
,
Zhang
JT
,
Palade
P
. Dihydropyridine receptor isoform expression in adult rat skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch
436: 309‐314, 1998. |
322. |
Periasamy
M
,
Kalyanasundaram
A
. SERCA pump isoforms: Their role in calcium transport and disease. Muscle Nerve
35: 430‐442, 2007. |
323. |
Perrie
WT
,
Smillie
LB
,
Perry
SB
. A phosphorylated light‐chain component of myosin from skeletal muscle. Biochem J
35: 151‐164, 1973. |
324. |
Peter
JB
,
Barnard
RJ
,
Edgerton
VR
,
Gillespie
CA
,
Stempel
KE
. Metabolic profiles of three fiber types of skeletal muscle in guinea pigs and rabbits. Biochemistry
11: 2627‐2633, 1972. |
325. |
Pickart
CM
. Ubiquitin in chains. Trends Biochem Sci
25: 544‐548, 2000. |
326. |
Pieribone
VA
,
Shupliakov
O
,
Brodin
L
,
Hilfiker‐Rothenfluh
S
,
Czernik
AJ
,
Greengard
P
. Distinct pools of synaptic vesicles in neurotransmitter release. Nature
375: 493‐497, 1995. |
327. |
Polkey
MI
,
Duguet
A
,
Luo
Y
,
Hughes
PD
,
Hart
N
,
Hamnegard
CH
,
Green
M
,
Similowski
T
,
Moxham
J
. Anterior magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation: Laboratory and clinical evaluation. Intensive Care Med
26: 1065‐1075, 2000. |
328. |
Prado
LG
,
Makarenko
I
,
Andresen
C
,
Kruger
M
,
Opitz
CA
,
Linke
WA
. Isoform diversity of giant proteins in relation to passive and active contractile properties of rabbit skeletal muscles. J Gen Physiol
126: 461‐480, 2005. |
329. |
Prakash
YS
,
Fournier
M
,
Sieck
GC
. Effects of prenatal undernutrition on developing rat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
75: 1044‐1052, 1993. |
330. |
Prakash
YS
,
Miyata
H
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Inactivity‐induced remodeling of neuromuscular junctions in rat diaphragmatic muscle. Muscle Nerve
22: 307‐319, 1999. |
331. |
Prakash
YS
,
Sieck
GC
. Age‐related remodeling of neuromuscular junctions on type‐identified diaphragm fibers. Muscle Nerve
21: 887‐895, 1998. |
332. |
Pringle
JW
,
Tregear
RT
. Mechanical properties of insect fibrillar muscle at large amplitudes of oscillation. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
174: 33‐50, 1969. |
333. |
Proske
U
,
Morgan
DL
. Do cross‐bridges contribute to the tension during stretch of passive muscle? J Muscle Res Cell Motil
20: 433‐442, 1999. |
334. |
Purslow
PP
,
Trotter
JA
. The morphology and mechanical properties of endomysium in series‐fibred muscles: Variations with muscle length. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
15: 299‐308, 1994. |
335. |
Puxkandl
R
,
Zizak
I
,
Paris
O
,
Keckes
J
,
Tesch
W
,
Bernstorff
S
,
Purslow
P
,
Fratzl
P
. Viscoelastic properties of collagen: Synchrotron radiation investigations and structural model. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
357: 191‐197, 2002. |
336. |
Rack
PM
,
Westbury
DR
. The effects of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat soleus muscle. J Physiol
204: 443‐460, 1969. |
337. |
Ranatunga
KW
. Sarcomeric visco‐elasticity of chemically skinned skeletal muscle fibres of the rabbit at rest. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
22: 399‐414, 2001. |
338. |
Rayment
I
,
Holden
HM
,
Sellers
JR
,
Fananapazir
L
,
Epstein
ND
. Three‐dimensional structure of myosin subfragment‐1: a molecular motor. Science
261: 50‐58, 1995. |
339. |
Rayment
I
,
Holden
HM
,
Whittaker
M
,
Yohn
CB
,
Lorenz
M
,
Holmes
KC
,
Milligan
RA
. Structure of the actin‐myosin complex and its implications for muscle contraction. Science
261: 58‐65, 1993. |
340. |
Reed
SA
,
Senf
SM
,
Cornwell
EW
,
Kandarian
SC
,
Judge
AR
. Inhibition of IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha) or IKKbeta (IKKbeta) plus forkhead box O (Foxo) abolishes skeletal muscle atrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
405: 491‐496, 2011. |
341. |
Reid
B
,
Slater
CR
,
Bewick
GS
. Synaptic vesicle dynamics in rat fast and slow motor nerve terminals. J Neurosci
19: 2511‐2521, 1999. |
342. |
Reid
MB
. Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle: Synthesis, distribution and functional importance. Acta Physiol Scand
162: 401‐409, 1998. |
343. |
Reid
MB
,
Feldman
HA
,
Miller
MJ
. Isometric contractile properties of diaphragm strips from alcoholic rats. J Appl Physiol
63: 1156‐1164, 1987. |
344. |
Reid
MB
,
Haack
KE
,
Franchek
KM
,
Valberg
PA
,
Kobzik
L
,
West
MS
. Reactive oxygen in skeletal muscle: I. Intracellular oxidant kinetics and fatigue in vitro. J Appl Physiol
73: 1797‐1804, 1992. |
345. |
Reid
MB
,
Khawli
FA
,
Moody
MA
. Reactive oxygen in skeletal muscle: III. Contractility of unfatigued muscle. J Appl Physiol
75: 1081‐1087, 1993. |
346. |
Reid
MB
,
Kobzik
L
,
Bredt
DS
,
Stamler
JS
. Nitric oxide modulates excitation‐contraction coupling in the diaphragm. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol
119: 211‐218, 1998. |
347. |
Reid
MB
,
Miller
MJ
. Theophylline does not increase maximal tetanic force or diaphragm endurance in vitro. J Appl Physiol
67: 1655‐1661, 1989. |
348. |
Reiser
PJ
,
Moss
RL
,
Giulian
GG
,
Greaser
ML
. Shortening velocity in single fibers from adult rabbit soleus muscles is correlated with myosin heavy chain composition. J Biol Chem
260: 9077‐9080, 1985. |
349. |
Richards
DA
,
Guatimosim
C
,
Rizzoli
SO
,
Betz
WJ
. Synaptic vesicle pools at the frog neuromuscular junction. Neuron
39: 529‐541, 2003. |
350. |
Ritchie
JM
. The relation between force and velocity of shortening in rat muscle. J Physiol
123: 633‐639, 1954. |
351. |
Rizzoli
SO
,
Betz
WJ
. The structural organization of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. Science
303: 2037‐2039, 2004. |
352. |
Road
J
,
Newman
S
,
Derenne
JP
,
Grassino
A
. In vivo length‐force relationship of canine diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
60: 63‐70, 1986. |
353. |
Romanello
V
,
Guadagnin
E
,
Gomes
L
,
Roder
I
,
Sandri
C
,
Petersen
Y
,
Milan
G
,
Masiero
E
,
Del Piccolo
P
,
Foretz
M
,
Scorrano
L
,
Rudolf
R
,
Sandri
M
. Mitochondrial fission and remodelling contributes to muscle atrophy. EMBO J
29: 1774‐1785, 2010. |
354. |
Rommel
C
,
Bodine
SC
,
Clarke
BA
,
Rossman
R
,
Nunez
L
,
Stitt
TN
,
Yancopoulos
GD
,
Glass
DJ
. Mediation of IGF‐1‐induced skeletal myotube hypertrophy by PI(3)K/Akt/mTOR and PI(3)K/Akt/GSK3 pathways. Nat Cell Biol
3: 1009‐1013, 2001. |
355. |
Rommel
C
,
Clarke
BA
,
Zimmermann
S
,
Nunez
L
,
Rossman
R
,
Reid
K
,
Moelling
K
,
Yancopoulos
GD
,
Glass
DJ
. Differentiation stage‐specific inhibition of the Raf‐MEK‐ERK pathway by Akt. Science
286: 1738‐1741, 1999. |
356. |
Rowe
J
,
Chen
Q
,
Domire
ZJ
,
McCullough
MB
,
Sieck
G
,
Zhan
WZ
,
An
KN
. Effect of collagen digestion on the passive elastic properties of diaphragm muscle in rat. Med Eng Phys
32: 90‐94, 2010. |
357. |
Rowley
KL
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Ermilov
LG
,
Sieck
GC
. Synaptic vesicle distribution and release at rat diaphragm neuromuscular junctions. J Neurophysiol
98: 478‐487, 2007. |
358. |
Rowley
KL
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Sieck
GC
. Respiratory muscle plasticity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol
147: 235‐251, 2005. |
359. |
Sanchez
J
,
Medrano
G
,
Debesse
B
,
Riquet
M
,
Derenne
JP
. Muscle fibre types in costal and crural diaphragm in normal men and in patients with moderate chronic respiratory disease. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir
21: 351‐356, 1985. |
360. |
Sandercock
TG
,
Faulkner
JA
,
Albers
JW
,
Abbrecht
PH
. Single motor unit and fiber action potentials during fatigue. J Appl Physiol
58: 1073‐1079, 1985. |
361. |
Sandri
M
. Signaling in muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. Physiology (Bethesda)
23: 160‐170, 2008. |
362. |
Sandri
M
,
Sandri
C
,
Gilbert
A
,
Skurk
C
,
Calabria
E
,
Picard
A
,
Walsh
K
,
Schiaffino
S
,
Lecker
SH
,
Goldberg
AL
. Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy‐related ubiquitin ligase atrogin‐1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell
117: 399‐412, 2004. |
363. |
Sassoon
CS
,
Caiozzo
VJ
,
Manka
A
,
Sieck
GC
. Altered diaphragm contractile properties with controlled mechanical ventilation. J Appl Physiol
92: 2585‐2595, 2002. |
364. |
Schiaffino
S
,
Gorza
L
,
Ausoni
S
. Muscle fiber types expressing different myosin heavy chain isoforms. Their functional properties and adaptive capacity. In:
Pette
D
, editor. The Dynamic State of Muscle Fibers. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1990, pp. 329‐341. |
365. |
Schiaffino
S
,
Gorza
L
,
Sartore
S
,
Saggin
L
,
Ausoni
S
,
Vianello
M
,
Gundersen
K
,
Lomo
T
. Three myosin heavy chain isoforms in type 2 skeletal muscle fibres. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
10: 197‐205, 1989. |
366. |
Schiaffino
S
,
Reggiani
C
. Molecular diversity of myofibrillar proteins: Gene regulation and functional significance. Physiol Rev
76: 371‐423, 1996. |
367. |
Schnall
RP
,
Pillar
G
,
Kelsen
SG
,
Oliven
A
. Dilatory effects of upper airway muscle contraction induced by electrical stimulation in awake humans. J Appl Physiol
78: 1950‐1956, 1995. |
368. |
Schoenberg
M
. Equilibrium muscle cross‐bridge behavior. Theoretical considerations. Biophys J
48: 467‐475, 1985. |
369. |
Senf
SM
,
Dodd
SL
,
McClung
JM
,
Judge
AR
. Hsp70 overexpression inhibits NF‐kappaB and Foxo3a transcriptional activities and prevents skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB J
22: 3836‐3845, 2008. |
370. |
Seven
YB
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Frequency‐domain analysis of diaphragm muscle EMG activity across ventilatory and non‐ventilatory motor behaviors. FASEB J
25: 1111‐1124, 2011. |
371. |
Seven
YB
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Sieck
GC
. Non‐stationarity and power spectral shifts in EMG activity reflect motor unit recruitment in rat diaphragm muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 185: 400‐409, 2013. |
372. |
Shindoh
C
,
DiMarco
A
,
Thomas
A
,
Manubay
P
,
Supinski
G
. Effect of N‐acetylcysteine on diaphragm fatigue. J Appl Physiol
68: 2107‐2113, 1990. |
373. |
Sieck
DC
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Fang
YH
,
Ermilov
LG
,
Sieck
GC
,
Mantilla
CB
. Structure‐activity relationships in rodent diaphragm muscle fibers vs. neuromuscular junctions. Respir Physiol Neurobiol
180: 88‐96, 2012. |
374. |
Sieck
GC
. Diaphragm muscle: Structural and functional organization. Clin Chest Med
9: 195‐210, 1988. |
375. |
Sieck
GC
. Neural control of the inspiratory pump. NIPS
6: 260‐264, 1991a. |
376. |
Sieck
GC
. Diaphragm motor units and their response to altered use. Sem Respir Med
12: 258‐269, 1991b. |
377. |
Sieck
GC
. Physiological effects of diaphragm muscle denervation and disuse. Clin Chest Med
15: 641‐659, 1994. |
378. |
Sieck
GC
. Organization and recruitment of diaphragm motor units. In:
Roussos
C
, editors. The Thorax. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 1995, pp. 783‐820. |
379. |
Sieck
GC
,
Fournier
M
. Diaphragm motor unit recruitment during ventilatory and nonventilatory behaviors. J Appl Physiol
66: 2539‐2545, 1989. |
380. |
Sieck
GC
,
Fournier
M
. Changes in diaphragm motor unit EMG during fatigue. J Appl Physiol
68: 1917‐1926, 1990. |
381. |
Sieck
GC
,
Fournier
M
. Developmental aspects of diaphragm muscle cells: Structural and functional organization. In:
Haddad
GG
,
Farber
JP
, editors. Developmental Neurobiology of Breathing. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1991, pp. 375‐428. |
382. |
Sieck
GC
,
Fournier
M
,
Enad
JG
. Fiber type composition of muscle units in the cat diaphragm. Neurosci Lett
97: 29‐34, 1989. |
383. |
Sieck
GC
,
Fournier
M
,
Prakash
YS
,
Blanco
CE
. Myosin phenotype and SDH enzyme variability among motor unit fibers. J Appl Physiol
80: 2179‐2189, 1996. |
384. |
Sieck
GC
,
Han
YS
,
Prakash
YS
,
Jones
KA
. Cross‐bridge cycling kinetics, actomyosin ATPase activity and myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal and smooth respiratory muscles. Comp Biochem Physiol
119: 435‐450, 1998. |
385. |
Sieck
GC
,
Lewis
MI
,
Blanco
CE
. Effects of undernutrition on diaphragm fiber size, SDH activity, and fatigue resistance. J Appl Physiol
66: 2196‐2205, 1989. |
386. |
Sieck
GC
,
Mantilla
CB
. Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Aging. In:
Hof
PR
,
Mobbs
CV
, editors. Handbook of the Neuroscience of Aging. London, UK, Burlington, MA, San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2009, pp. 223‐228. |
387. |
Sieck
GC
,
Prakash
YS
. Fatigue at the neuromuscular junction. Branch point vs. presynaptic vs. postsynaptic mechanisms. Adv Exp Med Biol
384: 83‐100, 1995. |
388. |
Sieck
GC
,
Prakash
YS
. The diaphragm muscle. In:
Miller
AD
,
Bianchi
AL
,
Bishop
BP
, editors. Neural Control of the Respiratory Muscles. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1996, pp. 7‐20. |
389. |
Sieck
GC
,
Prakash
YS
. The diaphragm muscle. In:
Miller
AD
,
Bianchi
AL
,
Bishop
BP
, editors. Neural Control of the Respitatory Muscles. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997, pp. 7‐20. |
390. |
Sieck
GC
,
Prakash
YS
. Cross bridge kinetics in respiratory muscles. Eur Respir J
10: 2147‐2158, 1997. |
391. |
Sieck
GC
,
Prakash
YS
,
Han
YS
,
Fang
YH
,
Geiger
PC
,
Zhan
WZ
. Changes in actomyosin ATP consumption rate in rat diaphragm muscle fibers during postnatal development. J Appl Physiol
94: 1896‐1902, 2003. |
392. |
Sieck
GC
,
Regnier
M
. Plasticity and energetic demands of contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle. J Appl Physiol
90: 1158‐1164, 2001. |
393. |
Sieck
GC
,
Roy
RR
,
Powell
P
,
Blanco
C
,
Edgerton
VR
,
Harper
RM
. Muscle fiber type distribution and architecture of the cat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
55: 1386‐1392, 1983. |
394. |
Sieck
GC
,
Sacks
RD
,
Blanco
CE
,
Edgerton
VR
. SDH activity and cross‐sectional area of muscle fibers in cat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol
60: 1284‐1292, 1986. |
395. |
Sieck
GC
,
Trelease
RB
,
Harper
RM
. Sleep influences on diaphragmatic motor unit discharge. Exp Neurol
85: 316‐335, 1984. |
396. |
Sieck
GC
,
Van Balkom
RH
,
Prakash
YS
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Dekhuijzen
PN
. Corticosteroid effects on diaphragm neuromuscular junctions. J Appl Physiol
86: 114‐122, 1999. |
397. |
Sieck
GC
,
Wilson
LE
,
Johnson
BD
,
Zhan
WZ
. Hypothyroidism alters diaphragm muscle development. J Appl Physiol
81: 1965‐1972, 1996. |
398. |
Sieck
GC
,
Zhan
WZ
. Denervation alters myosin heavy chain expression and contractility of developing rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol
89: 1106‐1113, 2000. |
399. |
Sieck
GC
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Han
YS
,
Prakash
YS
. Effect of denervation on ATP consumption rate of diaphragm muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol
103: 858‐866, 2007. |
400. |
Sieck
GC
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Prakash
YS
,
Daood
MJ
,
Watchko
JF
. SDH and actomyosin ATPase activities of different fiber types in rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol
79: 1629‐1639, 1995. |
401. |
Skurk
C
,
Maatz
H
,
Kim
HS
,
Yang
J
,
Abid
MR
,
Aird
WC
,
Walsh
K
. The Akt‐regulated forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a controls endothelial cell viability through modulation of the caspase‐8 inhibitor FLIP. J Biol Chem
279: 1513‐1525, 2004. |
402. |
Smith
DO
. Mechanisms of action potential propagation failure at sites of axon branching in the crayfish. J Physiol (Lond)
301: 243‐259, 1980. |
403. |
Smith
DO
. Axon conduction failure under in vivo conditions in crayfish. J Physiol
344: 327‐333, 1983. |
404. |
Smith
IJ
,
Alamdari
N
,
O'Neal
P
,
Gonnella
P
,
Aversa
Z
,
Hasselgren
PO
. Sepsis increases the expression and activity of the transcription factor Forkhead Box O 1 (FOXO1) in skeletal muscle by a glucocorticoid‐dependent mechanism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol
42: 701‐711, 2010. |
405. |
Solomon
V
,
Goldberg
AL
. Importance of the ATP‐ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway in the degradation of soluble and myofibrillar proteins in rabbit muscle extracts. J Biol Chem
271: 26690‐26697, 1996. |
406. |
Somerville
LL
,
Wang
K
. Sarcomere matrix of striated muscle: In vivo phosphorylation of titin and nebulin in mouse diaphragm muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys
262: 118‐129, 1988. |
407. |
Staib
JL
,
Swoap
SJ
,
Powers
SK
. Diaphragm contractile dysfunction in MyoD gene‐inactivated mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
283: R583‐R590, 2002. |
408. |
Stephens
JA
,
Taylor
A
. Fatigue of maintained voluntary muscle contractions in man. J Physiol (Lond)
220: 1‐18, 1972. |
409. |
Stephens
TJ
,
Chen
ZP
,
Canny
BJ
,
Michell
BJ
,
Kemp
BE
,
McConell
GK
. Progressive increase in human skeletal muscle AMPKalpha2 activity and ACC phosphorylation during exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
282: E688‐E694, 2002. |
410. |
Stevens
CF
,
Wesseling
JF
. Activity‐dependent modulation of the rate at which synaptic vesicles become available to undergo exocytosis. Neuron
21: 415‐424, 1998. |
411. |
Stienen
GJ
,
Kiers
JG
,
Bottinelli
R
,
Reggiani
C
. Myofibrillar ATPase activity in skinned human skeletal muscle fibres: Fibre type and temperature dependence. J Physiol
493: 299‐309, 1996. |
412. |
Stitt
TN
,
Drujan
D
,
Clarke
BA
,
Panaro
F
,
Timofeyva
Y
,
Kline
WO
,
Gonzalez
M
,
Yancopoulos
GD
,
Glass
DJ
. The IGF‐1/PI3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy‐induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors. Mol Cell
14: 395‐403, 2004. |
413. |
Stockbridge
N
. Differential conduction at axonal bifurcations. II. Theoretical basis. J Neurophysiol
59: 1286‐1295, 1988. |
414. |
Stockbridge
N
,
Stockbridge
LL
. Differential conduction at axonal bifurcations. I. Effect of electrotonic length. J Neurophysiol
59: 1277‐1285, 1988. |
415. |
Street
SF
. Lateral transmission of tension in frog myofibers: A myofibrillar network and transverse cytoskeletal connections are possible transmitters. J Cell Physiol
114: 346‐364, 1983. |
416. |
Stromer
MH
. Immunocytochemistry of the muscle cell cytoskeleton. Microsc Res Tech
31: 95‐105, 1995. |
417. |
Strumpf
RK
,
Humphrey
JD
,
Yin
FC
. Biaxial mechanical properties of passive and tetanized canine diaphragm. Am J Physiol
265: H469‐H475, 1993. |
418. |
Sudhof
TC
. The synaptic vesicle cycle. Annu Rev Neurosci
27: 509‐547, 2004. |
419. |
Supinski
GS
,
Kelsen
SG
. Effect of elastase‐induced emphysema on the force‐generating ability of the diaphragm. J Clin Invest
70: 978‐988, 1982. |
420. |
Swadlow
HA
,
Kocsis
JD
,
Waxman
SG
. Modulation of impulse conduction along the axonal tree. Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng
9: 143‐179, 1980. |
421. |
Syme
DA
. Passive viscoelastic work of isolated rat, Rattus norvegicus, diaphragm muscle. J Physiol
424: 301‐315, 1990. |
422. |
Sypert
GW
,
Munson
JB
. Basis of segmental motor control: Motoneuron size or motor unit type? Neurosurg
8: 608‐621, 1981. |
423. |
Takada
F
,
Vander Woude
DL
,
Tong
HQ
,
Thompson
TG
,
Watkins
SC
,
Kunkel
LM
,
Beggs
AH
. Myozenin: An alpha‐actinin‐ and gamma‐filamin‐binding protein of skeletal muscle Z lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
98: 1595‐1600, 2001. |
424. |
Takahashi
A
,
Kureishi
Y
,
Yang
J
,
Luo
Z
,
Guo
K
,
Mukhopadhyay
D
,
Ivashchenko
Y
,
Branellec
D
,
Walsh
K
. Myogenic Akt signaling regulates blood vessel recruitment during myofiber growth. Mol Cell Biol
22: 4803‐4814, 2002. |
425. |
Tatsumi
R
,
Maeda
K
,
Hattori
A
,
Takahashi
K
. Calcium binding to an elastic portion of connectin/titin filaments. J Muscle Res Cell Motil
22: 149‐162, 2001. |
426. |
Tawa
NE, Jr.
,
Odessey
R
,
Goldberg
AL
. Inhibitors of the proteasome reduce the accelerated proteolysis in atrophying rat skeletal muscles. J Clin Invest
100: 197‐203, 1997. |
427. |
Taylor
SR
,
Rudel
R
. Striated muscle fibers: Inactivation of contraction induced by shortening. Science
167: 882‐884, 1970. |
428. |
Termin
A
,
Staron
RS
,
Pette
D
. Myosin heavy chain isoforms in histochemically defined fiber types of rat muscle. Histochemistry
92: 453‐457, 1989. |
429. |
Thornell
LE
,
Price
MG
. The cytoskeleton in muscle cells in relation to function. Biochem Soc Trans
19: 1116‐1120, 1991. |
430. |
Tidball
JG
. Energy stored and dissipated in skeletal muscle basement membranes during sinusoidal oscillations. Biophys J
50: 1127‐1138, 1986. |
431. |
Timpl
R
. Proteoglycans of basement membranes. EXS
70: 123‐144, 1994. |
432. |
Timpl
R
,
Brown
JC
. The laminins. Matrix Biol
14: 275‐281, 1994. |
433. |
Tong
JF
,
Yan
X
,
Zhu
MJ
,
Du
M
. AMP‐activated protein kinase enhances the expression of muscle‐specific ubiquitin ligases despite its activation of IGF‐1/Akt signaling in C2C12 myotubes. J Cell Biochem
108: 458‐468, 2009. |
434. |
Topulos
GP
,
Reid
MB
,
Leith
DE
. Pliometric activity of inspiratory muscles: Maximal pressure‐flow curves. J Appl Physiol
62: 322‐327, 1987. |
435. |
Trombitas
K
,
Greaser
M
,
French
G
,
Granzier
H
. PEVK extension of human soleus muscle titin revealed by immunolabeling with the anti‐titin antibody 9D10. J Struct Biol
122: 188‐196, 1998. |
436. |
Trombitas
K
,
Wu
Y
,
McNabb
M
,
Greaser
M
,
Kellermayer
MS
,
Labeit
S
,
Granzier
H
. Molecular basis of passive stress relaxation in human soleus fibers: Assessment of the role of immunoglobulin‐like domain unfolding. Biophys J
85: 3142‐3153, 2003. |
437. |
Trotter
JA
,
Richmond
FJ
,
Purslow
PP
. Functional morphology and motor control of series‐fibered muscles. Exerc Sport Sci Rev
23: 167‐213, 1995. |
438. |
Truong
XT
. Viscoelastic wave propagation and rheologic properties of skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol
226: 256‐264, 1974. |
439. |
Tskhovrebova
L
,
Trinick
J
,
Sleep
JA
,
Simmons
RM
. Elasticity and unfolding of single molecules of the giant muscle protein titin. Nature
387: 308‐312, 1997. |
440. |
Tuck
SA
,
Remmers
JE
. Mechanical propertie12:39 PM. J Appl Physiol
92: 2229‐2235, 2002a. |
441. |
Tuck
SA
,
Remmers
JE
. Mechanical properties of the passive pharynx in Vietnamese pot‐bellied pigs. II. Dynamics. J Appl Physiol
92: 2236‐2244, 2002b. |
442. |
Tzelepis
GE
,
Zakynthinos
S
,
Mandros
C
,
Tzelepis
E
,
Roussos
C
. Respiratory muscle performance with stretch‐shortening cycle manoeuvres: Maximal inspiratory pressure‐flow curves. Acta Physiol Scand
185: 251‐256, 2005. |
443. |
Van Gammeren
D
,
Damrauer
JS
,
Jackman
RW
,
Kandarian
SC
. The IkappaB kinases IKKalpha and IKKbeta are necessary and sufficient for skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB J
23: 362‐370, 2009. |
444. |
van Balkom
RHH
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Prakash
YS
,
Dekhuijzen
PNR
,
Sieck
GC
. Corticosteroid effects on isotonic contractile properties of rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol
83: 1062‐1067, 1997. |
445. |
van Lunteren
E
,
Dick
TE
. Intrinsic properties of pharyngeal and diaphragmatic respiratory motoneurons and muscles. J Appl Physiol
73: 787‐800, 1992. |
446. |
van Lunteren
E
,
Haxhiu
MA
,
Cherniack
NS
. Mechanical function of hyoid muscles during spontaneous breathing in cats. J Appl Physiol
62: 582‐590, 1987. |
447. |
van Lunteren
E
,
Manubay
P
. Contractile properties of feline genioglossus, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles. J Appl Physiol
72: 1010‐1015, 1992. |
448. |
van Lunteren
E
,
Martin
RJ
. Pharyngeal dilator muscle contractile and endurance properties in neonatal piglets. Respir Physiol
92: 65‐75, 1993. |
449. |
van Lunteren
E
,
Salomone
RJ
,
Manubay
P
,
Supinski
GS
,
Dick
TE
. Contractile and endurance properties of geniohyoid and diaphragm muscles. J Appl Physiol
69: 1992‐1997, 1990. |
450. |
van Lunteren
E
,
Spiegler
S
,
Moyer
M
. Differential expression of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism genes in upper airway versus diaphragm muscle. Sleep
33: 363‐370, 2010. |
451. |
van Lunteren
E
,
Strohl
KP
. The muscles of the upper airways. Clin Chest Med
7: 171‐188, 1986. |
452. |
van Lunteren
E
,
Vafaie
H
,
Salomone
RJ
. Comparative effects of aging on pharyngeal and diaphragm muscles. Respir Physiol
99: 113‐125, 1995. |
453. |
Verheul
AJ
,
Mantilla
CB
,
Zhan
WZ
,
Bernal
M
,
Dekhuijzen
PN
,
Sieck
GC
. Influence of corticosteroids on myonuclear domain size in the rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol
97: 1715‐1722, 2004. |
454. |
Vivanco
I
,
Sawyers
CL
. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer
2: 489‐501, 2002. |
455. |
Volz
LM
,
Mann
LB
,
Russell
JA
,
Jackson
MA
,
Leverson
GE
,
Connor
NP
. Biochemistry of anterior, medial, and posterior genioglossus muscle in the rat. Dysphagia
22: 210‐214, 2007. |
456. |
Walmsley
B
,
Hodgson
JA
,
Burke
RE
. Forces produced by medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during locomotion in freely moving cats. J Neurophysiol
41: 1203‐1216, 1978. |
457. |
Wang
K
,
Forbes
JG
,
Jin
AJ
. Single molecule measurements of titin elasticity. Prog Biophys Mol Biol
77: 1‐44, 2001. |
458. |
Wang
K
,
McCarter
R
,
Wright
J
,
Beverly
J
,
Ramirez‐Mitchell
R
. Viscoelasticity of the sarcomere matrix of skeletal muscles. The titin‐myosin composite filament is a dual‐stage molecular spring. Biophys J
64: 1161‐1177, 1993. |
459. |
Wang
K
,
Wright
J
. Architecture of the sarcomere matrix of skeletal muscle: Immunoelectron microscopic evidence that suggests a set of parallel inextensible nebulin filaments anchored at the Z line. J Cell Biol
107: 2199‐2212, 1988. |
460. |
Wang
R
,
Li
Q
,
Tang
DD
. Role of vimentin in smooth muscle force development. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
291: C483‐C489, 2006. |
461. |
Wang
X
,
Proud
CG
. The mTOR pathway in the control of protein synthesis. Physiology (Bethesda)
21: 362‐369, 2006. |
462. |
Watchko
JF
,
Brozanski
BS
,
O'Day
TL
,
Guthrie
RD
,
Sieck
GC
. Contractile properties of the rat external abdominal oblique and diaphragm muscles during development. J Appl Physiol
72: 1432‐1436, 1992. |
463. |
Watchko
JF
,
Daood
MJ
,
Sieck
GC
. Myosin heavy chain transitions during development. Functional implications for the respiratory musculature. Comp Biochem Physiol
119: 459‐470, 1998. |
464. |
Watchko
JF
,
Daood
MJ
,
Vazquez
RL
,
Brozanski
BS
,
LaFramboise
WA
,
Guthrie
RD
,
Sieck
GC
. Postnatal expression of myosin isoforms in an expiratory muscle–external abdominal oblique. J Appl Physiol
73: 1860‐1866, 1992. |
465. |
Watchko
JF
,
Johnson
BD
,
Gosselin
LE
,
Prakash
YS
,
Sieck
GC
. Age‐related differences in diaphragm muscle injury after lengthening activations. J Appl Physiol
77: 2125‐2133, 1994. |
466. |
Watchko
JF
,
Sieck
GC
. Respiratory muscle fatigue resistance relates to myosin phenotype and SDH activity during development. J Appl Physiol
75: 1341‐1347, 1993. |
467. |
Waxman
SG
. Integrative properties and design principles of axons. Int Rev Neurobiol
18: 1‐40, 1975. |
468. |
Westerblad
H
,
Allen
DG
. Changes of myoplasmic calcium concentration during fatigue in single mouse muscle fibers. J Gen Physiol
98: 615‐635, 1991. |
469. |
Westerblad
H
,
Dahlstedt
AJ
,
Lannergren
J
. Mechanisms underlying reduced maximum shortening velocity during fatigue of intact, single fibers of mouse muscle. J Physiol
510: 269‐277, 1998. |
470. |
Wiegand
DA
,
Latz
B
. Effect of geniohyoid and sternohyoid muscle contraction on upper airway resistance in the cat. J Appl Physiol
71: 1346‐1354, 1991. |
471. |
Wilcox
P
,
Osborne
S
,
Bressler
B
. Monocyte inflammatory mediators impair in vitro hamster diaphragm contractility. Am Rev Respir Dis
146: 462‐466, 1992. |
472. |
Wilson
DF
. Depression, facilitation, and mobilization of transmitter at the rat diaphragm neuromuscular junction. Am J Physiol
237: C31‐C37, 1979. |
473. |
Wilson
DF
,
Cardaman
RC
. Age‐associated changes in neuromuscular transmission in the rat. Am J Physiol
247: C288‐C292, 1984. |
474. |
Wood
SJ
,
Slater
CR
. The contribution of postsynaptic folds to the safety factor for neuromuscular transmission in rat fast‐ and slow‐twitch muscles. J Physiol
500: 165‐176, 1997. |
475. |
Xu
W
,
Baribault
H
,
Adamson
ED
. Vinculin knockout results in heart and brain defects during embryonic development. Development
125: 327‐337, 1998. |
476. |
Yamasaki
R
,
Berri
M
,
Wu
Y
,
Trombitas
K
,
McNabb
M
,
Kellermayer
MS
,
Witt
C
,
Labeit
D
,
Labeit
S
,
Greaser
M
,
Granzier
H
. Titin‐actin interaction in mouse myocardium: Passive tension modulation and its regulation by calcium/S100A1. Biophys J
81: 2297‐2313, 2001. |
477. |
Yan
S
,
Gauthier
AP
,
Similowski
T
,
Faltus
R
,
Macklem
PT
,
Bellemare
F
. Force‐frequency relationships of in vivo human and in vitro rat diaphragm using paired stimuli. Eur Respir J
6: 211‐218, 1993. |
478. |
Yarom
R
,
Sagher
U
,
Havivi
Y
,
Peled
IJ
,
Wexler
MR
. Myofibers in tongues of Down's syndrome. J Neurol Sci
73: 279‐287, 1986. |
479. |
Yasuda
K
,
Anazawa
T
,
Ishiwata
S
. Microscopic analysis of the elastic properties of nebulin in skeletal myofibrils. Biophys J
68: 598‐608, 1995. |
480. |
Yu
ZB
,
Gao
F
,
Feng
HZ
,
Jin
JP
. Differential regulation of myofilament protein isoforms underlying the contractility changes in skeletal muscle unloading. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
292: C1192‐C1203, 2007. |
481. |
Zhan
WZ
,
Farkas
GA
,
Schroeder
MA
,
Gosselin
LE
,
Sieck
GC
. Regional adaptations of rabbit diaphragm muscle fibers to unilateral denervation. J Appl Physiol
79: 941‐950, 1995. |
482. |
Zhan
WZ
,
Miyata
H
,
Prakash
YS
,
Sieck
GC
. Metabolic and phenotypic adaptations of diaphragm muscle fibers with inactivation. J Appl Physiol
82: 1145‐1153, 1997. |
483. |
Zhan
WZ
,
Watchko
JF
,
Prakash
YS
,
Sieck
GC
. Isotonic contractile and fatigue properties of developing rat diaphragm muscle. J Appl Physiol
84: 1260‐1268, 1998. |
484. |
Zhao
J
,
Brault
JJ
,
Schild
A
,
Cao
P
,
Sandri
M
,
Schiaffino
S
,
Lecker
SH
,
Goldberg
AL
. FoxO3 coordinately activates protein degradation by the autophagic/lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in atrophying muscle cells. Cell Metab
6: 472‐483, 2007. |
485. |
Zucker
RS
,
Regehr
WG
. Short‐term synaptic plasticity. Annu Rev Physiol
64: 355‐405, 2002. |